Sports Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Comparison of Muscle Growth and Dynamic Strength Adaptations Induced by Unilateral and Bilateral Resistance Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","authors":"Witalo Kassiano, João Pedro Nunes, Bruna Costa, Alex S. Ribeiro, Jeremy P. Loenneke, Edilson S. Cyrino","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02169-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02169-z","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background</h3><p>Currently, great debate exists over the proposed superiority of some resistance exercises to induce muscular adaptations. For example, some argue that unilateral exercise (meaning one limb at a time) is superior to bilateral exercises (meaning both limbs). Of note, an evidence-based answer to this question is yet to be determined, particularly regarding muscle hypertrophy.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Objective</h3><p>This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare the effects of unilateral versus bilateral resistance training on muscle hypertrophy and strength gains.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>A thorough literature search was performed using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool 2 (RoBII) tool was used to judge the risk of bias. Meta-analyses were performed using robust variance estimation with small-sample corrections.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>After retrieving 703 studies, 9 met the criteria and were included in the meta-analyses. We found no significant differences in muscle hypertrophy between bilateral and unilateral training [effect size (ES): − 0.21, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): − 3.56 to 3.13, <i>P</i> = 0.57]. Bilateral training induced a superior increase in bilateral strength (ES: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.16–0.96, <i>P</i> = 0.01). In contrast, unilateral training elicited a superior increase in unilateral strength (ES: − 0.65, 95% CI: − 0.93 to − 0.37, <i>P</i> = 0.001). Overall, studies presented moderate risk of bias.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>On the basis of the limited literature on the topic, we found no evidence of differential muscle hypertrophy between the two exercise selections. Strength gains appear to follow the principle of specificity.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"204 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142961642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fibre: The Forgotten Carbohydrate in Sports Nutrition Recommendations","authors":"Laura Mancin, Louise M. Burke, Ian Rollo","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02167-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02167-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Although dietary guidelines concerning carbohydrate intake for athletes are well established, these do not include recommendations for daily fibre intake. However, there are many scenarios in sports nutrition in which common practice involves the manipulation of fibre intake to address gastrointestinal comfort around exercise, or acute or chronic goals around the management of body mass or composition. The effect of fibre intake in overall health is also important, particularly in combination with other dietary considerations such as the elevated protein requirements in this population. An athlete’s habitual intake of dietary fibre should be assessed. If less than 20 g a day, athletes may consider dietary interventions to gradually increase intake. It is proposed that a ramp phase is adopted to gradually increase fibre ingestion to ~ 30 g of fibre a day (which includes ~ 2 g of beta-glucan) over a duration of 6 weeks. The outcomes of achieving a daily fibre intake are to help preserve athlete gut microbiome diversity and stability, intestinal barrier function as well as the downstream effects of short-chain fatty acids produced following the fermentation of microbiome accessible carbohydrates. Nevertheless, there are scenarios in which daily manipulation of fibre intake, either to reduce or increase intake, may be valuable in assisting the athlete to maintain gastrointestinal comfort during exercise or to contribute to body mass/composition goals. Although further research is required, the aim of this current opinion paper is to ensure that fibre is not forgotten as a nutrient in the athlete’s diet.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"80 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142935767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is It All in Your Head? Placebo Effects in Concussion Prevention","authors":"James M. Smoliga, Chris Bleakley, Alan J. Pearce","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02158-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02158-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Sports-related concussions (SRCs) are a major health issue in athletes of varying ages, ability levels, and sports. Concerns over the short- and long-term consequences of SRCs have incentivized a wealth of products and policies aimed at reducing SRC risk. Research suggesting the effectiveness of such interventions at reducing SRCs has facilitated their adoption by sports organizations and, in some cases, product commercialization. However, the body of SRC mitigation research is almost entirely devoid of placebo or sham groups, which raises important questions about the true clinical effectiveness of these interventions. This Current Opinion explores the plausibility of placebo effects within the scope of SRC prevention, describes why the lack of placebo/sham groups in the current body of literature is problematic, and provides recommendations for including placebo/sham groups in future SRC research.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142934846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex Differences in the Incidence of Sudden Cardiac Arrest/Death in Competitive Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","authors":"Lingxia Li, Solène Le Douairon Lahaye, Shuzhe Ding, Frédéric Schnell","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02163-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02163-5","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background</h3><p>Although many studies have demonstrated a lower incidence of sudden cardiac arrest or death (SCA/D) in female athletes than in male, there is limited understanding of the specific underlying causes.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Objective</h3><p>This systematic review aimed to assess the disparities in SCA/D incidence between male and female competitive athletes and explore the associated etiologies.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>A comprehensive search was conducted for retrospective and prospective studies examining SCA/D incidence in male and female athletes. Incidence and incidence rate ratios (IRRs) according to sex were evaluated.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Among the 16 studies analyzed, 1797 cases of SCA/D were observed; 1578 occurred in males (87.81%). Ages ranged from adolescent to adult. The incidence was 1.42/100,000 athlete-years (AY) in males (95% CI 0.97–2.09), and 0.32/100,000 AY in females (95% CI 0.17–0.59), resulting in an IRR of 5.55. When considering athletes aged ≤ 35 years, the incidence was 1.46/100,000 AY in males (95% CI 0.91–2.34) and 0.30/100,000 AY in females (95% CI 0.14–0.66), with an IRR of 5.47. The IRR was 5.13 (95% CI 3.94–6.67) for the most recent studies with athletes enrolled only after the year 2000, versus 6.02 (95% CI 4.59–7.90) for the remaining studies covering all observed years. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) was the predominant cause among males (45.12%), while congenital coronary anomalies were more prevalent in females (33.04%).</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>The incidence of SCA/D in females was approximately 6 times lower than in males, with sex differences also in the leading causes of SCA/D. Understanding these discrepancies could lead to targeted strategies for the prevention of SCD in athletes.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Registration number</h3><p>(PROSPERO 2023 CRD42023432022)/05.07.2023.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142917100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Limited Evidence is Not No Evidence: A Rebuttal to Fransen, 2024.","authors":"Lawrence G Appelbaum, Liam Lochhead, Jiren Feng, Graham Erickson, Sicong Liu, Daniel M Laby","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02141-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40279-024-02141-x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"241-242"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142882992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Response to Appelbaum et al. \"Limited Evidence is NOT No Evidence: A Rebuttal to Fransen, 2024\".","authors":"Job Fransen","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02142-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40279-024-02142-w","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"243-244"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142882991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Relationship Between Length and Active Force for Submaximal Skeletal Muscle Contractions: a Review.","authors":"Haiko Bruno Zimmermann, Brian R Macintosh, Juliano Dal Pupo","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02140-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40279-024-02140-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The force-length relationship is usually obtained for isometric contractions with maximal activation, but less is known about how sarcomere length affects force during submaximal activation. During submaximal activation, length-dependent alterations in calcium sensitivity, owing to changes in cross-bridge kinetics (rate of attachment and/or detachment), result in an activation-dependent shift in optimal length to longer sarcomere lengths. It is known that sarcomere length, as well as temperature and phosphorylation of the regulatory light chains of myosin, can modify Ca²⁺ sensitivity by altering the probability of cross-bridge interaction. This altered calcium sensitivity is particularly important for submaximal force levels, as it can change the shape of the length dependence of force, with peak force occurring at sarcomere lengths longer than those associated with maximal filament overlap. In athletic contexts, contractions typically do not reach maximal intensity. Therefore, understanding that the ability to produce force under both maximal and submaximal conditions can differ, and that peak force can be generated at different lengths, could influence the development of targeted training regimens optimal for each sport.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"37-47"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142628456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Exercise Training on Mitochondrial and Capillary Growth in Human Skeletal Muscle: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression.","authors":"Knut Sindre Mølmen, Nicki Winfield Almquist, Øyvind Skattebo","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02120-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40279-024-02120-2","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Skeletal muscle mitochondria and capillaries are crucial for aerobic fitness, and suppressed levels are associated with chronic and age-related diseases. Currently, evidence-based exercise training recommendations to enhance these characteristics are limited. It is essential to explore how factors, such as fitness level, age, sex, and disease affect mitochondrial and capillary adaptations to different exercise stimuli.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objectives: &lt;/strong&gt;The main aim of this study was to compare the effects of low- or moderate intensity continuous endurance training (ET), high-intensity interval or continuous training (HIT), and sprint interval training (SIT) on changes in skeletal muscle mitochondrial content and capillarization. Secondarily, the effects on maximal oxygen consumption (VO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;max), muscle fiber cross-sectional area, and fiber type proportion were investigated.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus databases, with no data restrictions, up to 2 February 2022. Exercise training intervention studies of ET, HIT, and SIT were included if they had baseline and follow-up measures of at least one marker of mitochondrial content or capillarization. In total, data from 5973 participants in 353 and 131 research articles were included for the mitochondrial and capillary quantitative synthesis of this review, respectively. Additionally, measures of VO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;max, muscle fiber cross-sectional area, and fiber type proportion were extracted from these studies.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;After adjusting for relevant covariates, such as training frequency, number of intervention weeks, and initial fitness level, percentage increases in mitochondrial content in response to exercise training increased to a similar extent with ET (23 ± 5%), HIT (27 ± 5%), and SIT (27 ± 7%) (P &gt; 0.138), and were not influenced by age, sex, menopause, disease, or the amount of muscle mass engaged. Higher training frequencies (6 &gt; 4 &gt; 2 sessions/week) were associated with larger increases in mitochondrial content. Per total hour of exercise, SIT was ~ 2.3 times more efficient in increasing mitochondrial content than HIT and ~ 3.9 times more efficient than ET, while HIT was ~ 1.7 times more efficient than ET. Capillaries per fiber increased similarly with ET (15 ± 3%), HIT (13 ± 4%) and SIT (10 ± 11%) (P = 0.556) after adjustments for number of intervention weeks and initial fitness level. Capillaries per mm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; only increased after ET (13 ± 3%) and HIT (7 ± 4%), with increases being larger after ET compared with HIT and SIT (P &lt; 0.05). This difference coincided with increases in fiber cross-sectional area after ET (6.5 ± 3.5%), HIT (8.9 ± 4.9%), and SIT (11.9 ± 15.1%). Gains in capillarization occurred primarily in the early stages of training (&lt; 4 weeks) and were only observed in untrained to moderately trained participants. The propor","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"115-144"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11787188/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142401379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving National and International Surveillance of Movement Behaviours in Childhood and Adolescence: An International Modified Delphi Study.","authors":"John J Reilly, Rachel Andrew, Chalchisa Abdeta, Liane B Azevedo, Nicolas Aguilar Farias, Sharon Barak, Farid Bardid, Bruno Bizzozero-Peroni, Javier Brazo-Sayavera, Jonathan Y Cagas, Mohamed-Souhaiel Chelly, Lars B Christiansen, Visnja D Djordjic, Catherine E Draper, Asmaa El-Hamdouchi, Elie-Jacques Fares, Aleš Gába, Kylie D Hesketh, Mohammad Sorowar Hossain, Wendy Huang, Alejandra Jáuregui, Sanjay K Juvekar, Nicholas Kuzik, Richard Larouche, Eun-Young Lee, Sharon Levi, Yang Liu, Marie Löf, Tom Loney, José Francisco López-Gil, Evelin Mäestu, Taru Manyanga, Clarice Martins, Maria Mendoza-Muñoz, Shawnda A Morrison, Nyaradzai Munambah, Tawonga W Mwase-Vuma, Rowena Naidoo, Reginald Ocansey, Anthony D Okely, Aoko Oluwayomi, Susan Paudel, Bee Koon Poh, Evelyn H Ribeiro, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Mohd Razif Shahril, Melody Smith, Amanda E Staiano, Martyn Standage, Narayan Subedi, Chiaki Tanaka, Hong K Tang, David Thivel, Mark S Tremblay, Edin Uzicanin, Dimitris Vlachopoulos, E Kipling Webster, Dyah Anantalia Widyastari, Pawel Zembura, Salome Aubert","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02104-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40279-024-02104-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The actions required to achieve higher-quality and harmonised global surveillance of child and adolescent movement behaviours (physical activity, sedentary behaviour including screen time, sleep) are unclear.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To identify how to improve surveillance of movement behaviours, from the perspective of experts.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This Delphi Study involved 62 experts from the SUNRISE International Study of Movement Behaviours in the Early Years and Active Healthy Kids Global Alliance (AHKGA). Two survey rounds were used, with items categorised under: (1) funding, (2) capacity building, (3) methods, and (4) other issues (e.g., policymaker awareness of relevant WHO Guidelines and Strategies). Expert participants ranked 40 items on a five-point Likert scale from 'extremely' to 'not at all' important. Consensus was defined as > 70% rating of 'extremely' or 'very' important.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We received 62 responses to round 1 of the survey and 59 to round 2. There was consensus for most items. The two highest rated round 2 items in each category were the following; for funding (1) it was greater funding for surveillance and public funding of surveillance; for capacity building (2) it was increased human capacity for surveillance (e.g. knowledge, skills) and regional or global partnerships to support national surveillance; for methods (3) it was standard protocols for surveillance measures and improved measurement method for screen time; and for other issues (4) it was greater awareness of physical activity guidelines and strategies from WHO and greater awareness of the importance of surveillance for NCD prevention. We generally found no significant differences in priorities between low-middle-income (n = 29) and high-income countries (n = 30) or between SUNRISE (n = 20), AHKGA (n = 26) or both (n = 13) initiatives. There was a lack of agreement on using private funding for surveillance or surveillance research.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study provides a prioritised and international consensus list of actions required to improve surveillance of movement behaviours in children and adolescents globally.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"203-219"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11787202/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142366567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Responses to Exercise with Low Carbohydrate Availability on Muscle Glycogen and Cell Signaling: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","authors":"Javier Diaz-Lara, Gorka Prieto-Bellver, Amelia Guadalupe-Grau, David J Bishop","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02119-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40279-024-02119-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The growing interest in how exercise and carbohydrate (CHO) restriction may modify molecular responses that promote endurance adaptations has led to many interesting controversies.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>We conducted a systematic review and a meta-analysis regarding the effect of low-carbohydrate availability (LOW) pre-, during, or post-exercise, on the mRNA content of commonly measured genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis (PGC-1α, TFAM mRNA) and metabolism (PDK4, UCP3 and GLUT4 mRNA), and on muscle glycogen levels, compared with a high-CHO (CON) condition.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines (with an end date of November 2023). In total, 19 randomized-controlled studies were considered for inclusion. We evaluated the methodological quality of all studies using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool for randomized clinical studies. A meta-analysis was performed using a random effects model to calculate the standardized mean difference (SMD), estimated by Hedges' g, and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The LOW condition was associated with an increased mRNA content of several genes during the early recovery period post-exercise, such as PDK4 (SMD 1.61; 95% CI 0.80-2.42), GLUT4 (SMD 1.38; 95% CI 0.46-2.30), and UCP3 (SMD 2.05; 95% CI 0.40-3.69). However, overall, there was no significant effect on the mRNA content of PGC-1α or TFAM. Finally, CHO restriction and exercise significantly reduced muscle glycogen levels (SMD 3.69; 95% CI 2.82-5.09). A meta-analysis of subgroups from studies with a difference in muscle glycogen concentration of > 200 mmol kg dw^-1 between the LOW and CON conditions showed an increase in exercise-induced PGC-1α mRNA (SMD 2.08; 95% CI 0.64-3.52; p = 0.005; I² = 75%) and a greater effect in PDK4 and GLUT4 mRNA.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The meta-analysis results show that CHO restriction was associated with an increase in the exercise-induced mRNA content of PDK4, UCP3, and GLUT4, but not the exercise-induced mRNA content of PGC-1ɑ and TFAM. However, when there were substantial differences in glycogen depletion between CON and LOW CHO conditions (> 200 mmol kg dw^-1), there was a greater effect of CHO restriction on the exercise-induced mRNA content of metabolic genes, and an increase in exercise-induced PGC-1α mRNA.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"79-100"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142354112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}