Sports Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Relationship Between Physical Literacy and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","authors":"Tianle Jiang, Guanggao Zhao, Jinmei Fu, Shunli Sun, Ruiming Chen, Delong Chen, Xuewen Hu, Yunong Li, Fanchao Shen, Jin Hong, Haihua Hu","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02129-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02129-7","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background</h3><p>Physical literacy (PL) can positively affect the health of children, adolescents, and adults, and is closely related to cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF).</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Objective</h3><p>To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the relationship between overall physical literacy (PL) and CRF in children and adolescents.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>Cross-sectional, cohort and experimental studies on the relationship between PL and CRF in children and adolescents were collected by searching the Web of Science Core Collection, PubMed, EBSCOhost, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases. Based on the characteristics of the included literature, PL was divided into physical competence (PC), daily behavior (DB), knowledge and understanding (K&amp;U), and motivation and confidence (M&amp;C). R 4.3.6 was used to analyze the combined effect size of PL and the relationships of the four dimensions with CRF among children and adolescents.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>A total of 21 articles were included, 42.9% of which were published after 2020, involving a total of 43,352 children and adolescents from 23 countries or regions. The characteristics of the included studies showed that, except for the K&amp;U of children and adolescents aged 13–18 years, the K&amp;U of other age groups and the PL, PC, DB, M&amp;C of all age groups were significantly positively correlated with CRF. Furthermore, the results of male and female samples in all included studies were the same. The results of the meta-analysis indicated that PL (COR = 0.64, 95% CI 0.58, 0.70), PC (COR = 0.74, 95% CI 0.69, 0.79), DB (COR = 0.49, 95% CI 0.40, 0.57), K&amp;U (COR = 0.41, 95% CI 0.23, 0.56), and M&amp;C (COR = 0.45, 95% CI 0.41, 0.49) were significantly positively correlated with CRF. Regarding DB, total physical activity (TPA) was positively correlated with CRF (COR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.40, 0.57). Moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), vigorous physical activity (VPA) and high physical activity (HPA) were positively correlated with CRF (COR = 0.16, 95% CI 0.09, 0.22; COR = 0.33, 95% CI 0.22, 0.43; COR = 0.38, 95% CI 0.13, 0.58), but light physical activity (LPA) was negatively correlated with CRF (COR = − 0.20, 95% CI − 0.32, 0.06).</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>PL and CRF are positively correlated among children and adolescents, suggesting that the development of physical literacy has a wide range of effects on children and adolescents’ cardiopulmonary health and that these effects are not limited by PL and its various dimensions or sex. In addition, to exert the positive effect of daily activities on cardiopulmonary health, the intensity of physical activity should reach a moderate level or above.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142690585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Guiding Evidence-Based Classification in Para Sporting Populations: A Systematic Review of Impairment Measures and Activity Limitations","authors":"Taylor M. Wileman, Marnee J. McKay, Daniel A. Hackett, Timothy J. Watson, Jennifer Fleeton, Ché Fornusek","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02132-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02132-y","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background</h3><p>As the focus of classification shifts towards an evidence-based approach, it is crucial to establish a robust system that relies on valid and reliable measures of impairment to ensure legitimate and competitive opportunities for all Para athletes. However, the lack of methods that possess the necessary measurement properties for assessing impairments in Para sporting populations presents significant challenges to developing an evidence-based classification system.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Objective</h3><p>This review aimed to identify and evaluate measures of impairment and activity limitation measures that have been used to assess eligible impairments in Para sport athletes for potential use in evidence-based classification.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>Six electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science) were searched from their earliest record to December 2023.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Fifty-one articles were identified, with twenty-one studies focusing on physical impairment measures. Isometric and grip strength emerged as effective measures. Coordination measures, such as tapping tasks, showed variations with performance. Additionally, six studies focused on intellectual impairments, revealing differences between impaired and non-impaired athletes through generic cognitive tests. Vision impairment measures, including visual acuity and visual field assessments, displayed varying associations with performance across sports.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>Although research on evidence-based classification in Para sport is limited, this review provides valuable insights for sports in developing a testing battery that adheres to evidence-based protocols. Ongoing research efforts by sport governing bodies to prioritise research in this area will improve our understanding of the impairment–performance relationship, leading to better decision making and increased credibility in Para sport classification systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"198 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142684394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acknowledgement to Referees and the Editorial Board.","authors":"","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02147-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02147-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142682865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Influence of Kinesiophobia on Time to Clinical Recovery in Collegiate Athletes with Concussion","authors":"Daniel J. Rosenblum, Jacob E. Resch","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02144-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02144-8","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Background&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Several factors such as acute symptom severity, premorbid anxiety, and depression have been associated with concussion recovery. Elevated kinesiophobia has been associated with recovery from musculoskeletal conditions, as well as increased reaction time and vestibular–ocular motor dysfunction following concussion. However, kinesiophobia has yet to be evaluated as a modifier of concussion recovery time.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Objectives&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;This study was designed to evaluate the role of acute kinesiophobia levels on days until clinical recovery in collegiate athletes with concussion. We hypothesized that collegiate athletes with elevated Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK) scores would take a greater number of days to achieve clinical recovery compared with athletes with lower values.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Methods&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Division I collegiate athletes diagnosed with a concussion (&lt;i&gt;N&lt;/i&gt; = 113, 19.9 ± 1.5 years, 42% female) participated in this descriptive laboratory study. Participants were assigned to high [≥ 37 (H-TSK, &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 54)] or low [&lt; 37 (L-TSK, &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 59)] TSK groups on the basis of the first TSK values recorded within 72 h of their concussion. Participants were also administered the Revised Head Injury Scale (HIS-r) to assess symptom severity within 72 h of injury. The Immediate Postconcussion and Cognitive Test (ImPACT) battery was administered at baseline and used to gather demographic variables such as biological sex, age, history of anxiety/depression, and concussion history, and as part of the athletes’ symptom-free assessment. Days until clinical recovery between H-TSK and L-TSK groups were compared using a Mann–Whitney &lt;i&gt;U&lt;/i&gt; test. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients were calculated to determine the relationship between TSK and days until clinical recovery in addition to other modifiers of recovery. Multiple linear regression was used to evaluate days until clinical recovery as a function of the TSK total score, controlling for the HIS-r and ImPACT variables.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Results&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Days until clinical recovery was significantly longer in the H-TSK group (median difference = 2.5 days, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.001) compared with the L-TSK group. A significant, moderate positive correlation between the TSK score and days to clinical recovery (&lt;i&gt;ρ&lt;/i&gt; = 0.45, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.001) was observed, which was also the strongest correlation among all variables. Our regression model demonstrated that for every point increase on the TSK, days until clinical recovery increased by 0.23 while controlling for total symptom severity, age, concussion history, psychiatric history, and biological sex (&lt;i&gt;β&lt;/i&gt; = 0.23, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.018). All other variables entered into the regression were not statistically significant.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Conclusions&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Our data suggest that athletes with TSK ","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"170 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142678520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations Between Instrumented Mouthguard-Measured Head Acceleration Events and Post-Match Biomarkers of Astroglial and Axonal Injury in Male Amateur Australian Football Players","authors":"Lauren J. Evans, William T. O’Brien, Gershon Spitz, Steven Mutimer, Becca Xie, Lauren P. Giesler, Brendan P. Major, James W. Hickey, Spencer S. H. Roberts, Biswadev Mitra, Terence J. O’Brien, Sandy R. Shultz, Stuart J. McDonald","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02138-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02138-6","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background</h3><p>Advances in instrumented mouthguards (iMGs) allow for accurate quantification of single high-acceleration head impacts and cumulative head acceleration exposure in collision sports. However, relationships between these measures and risk of brain cell injury remain unclear.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Aim</h3><p>The purpose of this study was to quantify measures of non-concussive head impact exposure and assess their association with blood glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), neurofilament light (NfL) and phosphorylated-tau-181 (p-tau-181) levels in male Australian football players.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>A total of 31 athletes underwent in-season (24 h post-match) and post-season (&gt; 5 weeks) blood collections and/or wore HITIQ Nexus A9 iMGs measuring peak linear (PLA) and rotational (PRA) acceleration. Match footage was used to verify and code impacts. Blood GFAP, NfL, and p-tau-181 were quantified using Simoa and natural log transformed for analysis. Associations between post-match biomarkers and within match maximum single impact and cumulative PLA/PRA were assessed with linear mixed models.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>In-season versus post-season elevations were found for GFAP (mean difference 0.14, 95% CI 0.01–0.26, <i>p</i> = 0.033), NfL (mean difference = 0.21, 95% CI 0.09–0.32, <i>p</i> = 0.001) and p-tau-181 (mean difference = 0.49, 95% CI 0.33–0.65, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Post-match GFAP was associated with maximum single impact PLA (<i>B</i> = 0.003, 95% CI 0.0002–0.005, <i>p</i> = 0.036), cumulative PLA (<i>B</i> = 0.001, 95% CI 0.0002–0.002, <i>p</i> = 0.017), cumulative PRA (<i>B</i> = 0.01, 95% CI 0.002–0.02, <i>p</i> = 0.014), and impact number (<i>B</i> = 0.03, 95% CI 0.003–0.05, <i>p</i> = 0.029) within a single match. Change in NfL levels between two-matches correlated with cumulative PLA (<i>r</i> = 0.80, 95% CI 0.38–0.95, <i>p</i> = 0.005), PRA (<i>r</i> = 0.71, 95% CI 0.19–0.92, <i>p</i> = 0.019) and impact number (<i>r</i> = 0.63, 95% CI 0.05–0.89, <i>p</i> = 0.038).</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>Maximum and cumulative head accelerations in Australian football, measured by iMGs, were associated with elevated blood biomarkers of brain injury, highlighting the potential of both technologies for head impact management in collision sports.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142673210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Head Kinematics Associated with Off-Field Head Injury Assessment (HIA1) Events in a Season of English Elite-Level Club Men’s and Women’s Rugby Union Matches","authors":"David Allan, James Tooby, Lindsay Starling, Ross Tucker, Éanna Falvey, Danielle Salmon, James Brown, Sam Hudson, Keith Stokes, Ben Jones, Simon Kemp, Patrick O’Halloran, Matt Cross, Melanie Bussey, Gregory Tierney","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02146-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02146-6","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Objectives</h3><p>The purpose of this study was to investigate head kinematic variables in elite men’s and women’s rugby union and their ability to predict player removal for an off-field (HIA1) head injury assessment.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>Instrumented mouthguard (iMG) data were collected for 250 men and 132 women from 1865 and 807 player-matches, respectively, and synchronised to video-coded match footage. Head peak resultant linear acceleration (PLA), peak resultant angular acceleration (PAA) and peak change in angular velocity (dPAV) were extracted from each head acceleration event (HAE). HAEs were linked to documented HIA1 events, with ten logistical regression models for men and women, using a random subset of non-case HAEs, calculated to identify kinematic variables associated with HIA1 events. Receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) were used to describe thresholds for HIA1 removal.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Increases in PLA and dPAV were significantly associated with an increasing likelihood of HIA1 removal in the men’s game, with an OR ranging from 1.05–1.12 and 1.13–1.18, respectively. The optimal values to maximise for both sensitivity and specificity for detecting an HIA1 were 1.96 krad⋅s⁻², 24.29 g and 14.75 rad⋅s⁻¹ for PAA, PLA and dPAV, respectively. Only one model had any significant variable associated with increasing the likelihood of a HIA1 removal in the women’s game—PAA with an OR of 8.51 (1.23–58.66). The optimal values for sensitivity and specificity for women were 2.01 krad⋅s⁻², 25.98 g and 15.38 rad⋅s⁻¹ for PAA, PLA and dPAV, respectively.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>PLA and dPAV were predictive of men’s HIA1 events. Further HIA1 data are needed to understand the role of head kinematic variables in the women’s game. The calculated spectrum of sensitivity and specificity of iMG alerts for HIA1 removals in men and women present a starting point for further discussion about using iMGs as an additional trigger in the existing HIA process.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142643187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in Cardiorespiratory Fitness Following Exercise Training Prescribed Relative to Traditional Intensity Anchors and Physiological Thresholds: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data","authors":"Samuel J. R. Meyler, Paul A. Swinton, Lindsay Bottoms, Lance C. Dalleck, Ben Hunter, Mark A. Sarzynski, David Wellsted, Camilla J. Williams, Daniel Muniz-Pumares","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02125-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02125-x","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Background&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;It is unknown whether there are differences in maximal oxygen uptake (&lt;span&gt;({V})&lt;/span&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2max&lt;/sub&gt;) response when prescribing intensity relative to traditional (TRAD) anchors or to physiological thresholds (THR).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Objectives&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;The present meta-analysis sought to compare: (a) mean change in &lt;span&gt;({V})&lt;/span&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2max&lt;/sub&gt;, (b) proportion of individuals increasing &lt;span&gt;({V})&lt;/span&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2max&lt;/sub&gt; beyond a minimum important difference (MID) and (c) response variability in &lt;span&gt;({V})&lt;/span&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2max&lt;/sub&gt; between TRAD and THR.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Methods&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Electronic databases were searched, yielding data for 1544 individuals from 42 studies. Two datasets were created, comprising studies with a control group (‘controlled’ studies), and without a control group (‘non-controlled’ studies). A Bayesian approach with multi-level distributional models was used to separately analyse &lt;span&gt;({V})&lt;/span&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2max&lt;/sub&gt; change scores from the two datasets and inferences were made using Bayes factors (BF). The MID was predefined as one metabolic equivalent (MET; 3.5 mL kg&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; min&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Results&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;In controlled studies, mean &lt;span&gt;({V})&lt;/span&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2max&lt;/sub&gt; change was greater in the THR group compared with TRAD (4.1 versus 1.8 mL kg&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; min&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;, BF &gt; 100), with 64% of individuals in the THR group experiencing an increase in &lt;span&gt;({V})&lt;/span&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2max&lt;/sub&gt; &gt; MID, compared with 16% of individuals taking part in TRAD. Evidence indicated no difference in standard deviation of change between THR and TRAD (1.5 versus 1.7 mL kg&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; min&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;, BF = 0.55), and greater variation in exercise groups relative to non-exercising controls (1.9 versus 1.3 mL kg&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; min&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;, BF = 12.4). In non-controlled studies, mean &lt;span&gt;({V})&lt;/span&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2max&lt;/sub&gt; change was greater in the THR group versus the TRAD group (4.4 versus 3.4 mL kg&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; min&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;, BF = 35.1), with no difference in standard deviation of change (3.0 versus 3.2 mL kg&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; min&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;, BF = 0.41).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Conclusion&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Prescribing exercise intensity using THR approaches elicited superior mean changes in &lt;span&gt;({V})&lt;/span&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2max&lt;/sub&gt; and increased the likelihood of increasing &lt;span&gt;({V})&lt;/span&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2max&lt;/sub&gt; beyond the MID compared with TRAD. Researchers designing future exercise training studies should thus consider the use of THR approaches to prescribe exercise intensity where possible. Analysis comparing interventions with controls suggested the existence of intervention response heterogeneity; however, evidence was not obtained for a difference in response variability between THR and TRAD. Future primary research should be conducted with adequate power to investigate the scope of inter-in","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142610239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Tissue to System: What Constitutes an Appropriate Response to Loading?","authors":"Tim J. Gabbett, Eric Oetter","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02126-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02126-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Optimal loading involves the prescription of an exercise stimulus that promotes positive tissue adaptation, restoring function in patients undergoing rehabilitation and improving performance in healthy athletes. Implicit in optimal loading is the need to monitor the response to load, but what constitutes a normal response to loading? And does it differ among tissues (e.g., muscle, tendon, bone, cartilage) and systems? In this paper, we discuss the “normal” tissue response to loading schema and demonstrate the complex interaction among training intensity, volume, and frequency, as well as the impact of these training variables on the recovery of specific tissues and systems. Although the response to training stress follows a predictable time course, the recovery of individual tissues to training load (defined herein as the readiness to receive a similar training stimulus without deleterious local and/or systemic effects) varies markedly, with as little as 30 min (e.g., cartilage reformation after walking and running) or 72 h or longer (e.g., eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage) required between loading sessions of similar magnitude. Hyperhydrated and reactive tendons that have undergone high stretch–shorten cycle activity benefit from a 48-h refractory period before receiving a similar training dose. In contrast, bone cells desensitize quickly to repetitive loading, with almost all mechanosensitivity lost after as few as 20 loading cycles. To optimize loading, an additional dose (≤ 60 loading cycles) of bone-centric exercise (e.g., plyometrics) can be performed following a 4–8 h refractory period. Low-stress (i.e., predominantly aerobic) activity can be repeated following a short (≤ 24 h) refractory period, while greater recovery is needed (≥ 72 h) between repeated doses of high stress (i.e., predominantly anaerobic) activity. The response of specific tissues and systems to training load is complex; at any time, it is possible that practitioners may be optimally loading one tissue or system while suboptimally loading another. The consideration of recovery timeframes of different tissues and systems allows practitioners to determine the “normal” response to load. Importantly, we encourage practitioners to interpret training within an athlete monitoring framework that considers external and internal load, athlete-reported responses, and objective markers, to contextualize load–response data.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142598292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DyNamic Interactive Anticipation-Time for a Paradigmatic Shift.","authors":"Rouwen Cañal-Bruland, David L Mann","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02135-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02135-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Everyday human interactions require observers to anticipate the actions of others (e.g., when walking past another in a corridor or choosing where to hit a ground stroke in tennis). Yet, experimental paradigms that aim to examine anticipation continue to use simplistic designs that are not interactive and therefore fail to account for the real-life, social nature of these interactions. Here we propose a fundamental, paradigmatic shift toward a \"dynamic interactive anticipation\" paradigm that models real-life interactions. We propose that it will change the way behavioral experimentalists study anticipation and spark theory development by unravelling the mechanisms underlying anticipation in real-time interactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142565087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Professional Male Soccer Players' Perspectives of the Nutrition Culture Within an English Premier League Football Club: A Qualitative Exploration Using Bourdieu's Concepts of Habitus, Capital and Field.","authors":"Wee Lun Foo, Emma Tester, Graeme L Close, Colum J Cronin, James P Morton","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02134-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02134-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aim: </strong>Professional soccer players' self-reported dietary intakes often do not meet recommended sport nutrition guidelines. Although behaviour change models have previously explored barriers and enablers to nutritional adherence, the cultural factors influencing players' nutritional habits also warrant investigation. Accordingly, we aimed to explore players' perceptions of the nutrition culture within the professional soccer environment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An interpretivist paradigm, which emphasises that reality is subjectively and socially constructed, underpins this study. Qualitative, face-to-face semi-structured interviews (comprising open-ended questions) were conducted with purposively sampled male soccer players from the English Premier League (EPL) (five British, five migrant; mean age: 26 ± 6 years; mean EPL appearances: 106 ± 129). Data were abductively analysed using thematic analysis according to Bourdieu's concepts of habitus, capital, field and doxa practices.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This study revealed five key themes: (1) players' habitus, as shaped by familial, ethnic and religious backgrounds, influences their dietary habits; (2) social capital, via managers (head coaches), teammates and online influences, impact players' dietary practices; (3) the increase in both soccer clubs' and players' economic capitals has advanced nutrition provision; (4) an unequal distribution of economic capitals has led to hierarchical practice in the performance nutrition field with personalised nutrition being somewhat enacted at the higher levels; and (5) body composition measurement is a 'doxic' practice in professional soccer that warrants challenge.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Soccer players' habitual nutritional practices are influenced by personal upbringing and the club context, including economic resources and social capital from managers. The performance nutrition field within professional soccer is also shaped by stakeholders' doxic beliefs surrounding the perceived optimal body composition of players, with managers exerting social capital.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142565088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}