Sports Medicine最新文献

{"title":"A Descriptive Analysis of Transient Global Amnesia-Like Cases in Open Water Swimmers.","authors":"Dave Elliott, Mark Christie, Matthew Smith","doi":"10.1007/s40279-026-02527-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40279-026-02527-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Whilst there is emerging evidence to suggest that individuals who engage in open water swimming may be at increased risk of transient global amnesia (TGA), empirical research in this area is limited.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to explore the accounts of open water swimmers believed to have experienced TGA-like symptoms as a direct result of the activity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The sample comprised 11 UK-based open water swimmers (7 female, 4 male) and relevant witnesses. Semi-structured interviews were conducted between June and August 2025 to obtain detailed accounts of events occurring before, during and after the amnesic episode. Additional information such as demographic characteristics, swimming behaviours and relevant medical histories were also collected.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Participants provided detailed contextual information that aided in the exploration of their TGA-like episodes. Descriptive thematic analysis yielded rich qualitative accounts of the amnesic episodes, along with commonly reported symptoms such as confusion, disorientation and repetitive questioning. Findings were considered in relation to potential precipitating factors and possible aetiological mechanisms, as well as the risks associated with experiencing such episodes in an open water environment.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The majority of the cohort did not receive a formal medical diagnosis and as such, definitive conclusions cannot be made. However, despite some atypical symptoms, the reported experiences did, in the main, align with the criteria for TGA. These findings therefore contribute novel insights to the limited body of literature examining TGA-like events in the context of open water swimming.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148723727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Criteria and Design for Return-to-Play Following Muscle Injury in Football are Not Standardized: A Systematic Review Including Descriptive Analysis of RTP Criteria Distribution and Study Design Heterogeneity","authors":"Óscar Vicente, Olga Velasco-Roldan, Carles Pedret","doi":"10.1007/s40279-026-02523-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-026-02523-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148690814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Global Physical Literacy Action Framework: Process and Outcomes","authors":"Johannes Carl, Lisa M. Barnett, Alethea Jerebine, Emiliano Mazzoli, Alexandre Mouton, Jaime Barratt, Peter Elsborg, Nigel Green, Marlen Niederberger, Raymond Kim-Wai Sum, , Nicolas Aguilar-Farias, Valter Barbosa Filho, Rebecca Battista, Trevor Bopp, Javier Brazo-Sayavera, Ali Brian, Charity Bryan, John Cairney, Pascal Mamudou Camara, Fiona Campbell, Jaime Carcamo-Oyarzun, Efstathios Christodoulides, Karl Davies, Deirdre Dlugonski, Danielle Dolley, Dean Dudley, Michael Duncan, Liz Durden-Myers, Arunas Emeljanovas, Tom Englén, Isaac Estevan, Mahmoud Farrag, Lawrence Foweather, Barbara Gilic, Hannah Goss, Syed Ghufran Hamdani, Sandra Heck, Peter Holler, Natalie Houser, Maeghan James, Kervin Jean, Justin Jeon, Richard Keegan, Mogens Kirkeby, Dean Kriellaars, Damon Leiss, Yang Liu, Patricia Longmuir, Salvador Jesús López-Alonzo, José Francisco López-Gil, Suzanne Lundvall, Gabriela Luptáková, Idar Lyngstad, Agus Mahendra, Amit Malik, João Martins, Drew Mitchell, Ivan Müller, Shraddha Naik, Sarah Noble, Siphesihle Nqweniso, Sebastian Okech, Roxana Dev Omar Dev, António Palmeira, Iuliia Pavlova, Caterina Pesce, Biljana Popeska, Kyle Pushkarenko, Rosa du Randt, Vassiliki Riga, Kathryn Riley, Ignacio Sabaté, Kasper Salin, Christophe Schnitzler, Marina Semyonova, Shannon Siegel, Amika Singh, Susannah Smith, Trevor Smith, Julie Stirrup, Koya Suzuki, Aue Te Ava, Clemens Töpfer, Omar Trabelsi, Saeed Valadi, Ivo van Hilvoorde, Jana Vašíčková, Fotini Venetsanou, Nalda Wainwright, Cheryl Walter, Feng-Min Wei, Waris Wongpipit, Günay Yıldızer, Viviana Zito, Ahmad Fahim Zulkifli","doi":"10.1007/s40279-026-02485-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-026-02485-6","url":null,"abstract":"Background Physical literacy integrates physical, affective, cognitive and social elements into a holistic framework for physical activity. Despite the increasing recognition of physical literacy across many sectors, the entire field lacks a prospective roadmap for research, practice and policy. Objective Seeking to determine the content of a ‘Global Physical Literacy (GloPL) Action Framework,’ this study aimed to define goals, principles, actions and pathways that can advance the physical literacy field worldwide. Methods A group Delphi study (based on published protocol) engaged 59 physical literacy-focused academics from 46 countries, 7 representatives of literature gaps, and 24 individuals representing societies/organisations. The representatives independently generated ideas for action through online surveys (Qualtrics). The ideas underwent reflexive thematic analysis (NVivo), informing the subsequent discussions in six online meetings. All decisions were supported by formal voting with pre-defined agreement thresholds for two rounds of voting. Results Analysis resulted in 849 initial codes grouped into five themes: advocacy, practice, education, assessment and research. Members discussed 15 central topics, of which six reached agreement in the first voting round and nine in the second voting round. Key recommendations included: establishing a core set of physical literacy elements/principles (advocacy); generating more resources/programmes on physical literacy (practice); aligning physical education curricula with physical literacy principles (education); assessing physical literacy at the population level (assessment); and emphasising implementation science (research). Conclusions The comprehensive consensus findings will inform the pillars of the first GloPL Action Framework. Its release marks the beginning of a dynamic process intended to guide coordinated actions on physical literacy in education, public health, sport, healthcare/promotion, rehabilitation, active recreation and community services/development.","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148690837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding Anterior Cruciate Ligament Adaptation: Structural, Mechanical, and Healing Considerations.","authors":"Oskar K Staniucha, Samantha M Birse, Daniel E Ferris, Bradley A Morris, Ayden M McCarthy, Tim J Gabbett, Robert G Crowther","doi":"10.1007/s40279-026-02498-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-026-02498-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is both a passive stabiliser and an active mechanoresponsive tissue. Emerging evidence demonstrates that its morphology, material properties, and microstructure adapt to the mechanical milieu imposed by habitual activity, targeted exercise, and surrounding musculature. This narrative review synthesises animal and human evidence on ACL mechanobiology, highlighting how loading parameters, maturational timing, and neuromuscular context shape ligament structure, function, and injury risk. At the molecular level, the ACL responds to mechanical loading through differential collagen isoform expression, matrix remodelling, and angiogenic signalling. These processes are further modulated by sex and maturation, with males typically demonstrating greater upregulation of type I collagen, whereas females synthesise comparatively less. Regional vascularity also influences adaptive capacity, potentially constraining remodelling within the mid-substance, where injury most frequently occurs. Animal ligament research shows that endurance and resistance training can increase stiffness, tensile strength, and cross-sectional area, while human studies report ligament hypertrophy in athletes who begin high-load training during adolescence. Conversely, chronic underloading leaves the ACL undersized, whereas poorly directed or chaotic overload fosters micro-damage accumulation and fatigue failure. Integrating resistance training with variable and sport-specific movement practice enhances ligament resilience and reduces initial and reinjury risk. Collectively, the ACL should be regarded as a mechanoresponsive tissue the capacity of which is determined by the interplay of morphology, vascularity, mechanotransduction, sex, maturation, and load history. An integrated load-adaptation-injury framework is proposed to guide future research and optimise clinical prevention and rehabilitation strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148685854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Hitchhiker's Guide to Physical and Cognitive Effort.","authors":"Lukas Hack, Israel Halperin, Wanja Wolff","doi":"10.1007/s40279-026-02510-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-026-02510-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Effort is integral to the regulation of behavior. It can be central for achieving goals in a range of activities, including sports, exercise, learning, and work. For centuries, researchers have tried to understand what effort is and how it shapes human behavior. Yet, despite its importance, there is no overarching consensus on what effort represents and how it should be measured. Attesting to this, academic disciplines conceptualize and measure effort in strikingly different ways. While this highlights the multitude of factors relevant to understanding effort, it has also led to siloed approaches, making interdisciplinary integration challenging. To facilitate interdisciplinary exchange, this guide aims to provide a descriptive and impartial overview of frequently used effort conceptualization and proxies. We first review three prominent conceptualizations of effort: force-based, resource-based, and mediation-based accounts. Second, we present a broad overview of commonly used effort proxies, reflecting changes in one system: neurophysiological, metabolic, psychological, and behavioral output. For each, we provide a brief review of properties, applications, and limitations relevant to effort-related research. With this approach, our aim is not to resolve disciplinary differences by pitting the utility of different conceptualizations and proxies against each other. Rather, we aim to provide a shared conceptual framework on which more integrative theorizing and cumulative progress in effort research can be achieved across disciplines.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148689922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distinguishing Metabolic and Neuro-immune Pathways in Exercise-Induced Cytokine Modulation in Breast Cancer Survivors.","authors":"Chao-Chun Huang, Hsuei-Chen Lee, Fu-An Yang","doi":"10.1007/s40279-026-02519-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40279-026-02519-z","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148679813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response to Comment on \"Effects of Exercise on Cytokine Profiles in Breast Cancer Survivors: A Systematic Review\".","authors":"Jihen Khalfoun, Abderraouf Ben Abderrahman, Khadija Ayed, Devaraj Loganathan, Amri Hammami, Ayoub Saeidi, Juan Del Coso, Ismail Laher, Hassane Zouhal","doi":"10.1007/s40279-026-02517-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40279-026-02517-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148679800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Starting Point Matters: Baseline Protein Intake as a Moderator of the Protein-Fat-Free Mass Relationship in Energy-Restricted Athletes.","authors":"Miguel López-Moreno, Gonzalo Quesada, José Francisco López-Gil","doi":"10.1007/s40279-026-02494-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-026-02494-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent research has attempted to quantify the dose-response relationship between dietary protein intake and fat-free mass preservation during energy restriction in resistance-trained individuals. While meta-regression analyses have helped identify intake ranges associated with fat-free mass retention, these models typically consider only the prescribed intervention dose. However, individuals enter dietary interventions with different baseline protein intakes, which may influence their physiological response to additional protein. We also highlight the importance of obtaining baseline dietary assessments after an appropriate dietary adaptation period, so that baseline protein intake is accurately characterized before the intervention begins. Ignoring this starting point may therefore obscure important heterogeneity in responsiveness across studies. In this Current Opinion, we discuss the potential role of baseline protein intake as a moderator of the protein-fat-free mass relationship and explore how accounting for baseline intake may alter the interpretation of protein dose-response models. We also present exploratory evidence suggesting that higher baseline protein intakes may be associated with diminishing returns in fat-free mass preservation. Considering baseline protein intake may help refine future research designs and support more individualized protein intake recommendations during energy restriction.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148679790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The 3D Biomechanics of Secondary Non-contact ACL Injuries in Two Female Adolescents: A Case Series of an Ipsilateral ACL Re-Rupture and a Contralateral ACL Rupture.","authors":"Stacey M Kung, Mark Jackson, Daniel Withers, Neil Welch","doi":"10.1007/s40279-026-02513-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-026-02513-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptures are significant knee injuries. Many studies have analysed video footage of the mechanisms of injury; however, the three-dimensional biomechanics of ACL ruptures have not previously been captured and presented. This case series reports on two secondary non-contact ACL ruptures in adolescent females: one ipsilateral ACL re-rupture and one contralateral ACL rupture. The injuries occurred during unplanned 90° cuts, which were completed as part of the clinic's standard of care return-to-play testing. Spatiotemporal parameters, joint and segment kinematics, ground reaction forces and joint moments and forces are presented during the approach, at the penultimate step and initial contact, and during the stance phase of the cutting step. These biomechanics are compared to planned 90° cuts and a pre-injury unplanned 90° cut. While there were slight differences in the exact injury mechanisms, common factors appeared to have contributed to the ACL ruptures. These potential mechanisms of injury included a fast approach speed without sufficient deceleration at the penultimate step; a larger touchdown distance; and a more outstretched leg in the anterior or lateral direction which, when combined with the rotation of the body towards the direction of the cut, may have limited knee flexion which likely contributed to large forces and moments acting at the knee. This case series highlights the need to develop training strategies aimed at reducing risky movement behaviours to reduce the risk of subsequent non-contact ACL injuries.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148670677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic and Prognostic Accuracy of Cardiorespiratory Fitness for Detecting Cardiovascular Risk and Mitochondrial Disorders: An Overview of Systematic Reviews with Meta-Analyses.","authors":"Brooklyn J Fraser, Bethany Gower, Oliver Stanesby, Costan G Magnussen, Cristina Cadenas-Sanchez, Jean-Philippe Chaput, Taru Manyanga, Ryan McGrath, Katherine Merucci, Jonathan Myers, Francisco B Ortega, Ben Singh, Stephanie A Prince, Justin J Lang, Grant R Tomkinson","doi":"10.1007/s40279-026-02503-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-026-02503-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is a powerful predictor of current and future health across all age groups. Recognising CRF's ability to screen health-related outcomes is essential for supporting its use in clinical practice.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim was to evaluate the health-related diagnostic and prognostic accuracy of CRF using an overview of systematic reviews.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Five bibliographic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, CINAHL and SPORTDiscus) were searched from January 2002 to April 2025 to identify systematic reviews with meta-analyses that reported on the health-related diagnostic and prognostic accuracy of CRF. The results were presented using forest plots, with the certainty of evidence assessed by a modified Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations (GRADE) approach.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 10,796 papers identified, six systematic reviews with meta-analyses (n = 31,171 observations) were included. Of these, five examined cardiovascular disease, events, or risk, and one examined mitochondrial disorders. CRF was measured objectively or estimated by exercise as maximum or peak oxygen consumption, ventilatory efficiency or fluctuation, or exercise performance or tolerance. All included reviews were graded as having low to critically low quality. CRF demonstrated high prognostic accuracy for predicting severe cardiovascular events in adults with heart failure, with moderate certainty (diagnostic odds ratio [dOR] 4.1-8.1; area under the curve of a summary receiver operating characteristic curve [SROC AUC] 0.73-0.77), and moderate-to-high diagnostic accuracy for detecting coronary artery disease in adults with type 2 diabetes or with suspected coronary artery disease with very low certainty (dOR 2.3-7.6; SROC AUC 0.66-0.79), mitochondrial disorders among adults with high certainty (dOR 18.1-26.6; SROC AUC 0.70-0.83), and cardiovascular disease risk among apparently healthy children and adolescents with low certainty (dOR 3.6-5.7; SROC AUC 0.64-0.71).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>CRF detects cardiovascular disease and mitochondrial disorders and predicts cardiovascular events among adults with chronic conditions and detects cardiovascular risk among apparently healthy children; however, the certainty of evidence ranged from very low to high certainty due to methodological limitations. Further research is needed to generate high-quality diagnostic evidence for CRF across diverse health outcomes and age groups in the general population.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>PROSPERO CRD42022370149.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148674194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}