Effects of Exercise Training on Mitochondrial and Capillary Growth in Human Skeletal Muscle: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression.

IF 9.3 1区 医学 Q1 SPORT SCIENCES
Knut Sindre Mølmen, Nicki Winfield Almquist, Øyvind Skattebo
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Background: Skeletal muscle mitochondria and capillaries are crucial for aerobic fitness, and suppressed levels are associated with chronic and age-related diseases. Currently, evidence-based exercise training recommendations to enhance these characteristics are limited. It is essential to explore how factors, such as fitness level, age, sex, and disease affect mitochondrial and capillary adaptations to different exercise stimuli.

Objectives: The main aim of this study was to compare the effects of low- or moderate intensity continuous endurance training (ET), high-intensity interval or continuous training (HIT), and sprint interval training (SIT) on changes in skeletal muscle mitochondrial content and capillarization. Secondarily, the effects on maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), muscle fiber cross-sectional area, and fiber type proportion were investigated.

Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus databases, with no data restrictions, up to 2 February 2022. Exercise training intervention studies of ET, HIT, and SIT were included if they had baseline and follow-up measures of at least one marker of mitochondrial content or capillarization. In total, data from 5973 participants in 353 and 131 research articles were included for the mitochondrial and capillary quantitative synthesis of this review, respectively. Additionally, measures of VO2max, muscle fiber cross-sectional area, and fiber type proportion were extracted from these studies.

Results: After adjusting for relevant covariates, such as training frequency, number of intervention weeks, and initial fitness level, percentage increases in mitochondrial content in response to exercise training increased to a similar extent with ET (23 ± 5%), HIT (27 ± 5%), and SIT (27 ± 7%) (P > 0.138), and were not influenced by age, sex, menopause, disease, or the amount of muscle mass engaged. Higher training frequencies (6 > 4 > 2 sessions/week) were associated with larger increases in mitochondrial content. Per total hour of exercise, SIT was ~ 2.3 times more efficient in increasing mitochondrial content than HIT and ~ 3.9 times more efficient than ET, while HIT was ~ 1.7 times more efficient than ET. Capillaries per fiber increased similarly with ET (15 ± 3%), HIT (13 ± 4%) and SIT (10 ± 11%) (P = 0.556) after adjustments for number of intervention weeks and initial fitness level. Capillaries per mm2 only increased after ET (13 ± 3%) and HIT (7 ± 4%), with increases being larger after ET compared with HIT and SIT (P < 0.05). This difference coincided with increases in fiber cross-sectional area after ET (6.5 ± 3.5%), HIT (8.9 ± 4.9%), and SIT (11.9 ± 15.1%). Gains in capillarization occurred primarily in the early stages of training (< 4 weeks) and were only observed in untrained to moderately trained participants. The proportion of type I muscle fibers remained unaltered by exercise training (P > 0.116), but ET and SIT exhibited opposing effects (P = 0.041). VO2max increased similarly with ET, HIT, and SIT, although HIT showed a tendency for greater improvement compared with both ET and SIT (P = 0.082), while SIT displayed the largest increase per hour of exercise. Higher training frequencies (6 > 4 > 2 sessions/week) were associated with larger increases in VO2max. Women displayed greater percentage gains in VO2max compared with men (P = 0.008). Generally, lower initial fitness levels were associated with greater percentage improvements in mitochondrial content, capillarization, and VO2max. SIT was particularly effective in improving mitochondrial content and VO2max in the early stages of training, while ET and HIT showed slower but steady improvements over a greater number of training weeks.

Conclusions: The magnitude of change in mitochondrial content, capillarization, and VO2max to exercise training is largely determined by the initial fitness level, with greater changes observed in individuals with lower initial fitness. The ability to adapt to exercise training is maintained throughout life, irrespective of sex and presence of disease. While training load (volume × intensity) is a suitable predictor of changes in mitochondrial content and VO2max, this relationship is less clear for capillary adaptations.

Abstract Image

运动训练对人体骨骼肌线粒体和毛细血管生长的影响:系统回顾与元回归。
背景:骨骼肌线粒体和毛细血管对有氧健身至关重要,而线粒体和毛细血管水平低下与慢性病和老年相关疾病有关。目前,以证据为基础、旨在增强这些特征的运动训练建议非常有限。探讨健身水平、年龄、性别和疾病等因素如何影响线粒体和毛细血管对不同运动刺激的适应性至关重要:本研究的主要目的是比较低强度或中等强度持续耐力训练(ET)、高强度间歇或持续训练(HIT)和短跑间歇训练(SIT)对骨骼肌线粒体含量和毛细血管化变化的影响。此外,还研究了对最大耗氧量(VO2max)、肌肉纤维横截面积和纤维类型比例的影响:截至 2022 年 2 月 2 日,我们在 PubMed、Web of Science 和 SPORTDiscus 数据库中进行了系统的文献检索,没有数据限制。如果有关 ET、HIT 和 SIT 的运动训练干预研究对至少一种线粒体含量或毛细血管化标记物进行了基线和随访测量,则纳入这些研究。本综述的线粒体和毛细血管定量综合研究分别纳入了 353 篇和 131 篇研究文章中 5973 名参与者的数据。此外,还从这些研究中提取了VO2max、肌肉纤维横截面积和纤维类型比例等指标:结果:在对相关协变量(如训练频率、干预周数和初始体能水平)进行调整后,线粒体含量对运动训练的响应百分比的增加程度与 ET(23 ± 5%)、HIT(27 ± 5%)和 SIT(27 ± 7%)相似(P > 0.138),且不受年龄、性别、更年期、疾病或参与肌肉量的影响。训练频率越高(6 次 > 4 次 > 2 次/周),线粒体含量增加越多。在增加线粒体含量方面,SIT 比 HIT 的效率高约 2.3 倍,比 ET 的效率高约 3.9 倍,而 HIT 比 ET 的效率高约 1.7 倍。在对干预周数和初始体能水平进行调整后,ET(15 ± 3%)、HIT(13 ± 4%)和 SIT(10 ± 11%)(P = 0.556)的每纤维毛细血管增加率相似。每平方毫米毛细血管仅在 ET(13±3%)和 HIT(7±4%)后增加,与 HIT 和 SIT 相比,ET 的增幅更大(P 0.116),但 ET 和 SIT 的效果相反(P = 0.041)。ET、HIT 和 SIT 对 VO2max 的提高效果相似,但 HIT 与 ET 和 SIT 相比有更大的提高趋势(P = 0.082),而 SIT 每小时运动量的提高幅度最大。训练频率越高(6 次 > 4 次 > 2 次/周),VO2max 的提高幅度越大。与男性相比,女性的 VO2max 增长百分比更高(P = 0.008)。一般来说,初始体能水平越低,线粒体含量、毛细血管化和 VO2max 的百分比提高越大。在训练的早期阶段,SIT 对提高线粒体含量和 VO2max 特别有效,而 ET 和 HIT 则在更多的训练周数中表现出缓慢但稳定的提高:结论:线粒体含量、毛细血管化和 VO2max 对运动训练的变化幅度在很大程度上取决于初始体能水平,初始体能较低者的变化幅度更大。对运动训练的适应能力终生保持,与性别和疾病无关。虽然训练负荷(运动量×强度)可以预测线粒体含量和最大氧饱和度的变化,但这种关系在毛细血管适应性方面却不那么明确。
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来源期刊
Sports Medicine
Sports Medicine 医学-运动科学
CiteScore
18.40
自引率
5.10%
发文量
165
审稿时长
6-12 weeks
期刊介绍: Sports Medicine focuses on providing definitive and comprehensive review articles that interpret and evaluate current literature, aiming to offer insights into research findings in the sports medicine and exercise field. The journal covers major topics such as sports medicine and sports science, medical syndromes associated with sport and exercise, clinical medicine's role in injury prevention and treatment, exercise for rehabilitation and health, and the application of physiological and biomechanical principles to specific sports. Types of Articles: Review Articles: Definitive and comprehensive reviews that interpret and evaluate current literature to provide rationale for and application of research findings. Leading/Current Opinion Articles: Overviews of contentious or emerging issues in the field. Original Research Articles: High-quality research articles. Enhanced Features: Additional features like slide sets, videos, and animations aimed at increasing the visibility, readership, and educational value of the journal's content. Plain Language Summaries: Summaries accompanying articles to assist readers in understanding important medical advances. Peer Review Process: All manuscripts undergo peer review by international experts to ensure quality and rigor. The journal also welcomes Letters to the Editor, which will be considered for publication.
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