Sports Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Responses to Exercise with Low Carbohydrate Availability on Muscle Glycogen and Cell Signaling: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","authors":"Javier Diaz-Lara, Gorka Prieto-Bellver, Amelia Guadalupe-Grau, David J Bishop","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02119-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40279-024-02119-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The growing interest in how exercise and carbohydrate (CHO) restriction may modify molecular responses that promote endurance adaptations has led to many interesting controversies.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>We conducted a systematic review and a meta-analysis regarding the effect of low-carbohydrate availability (LOW) pre-, during, or post-exercise, on the mRNA content of commonly measured genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis (PGC-1α, TFAM mRNA) and metabolism (PDK4, UCP3 and GLUT4 mRNA), and on muscle glycogen levels, compared with a high-CHO (CON) condition.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines (with an end date of November 2023). In total, 19 randomized-controlled studies were considered for inclusion. We evaluated the methodological quality of all studies using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool for randomized clinical studies. A meta-analysis was performed using a random effects model to calculate the standardized mean difference (SMD), estimated by Hedges' g, and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The LOW condition was associated with an increased mRNA content of several genes during the early recovery period post-exercise, such as PDK4 (SMD 1.61; 95% CI 0.80-2.42), GLUT4 (SMD 1.38; 95% CI 0.46-2.30), and UCP3 (SMD 2.05; 95% CI 0.40-3.69). However, overall, there was no significant effect on the mRNA content of PGC-1α or TFAM. Finally, CHO restriction and exercise significantly reduced muscle glycogen levels (SMD 3.69; 95% CI 2.82-5.09). A meta-analysis of subgroups from studies with a difference in muscle glycogen concentration of > 200 mmol kg dw^-1 between the LOW and CON conditions showed an increase in exercise-induced PGC-1α mRNA (SMD 2.08; 95% CI 0.64-3.52; p = 0.005; I² = 75%) and a greater effect in PDK4 and GLUT4 mRNA.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The meta-analysis results show that CHO restriction was associated with an increase in the exercise-induced mRNA content of PDK4, UCP3, and GLUT4, but not the exercise-induced mRNA content of PGC-1ɑ and TFAM. However, when there were substantial differences in glycogen depletion between CON and LOW CHO conditions (> 200 mmol kg dw^-1), there was a greater effect of CHO restriction on the exercise-induced mRNA content of metabolic genes, and an increase in exercise-induced PGC-1α mRNA.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"79-100"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142354112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antarctic Expeditions: A Systematic Review of the Physiological, Nutritional, Body Composition and Psychological Responses to Treks Across the Continental Ice","authors":"Mabliny Thuany, Carel Viljoen, Thayse Natacha Gomes, Encarna Valero Burgos, Beat Knechtle, Ricardo Costa, Mathias Steinach, Volker Scheer","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02151-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02151-9","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background</h3><p>Antarctic expeditions, although supported by scientific knowledge, face various challenges, with little research conducted to explore the physical demands that explorers experience.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Objective</h3><p>To summarise physiological, psychological, body composition and nutritional changes faced during trek expeditions in the Antarctic’s continental portion.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Design</h3><p>Systematic review.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Information sources</h3><p>We used PubMed, SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO, Scopus, Cochrane databases, CINAHL and Medline Ovid to search for studies published up to January 2023.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Eligibility criteria</h3><p>We included original articles or case reports published in English and in peer-reviewed journals, involving both sexes, using both quantitative and qualitative approaches, that considered Antarctic continent expedition, as well as solo exploration/group exploration. Animal studies, in vitro studies, explorers &lt; 18 years of age, overwintering at research stations, tourist/organized visits to Antarctica or the South Pole, not sleeping on the ice, and ultraendurance events were excluded. The JBI critical appraisal checklist for case studies was used for quality assessment.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>A total of 12 studies met the eligibility criteria. The main findings are reversible changes in bone density and mineral content. Despite high-calorie intake (5000 kcal/day or more), participants experienced body weight loss and a decrease in appetite-regulating hormones. Motivation and goal orientation, positive interpersonal communication and support are important skills during polar expeditions. Multidisciplinary research revealed various physiological and cognitive responses, disrupted sleep patterns and mood changes.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>Prolonged hypobaric hypoxia reduces aerobic capacity and increases anaerobic metabolism, while bone density changes are reversible and weight loss occurs despite high-calorie intake. Effective decision-making, teamwork and personal growth are crucial for Antarctic explorers. Future studies need to investigate strategies on how to improve physiological functions while maintaining homeostasis.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Registration</h3><p>PROSPERO—CRD42022382609.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142887563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Multilayer Network Model for Motor Competence from the View of the Science of Complexity","authors":"Paulo Felipe Ribeiro Bandeira, Isaac Estevan, Michael Duncan, Matthieu Lenoir, Luís Lemos, Vicente Romo-Perez, Nadia Valentini, Clarice Martins","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02164-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02164-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Motor competence is related to a large number of correlates of different natures, forming together a system with flexible parts that are synergically and cooperatively connected to produce a wide range of motor outcomes that cannot be explained from a predetermined linear view or a unique mechanism. The diversity of interacting correlates, the various connections between them, and the fast changes between assessments at different time points are clear barriers to the study of motor competence. In this manuscript, we present a multilayer framework that accounts for the theoretical background and the potential mathematical procedures necessary to represent the non-linear, complex, and dynamic relationships between several underlying correlates that emerge as a motor competence network. Exploring motor competence from a new perspective that could be operationalized through multilayer networks seems promising, and allows more accurate inspection and representation of its topology and dynamics. This new perspective might also improve the understanding of motor competence structure and functionality over the developmental course. The use of the proposed approach could open up new horizons for the broad literature comprising motor competence.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142887568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comment on “Effects of Traditional Chinese Exercises on Glycemic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials”","authors":"Jufang Song, Rong Zhu","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02166-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02166-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142874053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reallocating Time Between 24-h Movement Behaviors for Obesity Management Across the Lifespan: A Pooled Data Meta-Analysis of More Than 9800 Participants from Seven Countries","authors":"Aleš Gába, Timothy B. Hartwig, Paulína Jašková, Taren Sanders, Jan Dygrýn, Ondřej Vencálek, Devan Antczak, James Conigrave, Phillip Parker, Borja del Pozo Cruz, Stuart J. Fairclough, Shona Halson, Karel Hron, Michael Noetel, Manuel Ávila-García, Veronica Cabanas-Sánchez, Iván Cavero-Redondo, Rachel G. Curtis, Bruno G. G. da Costa, Jesus del Pozo-Cruz, Antonio García-Hermoso, Angus A. Leahy, David R. Lubans, Carol A. Maher, David Martínez-Gómez, Kim Meredith-Jones, Andrés Redondo-Tébar, Séverine Sabia, Kelly S. Silva, Paula Skidmore, Emilio Villa-González, Manasa S. Yerramalla, Chris Lonsdale","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02148-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02148-4","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Background&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;The distribution of time across physical activity, sedentary behaviors, and sleep appears to be essential for the management of obesity. However, the impact of reallocating time among these behaviors, collectively known as 24-h movement behaviors, remains underexplored.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Objective&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;This study examines the theoretical effects of reallocating time between 24-h movement behaviors on obesity indicators across different age groups.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Methods&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;We performed a pooled data meta-analysis of 9818 participants from 11 observational and experimental studies. To estimate the time spent in movement behaviors, we reprocessed and harmonized individual-level raw accelerometer-derived data. Isotemporal substitution models estimated theoretical changes in body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) associated with time reallocation between movement behaviors. We performed the analysis separately for children, adolescents, adults, and older adults.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Results&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Even minor reallocations of 10 min led to significant changes in obesity indicators, with pronounced effects observed when 30 min were reallocated. The most substantial adverse effects on BMI and WC occurred when moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was reallocated to other movement behaviors. For 30-min reallocations, the largest increase in BMI (or BMI &lt;i&gt;z&lt;/i&gt;-score for children) occurred when MVPA was reallocated to light-intensity physical activity (LPA) in children (0.26 units, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.15, 0.37) and to sedentary behavior (SB) in adults (0.72 kg/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 95% CI 0.47, 0.96) and older adults (0.73 kg/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 95% CI 0.59, 0.87). The largest increase in WC was observed when MVPA was substituted with LPA in adults (2.66 cm, 95% CI 1.42, 3.90) and with SB in older adults (2.43 cm, 95% CI 2.07, 2.79). Conversely, the highest magnitude of the decrease in obesity indicators was observed when SB was substituted with MVPA. Specifically, substituting 30 min of SB with MVPA was associated with a decrease in BMI &lt;i&gt;z&lt;/i&gt;-score by − 0.15 units (95% CI − 0.21, − 0.10) in children and lower BMI by − 0.56 kg/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (95% CI − 0.74, − 0.39) in adults and by − 0.52 kg/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (95% CI − 0.61, − 0.43) in older adults. Reallocating time away from sleep and LPA showed several significant changes but lacked a consistent pattern. While the predicted changes in obesity indicators were generally consistent across age groups, inconsistent findings were observed in adolescents, particularly for reallocations between MVPA and other behaviors.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Conclusions&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;This investigation emphasizes the crucial role of MVPA in mitigating obesity risk across the lifespan, and the benefit of substituting SB with low-intensity movement behaviors. The distinct pat","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142867185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecological Dynamics as an Accurate and Parsimonious Contributor to Applied Practice: A Critical Appraisal","authors":"Dave Collins, Howie J. Carson, Pär Rylander, Ray Bobrownicki","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02161-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02161-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>With sport coaches adopting and working toward increasingly evidence-grounded approaches to practice, skill acquisition has appropriately become a critical area for consideration. As part of this growing interest in skill acquisition, the ecological dynamics approach has garnered attention amongst scholars and practitioners with myriad media (e.g. peer-reviewed articles, books, podcasts and social-media outputs) extolling its benefits. In doing this, however, the available guidance, advice and scholarship have typically positioned ecological dynamics as a direct competitor to existing or traditional cognitive approaches, advising against practical integration of approaches due to theoretical incompatibility. As a standalone approach, we are concerned that there are mechanistic and epistemological issues and inconsistencies that prevent experimental comparisons and limit its applicability, novelty and capability to comprehensively address real-world athlete and coach needs. Based on this, in this <i>Current Opinion</i> paper, we lay out these concerns and critically examine the clarity, coherence and consistency of the approach and its associated literature. In concluding, we also suggest that a more evidence-based and mechanistically driven approach that draws upon a wider set of theoretical perspectives can offer greater benefit to athletes, coaches and practitioners in real-world sport.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142867186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Histological Definition of Skeletal Muscle Injury: A Guide to Nomenclature Along the Connective Tissue Sheath/Structure","authors":"Carles Pedret, José Peña-Amaro, Ramon Balius, Tero Järvinen","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02165-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02165-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Recent years have seen the development of various classifications of muscle injuries, primarily based on the topographic location within the bone-tendon–muscle chain. This paper proposes an enhanced nomenclature for muscle injuries that incorporates histoarchitectural definitions alongside topographic classifications, emphasizing the importance of connective tissue damage characterization. A detailed understanding of the distinct anatomical and histological characteristics of tendon, aponeurosis, and fascia is essential for consistent terminology. Tendons, aponeuroses, and fasciae, while all composed of dense connective tissue, differ in collagen fiber orientation and structural organization. Tendons feature longitudinally aligned fibers suited for high tensile forces and muscle-to-bone connections. Aponeuroses have perpendicular collagen fiber layers, allowing for force distribution and support for both longitudinal and transverse traction. Fasciae exhibit loosely organized fibers providing flexibility and movement between muscles. The continuity and differences within the musculotendinous frameworks, particularly at the musculotendinous junction (MTJ), elucidate the higher frequency of injuries at these sites compared with tendons, highlighting the MTJ's role as a stress-absorbing 'safety valve.'</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142841555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Running on Fumes: An Analysis of Fine Particulate Matter’s Impact on Finish Times in Nine Major US Marathons, 2003–2019","authors":"Elvira S. Fleury, Gray S. Bittker, Allan C. Just, Joseph M. Braun","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02160-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02160-8","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background</h3><p>Under controlled conditions and in some observational studies of runners, airborne fine particulate matter smaller than 2.5 microns in diameter (PM_2.5) is associated with exercise performance decrements.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Objective</h3><p>To assess the association between event-day fine particulate matter air pollution (PM_2.5) and marathon finish times.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>Using a spatiotemporal machine-learning model, we estimated event-day racecourse-averaged PM_2.5 concentrations for nine major US marathons (2003–2019). We obtained 1,506,137 male and 1,058,674 female finish times from 140 event-years of public marathon data. We used linear and quantile mixed models to estimate the mean and percentile-specific year and heat index-adjusted effect of 1 µg/m³ higher event-day racecourse-averaged PM_2.5 on marathon finish times in sex-stratified samples.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Analyzing all finish times, 1 µg/m³ higher race-day PM_2.5 was associated with 32-s slower average finish times among men (95% confidence limits (CL) 30, 33 s) and 25-s slower average finish times among women (95% CL 23, 27 s). Quantile-specific associations of event-day PM_2.5 with finish times were larger for faster-than-median finishers. While PM_2.5 was generally associated with slower finish times in single-event models, there was effect heterogeneity, and most 95% confidence intervals included the null.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>Greater race-day PM_2.5 was associated with slower average marathon finish times, with more pronounced effects in faster-than-median runners. While more research is needed to characterize effect heterogeneity across the performance spectrum, these findings show the impact of PM_2.5 on marathon performance and the importance of considering data from multiple competitions when estimating PM_2.5 effects from event-level data.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142841552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Circadian Regulation of Fatty Acid Metabolism in Humans: Is There Evidence of an Optimal Time Window for Maximizing Fat Oxidation During Exercise?","authors":"Mariazel Rubio-Valles, Francisco J. Amaro-Gahete, Seth A. Creasy, Arnulfo Ramos-Jiménez, Jorge A. Pérez-León, Isaac A. Chávez-Guevara","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02154-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02154-6","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Exercise training performed at the intensity that elicits maximal fat oxidation improves cardiovascular function and metabolic health while simultaneously reducing visceral adipose tissue in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Indeed, it is currently considered an efficient non-pharmacological approach for the prevention and treatment of cardiometabolic disorders. Over the last 5 years, several studies have reported a diurnal variation in both resting fat oxidation as well as maximal fat oxidation recorded during submaximal intensity exercise. Higher fat oxidation has been recorded during the evening in comparison with the early morning, although this has not been universally observed. If evening exercise increases fat oxidation, then this timing of exercise may be preferable for the reversal of cardiometabolic diseases. However, the physiological and molecular mechanisms behind the circadian regulation of fatty acid metabolism have not yet been fully elucidated. The present review thus aims to describe the circadian rhythmicity of several hormones, metabolites, and enzymes involved in fatty acid mobilization and oxidation. Furthermore, we discuss the relevance of circadian mitochondrial dynamics and oxidative phosphorylation to fatty acid metabolism. To conclude our discussion, we highlight those biological (e.g., age and sex) and lifestyle factors (e.g., sleep quality/disturbances or physical activity) that potentially influence the circadian regulation of fatty metabolism and which therefore should be considered for a tailored exercise prescription.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical abstract</h3>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142831912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Causes of COVID-19 Outbreaks During Sports and Exercise: A Systematic Review","authors":"Masaki Machida, Koichi Dai, Itaru Nakamura, Shigeru Inoue","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02153-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02153-7","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background</h3><p>Physical activity is beneficial for preventing non-communicable and infectious diseases, such as pneumonia. Physical activity is also a potential protective factor for reducing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity. Conversely, outbreaks of respiratory viral infections are more likely to occur owing to group activities, opportunities for contact with individuals and vocalisations. Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, several cases of COVID-19 outbreaks during various sports and exercise have been reported. However, the common causes underlying these outbreaks remain unclear.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Objective</h3><p>The objective of this study is to identify the causes of COVID-19 outbreaks during sports and exercise using systematic review approach.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>Our eligibility criteria were published articles reporting case investigation on COVID-19 outbreaks and the cause during sports and exercise. Studies such as reviews and observational studies without case investigations were excluded. PubMed, CINAHL, WHO COVID-19 Research Database and Ichushi Web were searched on 28 August 2023. The quality of included studies was rated using a quality criteria checklist adapted from a previous systematic review of influenza outbreaks. Vote counting of outbreak causes was performed by type of sports (team or individual).</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Twenty-one articles reporting 22 outbreaks were identified (quality: high, 9; medium, 9; and low, 3). The outbreaks were most frequently reported in fitness classes, followed by soccer. Most studies listed multiple causes of the outbreaks. The most common suspected cause of outbreaks in individual exercise, mostly from fitness classes, was poor ventilation and not wearing masks, followed by not maintaining physical distance and participation of individuals with some symptoms. In team sports, the most common cause was interaction outside the game, such as social events.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>This systematic review found a limited number of case investigations suggesting that COVID-19 outbreaks during sports and exercise may be associated with the inhalation of aerosols in indoor settings, interactions outside of team sports games and participation of individuals with some symptoms. Prevention strategies that focus on mitigating these issues may be effective at preventing sports and exercise-associated respiratory infectious diseases outbreaks.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">PROSPERO Registration Number</h3><p>CRD42023443158.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"240 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142804739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}