Sports Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Comment on “Effects of Traditional Chinese Exercises on Glycemic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials”","authors":"Jufang Song, Rong Zhu","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02166-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02166-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142874053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reallocating Time Between 24-h Movement Behaviors for Obesity Management Across the Lifespan: A Pooled Data Meta-Analysis of More Than 9800 Participants from Seven Countries","authors":"Aleš Gába, Timothy B. Hartwig, Paulína Jašková, Taren Sanders, Jan Dygrýn, Ondřej Vencálek, Devan Antczak, James Conigrave, Phillip Parker, Borja del Pozo Cruz, Stuart J. Fairclough, Shona Halson, Karel Hron, Michael Noetel, Manuel Ávila-García, Veronica Cabanas-Sánchez, Iván Cavero-Redondo, Rachel G. Curtis, Bruno G. G. da Costa, Jesus del Pozo-Cruz, Antonio García-Hermoso, Angus A. Leahy, David R. Lubans, Carol A. Maher, David Martínez-Gómez, Kim Meredith-Jones, Andrés Redondo-Tébar, Séverine Sabia, Kelly S. Silva, Paula Skidmore, Emilio Villa-González, Manasa S. Yerramalla, Chris Lonsdale","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02148-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02148-4","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background</h3><p>The distribution of time across physical activity, sedentary behaviors, and sleep appears to be essential for the management of obesity. However, the impact of reallocating time among these behaviors, collectively known as 24-h movement behaviors, remains underexplored.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Objective</h3><p>This study examines the theoretical effects of reallocating time between 24-h movement behaviors on obesity indicators across different age groups.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>We performed a pooled data meta-analysis of 9818 participants from 11 observational and experimental studies. To estimate the time spent in movement behaviors, we reprocessed and harmonized individual-level raw accelerometer-derived data. Isotemporal substitution models estimated theoretical changes in body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) associated with time reallocation between movement behaviors. We performed the analysis separately for children, adolescents, adults, and older adults.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Even minor reallocations of 10 min led to significant changes in obesity indicators, with pronounced effects observed when 30 min were reallocated. The most substantial adverse effects on BMI and WC occurred when moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was reallocated to other movement behaviors. For 30-min reallocations, the largest increase in BMI (or BMI <i>z</i>-score for children) occurred when MVPA was reallocated to light-intensity physical activity (LPA) in children (0.26 units, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.15, 0.37) and to sedentary behavior (SB) in adults (0.72 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, 95% CI 0.47, 0.96) and older adults (0.73 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, 95% CI 0.59, 0.87). The largest increase in WC was observed when MVPA was substituted with LPA in adults (2.66 cm, 95% CI 1.42, 3.90) and with SB in older adults (2.43 cm, 95% CI 2.07, 2.79). Conversely, the highest magnitude of the decrease in obesity indicators was observed when SB was substituted with MVPA. Specifically, substituting 30 min of SB with MVPA was associated with a decrease in BMI <i>z</i>-score by − 0.15 units (95% CI − 0.21, − 0.10) in children and lower BMI by − 0.56 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (95% CI − 0.74, − 0.39) in adults and by − 0.52 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (95% CI − 0.61, − 0.43) in older adults. Reallocating time away from sleep and LPA showed several significant changes but lacked a consistent pattern. While the predicted changes in obesity indicators were generally consistent across age groups, inconsistent findings were observed in adolescents, particularly for reallocations between MVPA and other behaviors.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>This investigation emphasizes the crucial role of MVPA in mitigating obesity risk across the lifespan, and the benefit of substituting SB with low-intensity movement behaviors. The distinct pat","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142867185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecological Dynamics as an Accurate and Parsimonious Contributor to Applied Practice: A Critical Appraisal","authors":"Dave Collins, Howie J. Carson, Pär Rylander, Ray Bobrownicki","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02161-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02161-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>With sport coaches adopting and working toward increasingly evidence-grounded approaches to practice, skill acquisition has appropriately become a critical area for consideration. As part of this growing interest in skill acquisition, the ecological dynamics approach has garnered attention amongst scholars and practitioners with myriad media (e.g. peer-reviewed articles, books, podcasts and social-media outputs) extolling its benefits. In doing this, however, the available guidance, advice and scholarship have typically positioned ecological dynamics as a direct competitor to existing or traditional cognitive approaches, advising against practical integration of approaches due to theoretical incompatibility. As a standalone approach, we are concerned that there are mechanistic and epistemological issues and inconsistencies that prevent experimental comparisons and limit its applicability, novelty and capability to comprehensively address real-world athlete and coach needs. Based on this, in this <i>Current Opinion</i> paper, we lay out these concerns and critically examine the clarity, coherence and consistency of the approach and its associated literature. In concluding, we also suggest that a more evidence-based and mechanistically driven approach that draws upon a wider set of theoretical perspectives can offer greater benefit to athletes, coaches and practitioners in real-world sport.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142867186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Histological Definition of Skeletal Muscle Injury: A Guide to Nomenclature Along the Connective Tissue Sheath/Structure","authors":"Carles Pedret, José Peña-Amaro, Ramon Balius, Tero Järvinen","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02165-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02165-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Recent years have seen the development of various classifications of muscle injuries, primarily based on the topographic location within the bone-tendon–muscle chain. This paper proposes an enhanced nomenclature for muscle injuries that incorporates histoarchitectural definitions alongside topographic classifications, emphasizing the importance of connective tissue damage characterization. A detailed understanding of the distinct anatomical and histological characteristics of tendon, aponeurosis, and fascia is essential for consistent terminology. Tendons, aponeuroses, and fasciae, while all composed of dense connective tissue, differ in collagen fiber orientation and structural organization. Tendons feature longitudinally aligned fibers suited for high tensile forces and muscle-to-bone connections. Aponeuroses have perpendicular collagen fiber layers, allowing for force distribution and support for both longitudinal and transverse traction. Fasciae exhibit loosely organized fibers providing flexibility and movement between muscles. The continuity and differences within the musculotendinous frameworks, particularly at the musculotendinous junction (MTJ), elucidate the higher frequency of injuries at these sites compared with tendons, highlighting the MTJ's role as a stress-absorbing 'safety valve.'</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142841555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Running on Fumes: An Analysis of Fine Particulate Matter’s Impact on Finish Times in Nine Major US Marathons, 2003–2019","authors":"Elvira S. Fleury, Gray S. Bittker, Allan C. Just, Joseph M. Braun","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02160-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02160-8","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background</h3><p>Under controlled conditions and in some observational studies of runners, airborne fine particulate matter smaller than 2.5 microns in diameter (PM_2.5) is associated with exercise performance decrements.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Objective</h3><p>To assess the association between event-day fine particulate matter air pollution (PM_2.5) and marathon finish times.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>Using a spatiotemporal machine-learning model, we estimated event-day racecourse-averaged PM_2.5 concentrations for nine major US marathons (2003–2019). We obtained 1,506,137 male and 1,058,674 female finish times from 140 event-years of public marathon data. We used linear and quantile mixed models to estimate the mean and percentile-specific year and heat index-adjusted effect of 1 µg/m³ higher event-day racecourse-averaged PM_2.5 on marathon finish times in sex-stratified samples.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Analyzing all finish times, 1 µg/m³ higher race-day PM_2.5 was associated with 32-s slower average finish times among men (95% confidence limits (CL) 30, 33 s) and 25-s slower average finish times among women (95% CL 23, 27 s). Quantile-specific associations of event-day PM_2.5 with finish times were larger for faster-than-median finishers. While PM_2.5 was generally associated with slower finish times in single-event models, there was effect heterogeneity, and most 95% confidence intervals included the null.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>Greater race-day PM_2.5 was associated with slower average marathon finish times, with more pronounced effects in faster-than-median runners. While more research is needed to characterize effect heterogeneity across the performance spectrum, these findings show the impact of PM_2.5 on marathon performance and the importance of considering data from multiple competitions when estimating PM_2.5 effects from event-level data.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142841552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Circadian Regulation of Fatty Acid Metabolism in Humans: Is There Evidence of an Optimal Time Window for Maximizing Fat Oxidation During Exercise?","authors":"Mariazel Rubio-Valles, Francisco J. Amaro-Gahete, Seth A. Creasy, Arnulfo Ramos-Jiménez, Jorge A. Pérez-León, Isaac A. Chávez-Guevara","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02154-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02154-6","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Exercise training performed at the intensity that elicits maximal fat oxidation improves cardiovascular function and metabolic health while simultaneously reducing visceral adipose tissue in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Indeed, it is currently considered an efficient non-pharmacological approach for the prevention and treatment of cardiometabolic disorders. Over the last 5 years, several studies have reported a diurnal variation in both resting fat oxidation as well as maximal fat oxidation recorded during submaximal intensity exercise. Higher fat oxidation has been recorded during the evening in comparison with the early morning, although this has not been universally observed. If evening exercise increases fat oxidation, then this timing of exercise may be preferable for the reversal of cardiometabolic diseases. However, the physiological and molecular mechanisms behind the circadian regulation of fatty acid metabolism have not yet been fully elucidated. The present review thus aims to describe the circadian rhythmicity of several hormones, metabolites, and enzymes involved in fatty acid mobilization and oxidation. Furthermore, we discuss the relevance of circadian mitochondrial dynamics and oxidative phosphorylation to fatty acid metabolism. To conclude our discussion, we highlight those biological (e.g., age and sex) and lifestyle factors (e.g., sleep quality/disturbances or physical activity) that potentially influence the circadian regulation of fatty metabolism and which therefore should be considered for a tailored exercise prescription.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical abstract</h3>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142831912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Causes of COVID-19 Outbreaks During Sports and Exercise: A Systematic Review","authors":"Masaki Machida, Koichi Dai, Itaru Nakamura, Shigeru Inoue","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02153-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02153-7","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background</h3><p>Physical activity is beneficial for preventing non-communicable and infectious diseases, such as pneumonia. Physical activity is also a potential protective factor for reducing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity. Conversely, outbreaks of respiratory viral infections are more likely to occur owing to group activities, opportunities for contact with individuals and vocalisations. Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, several cases of COVID-19 outbreaks during various sports and exercise have been reported. However, the common causes underlying these outbreaks remain unclear.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Objective</h3><p>The objective of this study is to identify the causes of COVID-19 outbreaks during sports and exercise using systematic review approach.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>Our eligibility criteria were published articles reporting case investigation on COVID-19 outbreaks and the cause during sports and exercise. Studies such as reviews and observational studies without case investigations were excluded. PubMed, CINAHL, WHO COVID-19 Research Database and Ichushi Web were searched on 28 August 2023. The quality of included studies was rated using a quality criteria checklist adapted from a previous systematic review of influenza outbreaks. Vote counting of outbreak causes was performed by type of sports (team or individual).</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Twenty-one articles reporting 22 outbreaks were identified (quality: high, 9; medium, 9; and low, 3). The outbreaks were most frequently reported in fitness classes, followed by soccer. Most studies listed multiple causes of the outbreaks. The most common suspected cause of outbreaks in individual exercise, mostly from fitness classes, was poor ventilation and not wearing masks, followed by not maintaining physical distance and participation of individuals with some symptoms. In team sports, the most common cause was interaction outside the game, such as social events.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>This systematic review found a limited number of case investigations suggesting that COVID-19 outbreaks during sports and exercise may be associated with the inhalation of aerosols in indoor settings, interactions outside of team sports games and participation of individuals with some symptoms. Prevention strategies that focus on mitigating these issues may be effective at preventing sports and exercise-associated respiratory infectious diseases outbreaks.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">PROSPERO Registration Number</h3><p>CRD42023443158.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"240 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142804739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incidence and Risk Factors for Sport-Related Concussion in Female Youth Athletes Participating in Contact and Collision Invasion Sports: A Systematic Review","authors":"Laura Ernst, Jessica Farley, Nikki Milne","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02133-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02133-x","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Background&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;The incidence and risk factors for sport-related concussion (SRC) associated with contact and collision invasion sports (CCIS) in female youth are unclear.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Objectives&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;This systematic review aimed to identify (i) the incidence of and (ii) risk factors for SRC in female youth athletes playing CCIS.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Methods&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;A systematic search of PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, SPORTDiscus and ProQuest to 8 May, 2024 was conducted. Two reviewers independently screened articles against eligibility criteria and assessed risk of bias (Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tool). Aetiological or intervention studies reporting on SRC incidence or risk factors in female youth athletes (aged 13–19 years and under) participating in CCIS were included. Meta-analyses were conducted to explore SRC incidence and risk factors. For each meta-analysis of SRC incidence rate, sub-group analyses were conducted by sport. Where heterogeneity was above 60% for the meta-analysis of SRC risk/protective factors, sensitivity analyses were conducted.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Results&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;The search yielded 4509 articles; 66 were included. Sport-related concussion incidence or risk factor data for nine CCIS were extracted. Pooled estimates revealed SRC incidence for female youth athletes in CCIS combined was 0.50/1000 match and practice hours (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.34–0.66). When examined by sport classification, SRC incidence in contact invasion sports was 0.12/1000 match and practice hours (95% CI 0.03–0.21), and in collision invasion sports was 2.08/1000 match and practice hours (95% CI 0.90–3.25). Sub-group analysis by individual sport revealed female youth soccer players had the highest overall SRC incidence rate (0.89/1000 match and practice hours, 95% CI − 0.19 to 1.97) amongst contact sports, and rugby union players had the highest overall SRC incidence rate (4.04/1000 match and practice hours, 95% CI 3.03–5.05) among collision sports. Forty-five studies (68%) reported SRC risk factor data, investigating 12 different potential risk factors. Female youth sustained over 7.5 times the rate of SRC in matches compared with practice (incidence rate ratio 7.52, 95% CI 6.32–8.95, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.01) when competing in CCIS; however, considerable heterogeneity existed (&lt;i&gt;I&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 84.98%). When exploring potential risk factors, no significant difference was found in SRC rate between female youth lacrosse players wearing versus not wearing headgear (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.07). No significant difference was found in SRC rates between female youth athletes competing in younger versus older age groups (incidence rate ratio 0.91, 95% CI 0.52–1.61, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.48, &lt;i&gt;I&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 0.00%). Insufficient evidence was available to examine remaining risk factors.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Conclusions&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;This me","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142789784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DE-PASS Best Evidence Statement (BESt): A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis on the Effectiveness of Trials on Device-Measured Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour and Their Determinants in Children Aged 5–12 Years","authors":"Mohammed Khudair, Anna Marcuzzi, Gavin Daniel Tempest, Kwok Ng, Ratko Peric, František Bartoš, Maximilian Maier, Mirko Brandes, Angela Carlin, Simone Ciaccioni, Cristina Cortis, Chiara Corvino, Andrea di Credico, Patrik Drid, Francesca Gallè, Pascal Izzicupo, Henriette Jahre, Athanasios Kolovelonis, Atle Kongsvold, Evangelia Kouidi, Paul Jarle Mork, Federico Palumbo, Penny Louise Sheena Rumbold, Petru Sandu, Mette Stavnsbo, Ioannis Syrmpas, Sofia Vilela, Catherine Woods, Kathrin Wunsch, Laura Capranica, Ciaran MacDonncha, Fiona Chun Man Ling","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02136-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02136-8","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Background&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;To combat the high prevalence of physical inactivity among children, there is an urgent need to develop and implement real-world interventions and policies that promote physical activity (PA) and reduce sedentary behaviour (SB). To inform policy makers, the current body of evidence for children’s PA/SB interventions needs to be translated.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Objectives&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;The current systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to identify modifiable determinants of device-measured PA and SB targeted in available intervention studies with randomized controlled trial (RCT) and controlled trial (CT) designs in children and early adolescents (5–12 years) and to quantify the effects of the interventions within their respective settings on the determinants of PA/SB and the outcomes PA and SB.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Methods&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;A systematic search was conducted in MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus and CENTRAL. Studies were considered if they were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or controlled trials (CTs), included children and/or early adolescents (5–12 years; henceforth termed children), measured PA and/or SB using device-based methods and measured PA and/or SB and determinants of PA/SB at least at two timepoints. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for Randomised Trials (RoB2) for RCTs and Risk of Bias in Non-randomised Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I) for CTs. The quality of the generated evidence was assessed using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). Robust Bayesian meta-analysis was conducted to quantify the effects of the interventions on the determinants of PA/SB, and the outcomes PA and SB, stratifying by study design, duration of PA/SB measurement, intervention setting and duration of follow-up measurement. Study characteristics and interventions were summarized.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Results&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Thirty-eight studies were included with a total sample size of &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 14,258 (67% girls). Settings identified were school, family/home, community and combinations of these. The review identified 38 modifiable determinants, spanning seven categories on individual, interpersonal and physical environmental levels, with 66% of determinants on the individual level. Overall, the results indicated trivial-to-moderate effects of the interventions on the determinants of PA and SB, with mostly trivial level of evidence for the presence of an effect (as indicated by a small Bayes factor; BF&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt; &lt; 3.00). The exceptions were moderate effects on parental PA modelling in the family/home setting and SB measured during specific parts of the school day. Higher quality of evidence was found in the family/home setting compared with other settings.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Discussion&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Overall, the results indicated that interventions h","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142788399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Evolutionary Psychology Perspective on Athletic Development and Performance: Differences Between Proximate and Ultimate Explanations","authors":"Joseph Baker, Kathryn Johnston","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02155-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02155-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Many areas of mainstream psychology have embraced the notions that understanding human behaviour can be improved by integrating developments from evolutionary science; however, evolutionary principles have not been as widely applied among sport researchers or practitioners, especially those examining athlete development and the psychology of competition and performance. In this paper, we discuss the distinction between ultimate and proximate explanations of psychological outcomes, and the relevance of this distinction for exploring issues related to skill acquisition and athlete development. We use three examples—deliberate practice, early sport play and sustained engagement—to highlight the benefits and challenges of applying evolutionary theories to sport contexts. Embracing our species’ evolutionary history has the potential to inform ongoing debates in athlete development and performance, among other areas of sport science.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"99 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142776681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}