Sports Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Incidence and Risk Factors for Sport-Related Concussion in Female Youth Athletes Participating in Contact and Collision Invasion Sports: A Systematic Review","authors":"Laura Ernst, Jessica Farley, Nikki Milne","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02133-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02133-x","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background</h3><p>The incidence and risk factors for sport-related concussion (SRC) associated with contact and collision invasion sports (CCIS) in female youth are unclear.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Objectives</h3><p>This systematic review aimed to identify (i) the incidence of and (ii) risk factors for SRC in female youth athletes playing CCIS.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>A systematic search of PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, SPORTDiscus and ProQuest to 8 May, 2024 was conducted. Two reviewers independently screened articles against eligibility criteria and assessed risk of bias (Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tool). Aetiological or intervention studies reporting on SRC incidence or risk factors in female youth athletes (aged 13–19 years and under) participating in CCIS were included. Meta-analyses were conducted to explore SRC incidence and risk factors. For each meta-analysis of SRC incidence rate, sub-group analyses were conducted by sport. Where heterogeneity was above 60% for the meta-analysis of SRC risk/protective factors, sensitivity analyses were conducted.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>The search yielded 4509 articles; 66 were included. Sport-related concussion incidence or risk factor data for nine CCIS were extracted. Pooled estimates revealed SRC incidence for female youth athletes in CCIS combined was 0.50/1000 match and practice hours (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.34–0.66). When examined by sport classification, SRC incidence in contact invasion sports was 0.12/1000 match and practice hours (95% CI 0.03–0.21), and in collision invasion sports was 2.08/1000 match and practice hours (95% CI 0.90–3.25). Sub-group analysis by individual sport revealed female youth soccer players had the highest overall SRC incidence rate (0.89/1000 match and practice hours, 95% CI − 0.19 to 1.97) amongst contact sports, and rugby union players had the highest overall SRC incidence rate (4.04/1000 match and practice hours, 95% CI 3.03–5.05) among collision sports. Forty-five studies (68%) reported SRC risk factor data, investigating 12 different potential risk factors. Female youth sustained over 7.5 times the rate of SRC in matches compared with practice (incidence rate ratio 7.52, 95% CI 6.32–8.95, <i>p</i> < 0.01) when competing in CCIS; however, considerable heterogeneity existed (<i>I</i><sup>2</sup> = 84.98%). When exploring potential risk factors, no significant difference was found in SRC rate between female youth lacrosse players wearing versus not wearing headgear (<i>p</i> = 0.07). No significant difference was found in SRC rates between female youth athletes competing in younger versus older age groups (incidence rate ratio 0.91, 95% CI 0.52–1.61, <i>p</i> = 0.48, <i>I</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.00%). Insufficient evidence was available to examine remaining risk factors.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>This me","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142789784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DE-PASS Best Evidence Statement (BESt): A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis on the Effectiveness of Trials on Device-Measured Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour and Their Determinants in Children Aged 5–12 Years","authors":"Mohammed Khudair, Anna Marcuzzi, Gavin Daniel Tempest, Kwok Ng, Ratko Peric, František Bartoš, Maximilian Maier, Mirko Brandes, Angela Carlin, Simone Ciaccioni, Cristina Cortis, Chiara Corvino, Andrea di Credico, Patrik Drid, Francesca Gallè, Pascal Izzicupo, Henriette Jahre, Athanasios Kolovelonis, Atle Kongsvold, Evangelia Kouidi, Paul Jarle Mork, Federico Palumbo, Penny Louise Sheena Rumbold, Petru Sandu, Mette Stavnsbo, Ioannis Syrmpas, Sofia Vilela, Catherine Woods, Kathrin Wunsch, Laura Capranica, Ciaran MacDonncha, Fiona Chun Man Ling","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02136-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02136-8","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background</h3><p>To combat the high prevalence of physical inactivity among children, there is an urgent need to develop and implement real-world interventions and policies that promote physical activity (PA) and reduce sedentary behaviour (SB). To inform policy makers, the current body of evidence for children’s PA/SB interventions needs to be translated.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Objectives</h3><p>The current systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to identify modifiable determinants of device-measured PA and SB targeted in available intervention studies with randomized controlled trial (RCT) and controlled trial (CT) designs in children and early adolescents (5–12 years) and to quantify the effects of the interventions within their respective settings on the determinants of PA/SB and the outcomes PA and SB.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>A systematic search was conducted in MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus and CENTRAL. Studies were considered if they were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or controlled trials (CTs), included children and/or early adolescents (5–12 years; henceforth termed children), measured PA and/or SB using device-based methods and measured PA and/or SB and determinants of PA/SB at least at two timepoints. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for Randomised Trials (RoB2) for RCTs and Risk of Bias in Non-randomised Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I) for CTs. The quality of the generated evidence was assessed using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). Robust Bayesian meta-analysis was conducted to quantify the effects of the interventions on the determinants of PA/SB, and the outcomes PA and SB, stratifying by study design, duration of PA/SB measurement, intervention setting and duration of follow-up measurement. Study characteristics and interventions were summarized.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Thirty-eight studies were included with a total sample size of <i>n</i> = 14,258 (67% girls). Settings identified were school, family/home, community and combinations of these. The review identified 38 modifiable determinants, spanning seven categories on individual, interpersonal and physical environmental levels, with 66% of determinants on the individual level. Overall, the results indicated trivial-to-moderate effects of the interventions on the determinants of PA and SB, with mostly trivial level of evidence for the presence of an effect (as indicated by a small Bayes factor; BF<sub>10</sub> < 3.00). The exceptions were moderate effects on parental PA modelling in the family/home setting and SB measured during specific parts of the school day. Higher quality of evidence was found in the family/home setting compared with other settings.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Discussion</h3><p>Overall, the results indicated that interventions h","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142788399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Evolutionary Psychology Perspective on Athletic Development and Performance: Differences Between Proximate and Ultimate Explanations","authors":"Joseph Baker, Kathryn Johnston","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02155-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02155-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Many areas of mainstream psychology have embraced the notions that understanding human behaviour can be improved by integrating developments from evolutionary science; however, evolutionary principles have not been as widely applied among sport researchers or practitioners, especially those examining athlete development and the psychology of competition and performance. In this paper, we discuss the distinction between ultimate and proximate explanations of psychological outcomes, and the relevance of this distinction for exploring issues related to skill acquisition and athlete development. We use three examples—deliberate practice, early sport play and sustained engagement—to highlight the benefits and challenges of applying evolutionary theories to sport contexts. Embracing our species’ evolutionary history has the potential to inform ongoing debates in athlete development and performance, among other areas of sport science.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"99 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142776681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brain Punch: K-1 Fights Affect Brain Wave Activity in Professional Kickboxers.","authors":"Łukasz Rydzik, Marta Kopańska, Wojciech Wąsacz, Ibrahim Ouergui, Zbigniew Obmiński, Tomasz Pałka, Tadeusz Ambroży, Nikos Malliaropoulos, Nicola Maffulli, Kabir Singh Lota, Jarosław Jaszczur-Nowicki, Paweł Król, Wojciech Czarny, Jacek Szczygielski","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02082-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40279-024-02082-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Kickboxing is a popular striking combat sport, and K-1 is a type of kickboxing. Direct head blows can cause significant long-term injury and affect brain wave activity.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>We aim to compare the changes in brain wave activities of fighters during a K-1 kickboxing contest to those in a control group, who were striking a punching bag and were not hit by another K-1 athlete.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 100 professional Polish K-1 kickboxers were split evenly into experimental (n = 50, age 25.5 ± 4.63 years) and control (n = 50, age 26.6 ± 5.22 years) groups. We used quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) to assess the spectrum of brain wave activity (delta, theta, alpha, sensorimotor rhythm (SMR), beta-1 and beta-2) before and after an intervention (experimental: K-1 contest, control: simulated contest), with eyes open and then closed. The number of direct blows to the head was also recorded for all bouts. Comparative and statistical analyses between selected variables were performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>K-1 fighters showed elevated baseline brain activity for the entire delta band (p < 0.001). There was significant variation in brain activity among the experimental group following the intervention and compared with the control group for all wave types (p < 0.001). No significant variation in activity was found in the control group. The number of direct head blows was positively correlated with brain activity, at delta and beta-2 wave frequencies.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>K-1 kickboxing is associated with detectable changes in brain wave activity. It is presently unclear what the long-term effects of these changes in brain wave activities are, and longitudinal studies are necessary to study the brain health of kickboxers.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"3169-3179"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11608281/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141902996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics of High-Intensity Interval Training Influence Anthropometrics, Glycemic Control, and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.","authors":"Edgardo Opazo-Díaz, Adrián Montes-de-Oca-García, Alejandro Galán-Mercant, Alberto Marín-Galindo, Juan Corral-Pérez, Jesús Gustavo Ponce-González","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02114-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40279-024-02114-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Exercise is a non-pharmacological intervention for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), including moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT). Despite diverse exercise protocol variations, the impact of these variations in HIIT on T2DM anthropometrics, glycemic control, and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) remains unclear.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim was to examine the influence of HIIT protocol characteristics on anthropometrics, glycemic control, and CRF in T2DM patients and compare it to control (without exercise) and MICT.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This review is registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021281398) and follows Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The search, employing \"high-intensity interval training\" and \"diabetes mellitus\" in PubMed and Web of Science databases, with a \"randomized controlled trial\" filter, spanned articles up to January 2023.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 190 records, 29 trials were included, categorized by HIIT interval duration, training volume, and intervention period. Long-duration, high-volume, and long-term HIIT yields superior outcomes compared to control conditions for body mass, waist circumference, fasting plasma glucose, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), glycosylated hemoglobin (%HbA1c), and CRF. The findings favored HIIT over MICT for body mass in long-duration, high-volume, and short-term intervals (mean difference [MD] - 3.45, - 3.13, and - 5.42, respectively, all p < 0.05) and for CRF in long and medium work intervals and high volume (MD 1.91, 2.55, and 2.43, respectively, all p < 0.05), as well as in medium and long-term intervention (MD 2.66 and 2.21, respectively, all p < 0.05). Regardless of specific HIIT characteristics, no differences were found in the HIIT versus MICT comparison for glycemic control.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Specific HIIT protocol characteristics influence changes in anthropometrics, glycemic control, and CRF compared to control groups. However, compared to MICT, only longer duration, higher volume, and short-term HIIT improved body mass, waist circumference, and CRF in individuals with T2DM.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"3127-3149"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142366566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Standard Deviation of Individual Response for VO_2max Following Exercise Interventions: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","authors":"John R M Renwick, Nicholas Preobrazenski, Zeyu Wu, Ava Khansari, Matisse A LeBouedec, Jared M G Nuttall, Kyra R Bancroft, Nia Simpson-Stairs, Paul A Swinton, Brendon J Gurd","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02089-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40279-024-02089-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Although numerous attempts to demonstrate inter-individual differences in trainability across various outcomes have been unsuccessful, the investigation of maximal oxygen consumption (VO_2max) trainability warrants further study.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>Our objective was to conduct the first systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate inter-individual differences in VO_2max trainability across aerobic exercise training protocols utilizing non-exercising comparator groups.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a literature search across three databases: EMBASE, PubMed and SCOPUS. The search strategy incorporated two main concepts: aerobic exercise training and VO_2max. Studies were included if they used human participants, employed standardized and supervised exercise training, reported absolute or relative VO_2max, included a non-exercise comparator group, reported VO_2max change scores for non-exercise and exercise groups and provided the standard deviation (SD) of change for all groups. We calculated the SD of individual response (SD_IR) to estimate the presence of inter-individual differences in trainability across all studies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The literature search generated 32,968 studies, 24 of which were included in the final analysis. Our findings indicated that (1) the majority of variation in observed change scores following an intervention is due to measurement error, (2) calculating SD_IR within a single study would not yield sufficient accuracy of SD_IR due to generally small sample sizes and (3) meta-analysis of <math><msubsup><mtext>SD</mtext> <mrow><mtext>IR</mtext></mrow> <mn>2</mn></msubsup> </math> across studies does not provide strong evidence for a positive value.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Overall, our meta-analysis demonstrated that there is not strong evidence supporting the existence of VO_2max trainability across single interventions. As such, it appears unlikely that clinically relevant predictors of VO_2max response will be discovered. Registration can be found online ( https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/X9VU3 ).</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"3069-3080"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142005266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Sedentary Behaviors on Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Disease: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses.","authors":"Myles W O'Brien, Madeline E Shivgulam, Angélica Huerta Domínguez, Haoxuan Liu, Jocelyn Waghorn, Molly Courish, Jorge Tovar-Díaz","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02099-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40279-024-02099-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are among the leading causes of mortality in the western world, and high blood pressure is among the greatest risk factors for CVD. Given that most of a person's waking hours are spent in sedentary behaviors, understanding the cardiovascular impact of a sedentary lifestyle is imperative. Although limiting sedentary time is encouraged in public health messaging, individual reviews analyzing its impact on clinically relevant cardiovascular outcomes such as blood pressure and CVD exhibit conflicting results.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>We conducted an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses synthesizing the effects of sedentary time/behaviors on blood pressure or CVD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To be included, studies had to be a systematic review and/or meta-analysis that studied the impact of sedentary time or a sedentary posture on blood pressure or CVD incidence/mortality. The review was preregistered in PROSPERO (CRD4202342568) and conducted in May 2023. The Joanna Briggs Institute and Risk of Bias in Systematic Reviews tools assessed study quality. PRISMA reporting was followed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our umbrella review screened 2215 citations with 40 review studies meeting our inclusion criteria (n = 22 meta-analyses) that included 234 unique individual studies of 3,769,755 unique participants. The average study quality was high (9.2 ± 1.7 out of 11). A minority of studies (n = 7/20) supported that less sedentary time was associated with lower blood pressure, with reviews of interventional studies typically not observing a consistent effect (n = 9/12), whereas reviews of cross-sectional studies observed a positive effect (n = 5/7). When hypertension rates were used as the outcome, most (n = 3/4) studies observed a deleterious impact of sedentary time. For CVD incidence/mortality, less sedentary time or screen time was consistently associated with a lower CVD incidence/mortality (n = 17/23), with studies exhibiting a null effect generally including small sample sizes and being of a lower study quality. Total sedentary time and specific behaviors (i.e., television and screen time) exhibited similar findings.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Based on a high quality of evidence and large sample size, existing systematic reviews and meta-analyses demonstrate the negative impact of sedentary behaviors on CVD incidence/mortality, with conflicting reports for blood pressure that vary based on the study design.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"3097-3110"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142005265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychological Assessment and Intervention at the Boston Marathon.","authors":"Jeffrey L Brown, Robert Raeder, Chris Troyanos, K Sophia Dyer","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02116-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40279-024-02116-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Boston Marathon is a highly regarded event in the running world, not just for its prestige and challenging course, but also for its implementation of a psychology team to support runners. The 2013 Boston Marathon bombings underscored the essential role that mental health support plays at this event, prompting the development and expansion of its innovative care model. This review critically outlines, evaluates, and analyzes the approach and effectiveness of the psychological care model provided to runners on race day as part of the Boston Marathon medical team, including the standard of care, how it functions, and best practices for other marathons. The implications for this review contribute to the increasing trend of providing psychological care in marathon and other athletic settings, and to provide a framework for standardizing assessment and intervention procedures for both elite and novice runners.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"2979-2991"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142354111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Training Intensity Distribution of Marathon Runners Across Performance Levels","authors":"Daniel Muniz-Pumares, Ben Hunter, Samuel Meyler, Ed Maunder, Barry Smyth","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02137-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02137-7","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background</h3><p>The training characteristics and training intensity distribution (TID) of elite athletes have been extensively studied, but a comprehensive analysis of the TID across runners from different performance levels is lacking.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>Training sessions from the 16 weeks preceding 151,813 marathons completed by 119,452 runners were analysed. The TID was quantified using a three-zone approach (Z1, Z2 and Z3), where critical speed defined the boundary between Z2 and Z3, and the transition between Z1 and Z2 was assumed to occur at 82.3% of critical speed. Training characteristics and TID were reported based on marathon finish time.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Training volume across all runners was 45.1 ± 26.4 km·week⁻¹, but the fastest runners within the dataset (marathon time 120–150 min) accumulated &gt; three times more volume than slower runners. The amount of training time completed in Z2 and Z3 running remained relatively stable across performance levels, but the proportion of Z1 was higher in progressively faster groups. The most common TID approach was pyramidal, adopted by &gt; 80% of runners with the fastest marathon times. There were strong, negative correlations (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.01, <i>R</i>² ≥ 0.90) between marathon time and markers of training volume, and the proportion of training volume completed in Z1. However, the proportions of training completed in Z2 and Z3 were correlated (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.01, <i>R</i>² ≥ 0.85) with slower marathon times.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>The fastest runners in this dataset featured large training volumes, achieved primarily by increasing training volume in Z1. Marathon runners adopted a pyramidal TID approach, and the prevalence of pyramidal TID increased in the fastest runners.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142756297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Respiratory Compensation Point: Mechanisms and Relation to the Maximal Metabolic Steady State.","authors":"Daniel A Keir, Silvia Pogliaghi, Erin Calaine Inglis, Juan M Murias, Danilo Iannetta","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02084-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40279-024-02084-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>At a point during the latter third of an incremental exercise protocol, ventilation begins to exceed the rate of clearance of carbon dioxide (CO₂) at the lungs ( <math><mover><mi>V</mi> <mo>˙</mo></mover> </math> CO₂). The onset of this hyperventilation, which is confirmed by a fall from a period of stability in end-tidal and arterial CO₂ tensions (PCO₂), is referred to as the respiratory compensation point (RCP). The mechanisms that contribute to the RCP remain debated as does its surrogacy for the maximal metabolic steady state of constant-power exercise (i.e., the highest work rate associated with maintenance of physiological steady state). The objective of this current opinion is to summarize the original research contributions that support and refute the hypotheses that: (i) the RCP represents a rapid, peripheral chemoreceptor-mediated reflex response engaged when the metabolic rate at which the buffering systems can no longer constrain the rise in hydrogen ions ([H⁺]) associated with rising lactate concentration and metabolic CO₂ production is surpassed; and (ii) the metabolic rate at which this occurs is equivalent to the maximal metabolic steady state of constant power exercise. In doing so, we will shed light on potential mechanisms contributing to the RCP, attempt to reconcile disparate findings, make a case for its adoption for exercise intensity stratification and propose strategies for the use of RCP in aerobic exercise prescription.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"2993-3003"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141898268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}