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Influence of the Concrete Block on the Tile Adhesive Strength Measured According to EN 12004 按en12004标准测定混凝土砌块对瓷砖粘结强度的影响

Standards Pub Date : 2023-05-16 DOI: 10.3390/standards3020013

Michael Faatz, Agnes Ehmann

引用次数: 0

Finest Magic Cloth or a Naked Emperor? The SKQuest Data Set on Software Metrics for Improving Transparency and Quality 最好的魔布还是赤裸的皇帝?用于提高透明度和质量的软件度量的SKQuest数据集

Standards Pub Date : 2023-05-04 DOI: 10.3390/standards3020012

Christian R. Prause, R. Gerlich

{"title":"Finest Magic Cloth or a Naked Emperor? The SKQuest Data Set on Software Metrics for Improving Transparency and Quality","authors":"Christian R. Prause, R. Gerlich","doi":"10.3390/standards3020012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/standards3020012","url":null,"abstract":"Software development has a problem with transparency/visibility. As an intangible product, software and its intermediate development results are hard to see or touch. Customers of custom software have difficulties checking progress, and risk coming out with costly but low-quality software. In the space domain with its often expensive and one-of-a-kind devices, which are developed in complex multitier supply chains, the risk is even greater. This paper presents the SKQuest data set. It contains the completed responses with 190 variables from an empirical study with over 100 software experts. The data set covers distinct aspects of measuring metrics and transparency in software projects. To show what information lies in the data set, the paper investigates, and affirms, from different perspectives, the following questions: Is transparency a problem in software development projects? Is there a desire for more transparency in projects? Can metrics contribute to improving the situation? Moreover, it attempts to replicate the results of an earlier study. The main contribution of this paper is, however, the SKQuest data set that is published with this paper in CSV formatas. It is a tool that enables systematic investigations of software metrics and allows research on how they can improve the efficiency of the software lifecycle, not limited to, but particularly with respect to transparency. Consequently, the paper may serve as a starting point for future research avenues in academia and industry and help to improve existing and future standards in software development.","PeriodicalId":21933,"journal":{"name":"Standards","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78263806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Special Issue: Feature Papers to Celebrate the Inaugural Issue of Standards 特刊:为庆祝《标准》创刊而发表的专题论文

Standards Pub Date : 2023-04-17 DOI: 10.3390/standards3020011

Peter Glavič

引用次数: 0

Comparing the Effectiveness of Robust Statistical Estimators of Proficiency Testing Schemes in Outlier Detection 能力测试方案中稳健统计估计量在离群值检测中的有效性比较

Standards Pub Date : 2023-04-06 DOI: 10.3390/standards3020010

D. Tsamatsoulis

{"title":"Comparing the Effectiveness of Robust Statistical Estimators of Proficiency Testing Schemes in Outlier Detection","authors":"D. Tsamatsoulis","doi":"10.3390/standards3020010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/standards3020010","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the effectiveness of robust estimators of location and dispersion, used in proficiency testing and listed in ISO 13528:2015, in outlier detection. The models utilize (a) kernel density plots, (b) Z-factors, (c) Monte Carlo simulations, and (d) distributions derived from at most two contaminating distributions and one main Gaussian. The simulation parameters cover a wide range of those commonly encountered in proficiency testing (PT) schemes, so the results presented are of fairly general application. We chose a functional sub-optimal solution by grouping and classifying the model settings, resulting in five matrices readily usable for selecting the best robust estimator. Whenever at most half of the distribution of each contaminating population is outside the central distribution, there is only one optimal estimator. For all other cases, the five matrices provide the appropriate robust statistic. The proposed method applies to 95.1% of 144 results for an existing PT for cement. These actual datasets indicate that the Hampel estimator for the mean and the Q-method for the standard deviation provide the most appropriate performance statistic in 86.1% of the cases.","PeriodicalId":21933,"journal":{"name":"Standards","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89339141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Review of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Applications in Construction Management: 2016–2021 无人机在施工管理中的应用综述:2016-2021

Standards Pub Date : 2023-04-03 DOI: 10.3390/standards3020009

Andres Acero Molina, Yilei Huang, Yuhan Jiang

{"title":"A Review of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Applications in Construction Management: 2016–2021","authors":"Andres Acero Molina, Yilei Huang, Yuhan Jiang","doi":"10.3390/standards3020009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/standards3020009","url":null,"abstract":"With the rapid advancement of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technologies in recent years, their uses have been increasingly adopted in the architecture, engineering, and construction industries. To satisfy the needs of various types of construction projects, a considerable amount of research work has been performed to implement and refine the operations, safety, and accuracy of UAVs. This paper presents the findings of a comprehensive literature review that focuses on UAV research in construction management during the timeframe of 2016 to 2021. A total of 95 papers were identified and collected from a list of 21 relevant journals and conference proceedings, and were then categorized by their research topic, sensor types, and targeted structures. The results of 47 exemplary studies were reported in two categories, namely UAV uses and construction uses. The research topics identified for UAV uses include algorithm, applications, operations, framework, and training, while research topics identified for construction use include inspection, surveying, safety, and monitoring. The connection between the research topics, sensor types, targeted structures, and other advanced technologies were also discussed. This paper summarizes the current results of UAV research in construction management, reviews the methodology, benefits, and limitations of the reviewed literature, and provides valuable knowledge for the future trend of UAV applications in the civil, infrastructure, and construction industries.","PeriodicalId":21933,"journal":{"name":"Standards","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88758932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Quality Improvement of the Forging Process Using Pareto Analysis and 8D Methodology in Automotive Manufacturing: A Case Study 基于Pareto分析和8D方法的汽车制造锻造过程质量改进:一个案例研究

Standards Pub Date : 2023-03-17 DOI: 10.3390/standards3010008

Katarína Lestyánszka Škủrková, H. Fidlerová, Marta Niciejewska, A. Idzikowski

{"title":"Quality Improvement of the Forging Process Using Pareto Analysis and 8D Methodology in Automotive Manufacturing: A Case Study","authors":"Katarína Lestyánszka Škủrková, H. Fidlerová, Marta Niciejewska, A. Idzikowski","doi":"10.3390/standards3010008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/standards3010008","url":null,"abstract":"A systematic approach to nonconformity management and continuous improvements are the key elements of the quality management system. The objective of this paper is to present quality improvement for a manufacturing company producing forgings through the combination of several statistical methods and quality control techniques. First, Pareto analysis was applied, followed by the 8D (eight disciplines) methodology using a structured eight-step approach to problem solving following the PDCA (plan-do-check-act) method. The aim was to identify the problem and discover the critical causes of failures in the management system that allowed the problem to occur, by modifying and combining appropriate quality management methods and tools. The paper introduces a case study considering the forging process in the production of gearboxes, where customer complaints were identified in the last year, demanding the need to eliminate failures. Using the mentioned methods, the root cause of the problem was identified and permanent corrective action was planned and implemented according to the recommendations of the 8D report, which made it possible to reduce the likelihood of a recurrence of this problem and increase customer satisfaction.","PeriodicalId":21933,"journal":{"name":"Standards","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84814864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Predicting Advanced Air Mobility Adoption Globally by Machine Learning 通过机器学习预测全球先进空中交通的采用

Standards Pub Date : 2023-03-16 DOI: 10.3390/standards3010007

R. Bridgelall

{"title":"Predicting Advanced Air Mobility Adoption Globally by Machine Learning","authors":"R. Bridgelall","doi":"10.3390/standards3010007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/standards3010007","url":null,"abstract":"Advanced air mobility (AAM) is a sustainable aviation initiative to deliver cargo and passengers in urban and regional locations by electrified drones. The widespread expectation is that AAM adoption worldwide will help to reduce pollution, reduce transport costs, increase accessibility, and enable a more reliable and resilient supply chain. However, most countries lack regulations that legalize AAM. A fragmented regulatory approach hampers the progress of business prospectors and international organizations concerned with human welfare. Therefore, amidst high uncertainty, knowledge of indicators that can predict the propensity for AAM adoption will help nations and organizations plan for drone use. This research finds predictive indicators by assembling a unique dataset of 36 economic, social, environmental, governance, land use, technology, and transportation indicators for 204 nations. Subsequently, the best of 12 different machine learning models ranks the predictive importance of the indicators. The gross domestic product (GDP) and the regulatory quality index (RQI) developed by the Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) project were the two top predictors. Just as importantly, the poor predictors were as follows: the social progress index developed by the Social Progress Imperative, the WGI rule-of-law index, land use characteristics such as rural and urban proportions, borders on open waterways, population density, technology accessibility such as electricity and cell phones, carbon dioxide emission level, aviation traffic, port traffic, tourist arrivals, and roadway fatalities.","PeriodicalId":21933,"journal":{"name":"Standards","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82538041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Application of the FMEA Tool in an Accredited Testing Laboratory in the Context of the ISO/IEC 17025:2017 Standard 在ISO/IEC 17025:2017标准背景下，FMEA工具在认可测试实验室中的应用

Standards Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.3390/standards3010006

P. Blaško, M. Šolc, J. Petrík, L. Girmanová, Andrea Blašková

引用次数: 0

Food Waste: The Good, the Bad, and (Maybe) the Ugly 食物浪费:好的，坏的，也许是丑陋的

Standards Pub Date : 2023-02-16 DOI: 10.3390/standards3010005

L. Carlsen

{"title":"Food Waste: The Good, the Bad, and (Maybe) the Ugly","authors":"L. Carlsen","doi":"10.3390/standards3010005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/standards3010005","url":null,"abstract":"Approximately one-third of the food produced globally—close to 1 billion tons—ends up as waste, and, at the same time, more than 800 million people are undernourished, which makes Sustainable Development Goal 12.3, to halve food waste by 2020, rather ambitious if not illusory. In the present study, data on food waste in households, the food service sector, and the retail sector are used as indicators for 78 countries that are analyzed by applying a partial order methodology—allowing all indicators to be taken into account simultaneously—to disclose the “good” (below average) and the “bad” (above average) among the countries on an average scale. Countries such as Belgium, Japan, and Slovenia should be labeled as “good” in this context, whereas the “bad” includes countries such as Nigeria, Rwanda, and Tanzania, countries that must cope simultaneously with severe malnutrition and hunger. This study further includes a search for so-called peculiar countries. Here, the USA and Ireland pop up, as they have very high amounts of waste in their food service sectors due to their eating profiles. Finally, the possible influence of assigning a higher weight to household waste is discussed. The overall objective of this study is to contribute to the necessary decisions that need to be made in order to fight the food waste problem and, thus, fulfill Sustainable Development Goal No. 2—zero hunger. As the world produces enough food for everyone, it is unacceptable that more than 800 million people are undernourished and that 14 million children suffer from stunting; perhaps all countries call for the label “ugly”. The present study contributes to highlighting the food waste problem and suggests specific action points for the studied countries.","PeriodicalId":21933,"journal":{"name":"Standards","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91410087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Successful Innovation Transfer through Pre-Standardization: A Case Study 通过预标准化成功的创新转移:一个案例研究

Standards Pub Date : 2023-02-02 DOI: 10.3390/standards3010004

S. Nehr, Simon Jäckel

引用次数: 1