Standards Pub Date : 2024-07-24 DOI: 10.3390/standards4030007

Kevin Autelitano, Jacopo Famiglietti, M. Aprile, Mario Motta

{"title":"Towards Life Cycle Assessment for the Environmental Evaluation of District Heating and Cooling: A Critical Review","authors":"Kevin Autelitano, Jacopo Famiglietti, M. Aprile, Mario Motta","doi":"10.3390/standards4030007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/standards4030007","url":null,"abstract":"District heating and cooling networks represent a compelling energy system solution due to their capacity to integrate renewable energies and leverage local surpluses of thermal resources. The meticulous design and optimization of network infrastructure are imperative to fully exploiting the potential of these energy systems. The Life Cycle Assessment of district heating and cooling networks for the purpose of environmental sustainability is a crucial and increasingly demanded aspect, particularly in light of the progressively stringent European regulations. The Life Cycle Assessment methodology could offer an evaluation throughout the entire life cycle of such networks. The proposed review scrutinizes the application of the Life Cycle Assessment methodology to evaluating the environmental profile of district heating and cooling systems. The methods, findings, and challenges are examined through a literature review and case study analysis. The results highlight variations in the climate profile influenced by the network generation type and multifunctionality approaches. The analysis revealed a range of emission factors, spanning from 11 gCO2eq/kWhth to 470 gCO2eq/kWhth for district heating and 6 gCO2eq/kWhth to 64 gCO2eq/kWhth for district cooling. The discussion emphasizes integrating district heating and cooling network management considerations and addressing methodological challenges. This study concludes by proposing future research directions for developing a universal LCA-based tool for district heating and cooling network analysis.","PeriodicalId":21933,"journal":{"name":"Standards","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141808030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Towards The Development of a Governance System for Central Purchasing Body Collaboration and Performance 建立中央采购机构合作与绩效治理系统

Standards Pub Date : 2024-07-04 DOI: 10.3390/standards4030006

Douwe J. P. van de Goorberg, Marcel Stuijts, Andrew J. Thomas

{"title":"Towards The Development of a Governance System for Central Purchasing Body Collaboration and Performance","authors":"Douwe J. P. van de Goorberg, Marcel Stuijts, Andrew J. Thomas","doi":"10.3390/standards4030006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/standards4030006","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores the relationship between local authorities (mainly municipal organisations) and a central purchasing body (CPB). It critiques, from an agency theory perspective, the difficulties in aligning socio-economic goals of multiple municipal organisations with the pursuit of procurement goals by the CPB. The aim of this study is to explore which solutions, (governance mechanisms) for agency problems within a Dutch municipality–CPB relationship, are critical in aligning socio-economic goals within a collaborative public procurement (CPP) setting. The quantitative analysis of data from a questionnaire was used to conduct an explorative factor analysis (EFA). The questionnaire was issued to all municipalities in the Netherlands. Grounded on the EFA, the underlying factors within five categories of governance mechanisms for agency problems were recognised. Besides supporting the existing theory, this study provides additional knowledge in the field of agency theory and collaborative public procurement (CPP). The study resulted in the development of a comprehensive measurement scale to conduct research based on agency theory within the context of CPP governance and specifically in the area of central purchasing bodies. The results of this study are applicable in practise on an administrative and management level. Municipal organisations that initiate and/or govern a central purchasing body can take the results of this study into account to develop new standards on the further development of the CPB. At a managerial level, this study provides useful insight for decision-makers in municipal organisations to improve the way in which a CPB executes collective tenders at hand and determine if the joint approach delivers the best results in terms of their procurement objectives.","PeriodicalId":21933,"journal":{"name":"Standards","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141679398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Benefit–Risk Assessment in Sport and Recreation: Historical Development and Review of AS ISO 4980:2023 体育和娱乐活动中的效益-风险评估：AS ISO 4980:2023 的历史发展与回顾

Standards Pub Date : 2024-06-04 DOI: 10.3390/standards4020005

David Eager

{"title":"Benefit–Risk Assessment in Sport and Recreation: Historical Development and Review of AS ISO 4980:2023","authors":"David Eager","doi":"10.3390/standards4020005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/standards4020005","url":null,"abstract":"Risk management involves thinking about what could happen if someone is exposed to a hazard and the likelihood of this event. The vast majority of standards relating to risk management were written in the context of Occupational Health and Safety, as well as Work Health and Safety with the aim of eliminating all risks. In 2023 Standards, Australia published AS ISO 4980:2023: `Benefit-risk assessment for sport and recreational facilities, activities and equipment’. This standard provides a tool for applying risk management in the context of sport and recreation. AS ISO 4980:2023 is a departure from the traditional view of risk management standards in that it presents a view of risk that is not limited to viewing risk only as negative, but rather balances positive benefits with negative risks within the sport and recreation industry. This standard is also different in that it is based specifically on risk to sport and recreational users and not to employees and employers. The benefit that risk provides in the context of sports and recreational activities is placed on an equal footing with the traditional method of assessing risk. There is an expectation in sports and recreational activities that the user is making an implicit trade-off between the benefits and the inherent risks of the activity, including the potential for harm. This implied expectation is that exposure to risk can be positive. Positive risk and learning from making mistakes are not restricted to childhood development where graduated challenges are used but extend throughout our entire life. The goal of this paper is to draw public attention to the new and different perspective of risk on which AS ISO 4980:2023 is based and to provide an understanding of the concept of benefit–risk assessment. The implications of viewing non-workplace risk in a balanced way are discussed.","PeriodicalId":21933,"journal":{"name":"Standards","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141267416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Seasonal Data Cleaning for Sales with Chase Demand Strategy 利用大通需求战略清理季节性销售数据

Standards Pub Date : 2024-05-06 DOI: 10.3390/standards4020004

Marcela Malindzakova, D. Malindzák, A. Kubik

引用次数: 0

Are Stakeholders’ Opinions Redundant? 利益相关者的意见是否多余？

Standards Pub Date : 2024-04-19 DOI: 10.3390/standards4020003

Lars Carlsen

引用次数: 0

Educational Technology Procurement at Canadian Colleges and Universities: An Environmental Scan 加拿大高校的教育技术采购：环境扫描

Standards Pub Date : 2024-02-23 DOI: 10.3390/standards4010001

Hannah Ali, Sapolnach Prompiengchai, Steve Joordens

{"title":"Educational Technology Procurement at Canadian Colleges and Universities: An Environmental Scan","authors":"Hannah Ali, Sapolnach Prompiengchai, Steve Joordens","doi":"10.3390/standards4010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/standards4010001","url":null,"abstract":"There has been an increase in the use of education technology (EdTech) within post-secondary institutions, which has resulted in an unprecedented overflow of EdTech in the market. Institutions then make decisions on which EdTech to procure. This procurement process occurs on a continuum, where on one extreme, an institution takes a decentralized (bottom–up) approach where individuals within an institution independently decide on EdTech procurement, or a centralized (top–down) approach where the institution decides on criteria and standards that the EdTech must meet. This study administered a questionnaire and conducted structured interviews to explore how important standards are, and to identify the associated challenges with implementing centralized procurement. It was distributed to individuals involved in EdTech procurement at universities and colleges across Canada. The results showed that standards related to Privacy and Security, Accessibility, and Care of Data Practices play a larger role in EdTech procurement within most institutions. The use of standards is increasing as institutions become more centralized; however, they are not yet relied on in a structured way. This study suggests ways to move towards a procurement process that incorporates standards and addresses many of the identified challenges with procuring EdTech, thus, improving the efficiency and efficacy of EdTech procurement.","PeriodicalId":21933,"journal":{"name":"Standards","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139957307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Expansion of Data Science: Dataset Standardization 数据科学的扩展：数据集标准化

Standards Pub Date : 2023-11-30 DOI: 10.3390/standards3040028

Nuno Pessanha Santos

{"title":"The Expansion of Data Science: Dataset Standardization","authors":"Nuno Pessanha Santos","doi":"10.3390/standards3040028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/standards3040028","url":null,"abstract":"With recent advances in science and technology, more processing capability and data have become available, allowing a more straightforward implementation of data analysis techniques. Fortunately, available online data storage capacity follows this trend, and vast amounts of data can be stored online freely or at accessible costs. As happens with every evolution (or revolution) in any science field, organizing and sharing these data is essential to contribute to new studies or validate obtained results quickly. To facilitate this, we must guarantee interoperability between existing datasets and developed software, whether commercial or open-source. This article explores this issue and analyzes the current initiatives to establish data standards and compares some of the existing online dataset storage platforms. Through a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis, it is possible to better understand the strategy that should be taken to improve the efficiency in this field, which directly depends on the data’s characteristics. The development of dataset standards will directly increase the collaboration and data sharing between academia and industry, allowing faster research and development through direct interoperability.","PeriodicalId":21933,"journal":{"name":"Standards","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139198831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Standardization: A Necessary Support for the Utilization of Sludge/Biosolids in Agriculture 标准化:污泥/生物固体在农业中利用的必要支持

Standards Pub Date : 2023-11-14 DOI: 10.3390/standards3040027

Ludovico Spinosa, Livia Molinari

{"title":"Standardization: A Necessary Support for the Utilization of Sludge/Biosolids in Agriculture","authors":"Ludovico Spinosa, Livia Molinari","doi":"10.3390/standards3040027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/standards3040027","url":null,"abstract":"One of the issues facing modern society, regardless of the socio-economic level of the communities involved, is the development of sustainable strategies for the management of sludge/biosolids. Nowadays, it is imperative to replace solutions aimed at simply “disposing of” with those oriented toward “maximizing recovery benefits”. It is desirable that agricultural use remains the main option in sludge/biosolids management; however, to ensure effective and safe agronomic benefits, correctly fulfill the legal requirements, and build stakeholder and public confidence, rigorous and sustainable procedures need to be established. The development of realistic and enforceable regulations is crucial, as they represent the right balance between the different aspects of coordinated and effective management. Furthermore, it is important to recognize that regulations must be supported by standardized characterization procedures and good practice guidelines because well-defined procedures allow the legal requirements to be correctly and uniformly met, as well as to reliably compare the results obtained under different conditions and their wide application in different regulatory contexts. In this article, the main aspects for (i) the sustainable application of sludge/biosolids in agriculture and (ii) the development of standardized characterization methods and procedures, thus ensuring effective agronomic benefits and guaranteeing quality/safety of agricultural products, are discussed. Some pieces on the evolution of European legislation in this field are also provided. Details and results of the research activities behind the development of these methods/procedures can be found in the referenced documents.","PeriodicalId":21933,"journal":{"name":"Standards","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134901585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Noise and Legal Dispute: Applications and Limits of the Italian Standard UNI/TS 11844 噪声和法律纠纷:意大利标准UNI/TS 11844的应用和限制

Standards Pub Date : 2023-10-30 DOI: 10.3390/standards3040026

Fabio Serpilli, Samantha Di Loreto, Valter Lori, Sergio Montelpare

{"title":"Noise and Legal Dispute: Applications and Limits of the Italian Standard UNI/TS 11844","authors":"Fabio Serpilli, Samantha Di Loreto, Valter Lori, Sergio Montelpare","doi":"10.3390/standards3040026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/standards3040026","url":null,"abstract":"In forensic acoustics, a possible area of analysis is represented by unwanted sound that is perceived as a source of intrusion or disturbance within a certain auditory context. This context is defined as the “auditory scene” and refers to the set of sounds present in a specific environment. The presence of unwanted sounds in the auditory scene can cause a wide range of negative effects, including disturbance, discomfort, moral or immoral harm, and other types of negative impacts on the health and well-being of individuals exposed to noise. In 2022, the technical specification UNI/TS 11844:2022 dedicated to the measurement and analysis of intrusive noise was published. The standard introduces the concept of intrusive noise and defines its calculation methods based on environmental measurements. The purposes of this technical specification is to provide an objective support to methods already in used in acoustic disputes, where the assessment of the annoyance of a noise is often a subjective evaluation of the technician. This work delves into application to some real cases, identifying the potentiality and limits of the standardized method.","PeriodicalId":21933,"journal":{"name":"Standards","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136104695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Rating Scale Paradox: An Application to the Solvency 2 Framework 评级量表悖论:偿付能力2框架的应用

Standards Pub Date : 2023-10-12 DOI: 10.3390/standards3040025

Jacopo Giacomelli

引用次数: 0

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