steel research international最新文献

{"title":"Effect of Intrinsic Carbon in Hot Briquetted Iron on Melting and Refining Efficiency under Electric Arc Furnace Conditions for Sustainable Steelmaking with Active Use of H2-Reduced Iron","authors":"Min Joo Lee,&nbsp;Joo Hyun Park","doi":"10.1002/srin.202500450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202500450","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The melting behavior of hot briquetted iron (HBI) is observed using an induction furnace at 1823 K and compared with FactSage thermochemical computing simulation results. Experimental observation reveals CO gas evolution and slag formation due to unreduced FeO and gangue oxides in HBI—mainly SiO₂ with minor content of Al₂O₃, MgO, and CaO—at each reaction step. Equilibrium calculations are performed to evaluate the effects of HBI charge ratio and intrinsic carbon content in HBI on the melting and dephosphorization efficiency under an electric arc furnace (EAF) condition. For the conditions of higher charge ratio of carbon-free HBI, representing a H₂-reduction product, a significant slag volume with low dephosphorization ability is predicted to form, primarily due to an increase in FeO and SiO₂ contents. Consequently, when using HBI in an EAF process as an alternative iron source substituting for obsolete scrap, a proper design of raw materials such as intrinsic carbon content in HBI, charging ratio of HBI, and addition of lime are proposed to be essential to control the slag volume, maintain slag basicity, and mitigate CO₂ emissions for optimal performance and the sustainable steelmaking technology.</p>","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"97 8","pages":"4126-4137"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/srin.202500450","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148704351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Hydrogen Fuel Mixtures on the Oxide Scale Formation of Low-Carbon Steels in Reheating Furnace Conditions","authors":"Francis Gyakwaa,&nbsp;Susanna Airaksinen,&nbsp;Ville-Valtteri Visuri,&nbsp;Anne Heikkilä,&nbsp;Timo Fabritius","doi":"10.1002/srin.202500248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202500248","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The introduction of hydrogen is considered pivotal in replacing natural gas in reheating furnaces and decarbonizing the steel industry. Substituting natural gas with hydrogen as fuel will change the composition of the furnace atmosphere and may influence the scale formed on the steel surface. The study examines oxide scale formation rates of two low-carbon steels by simulating combustion atmospheres representing five fuels: natural gas (100% CH₄), hydrogen (100% H₂), and three CH₄–H₂ fuel blends (75% CH₄%–25% H₂, 50% CH₄%–50% H₂%, and 25% CH₄%–75% H₂) with varying free oxygen contents. Thermogravimetric analysis and characterization techniques are used to investigate oxidation behavior and the formation of oxide phases. The amount of scale formed for a fuel blend from 100% CH₄ to 100% H₂ shows moderate scale growth and no noticeable evolution changes in oxide phases compared with natural gas in simulated reheating conditions. Higher concentrations of free oxygen exhibit an increase in the oxide scale formed on the steel surface. Metallographic analysis shows that an atmosphere corresponding to 100% H₂ has an increased oxide scale thickness compared with 100% CH₄. Iron oxide phases, mainly magnetite and wustite, are identified in the samples using various characterization techniques.</p>","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"97 8","pages":"4193-4206"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/srin.202500248","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148704374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Analytical Model for Predicting Cu Separation in Cu-Containing Steels During High-Temperature Oxidation in Air","authors":"D. Landi,&nbsp;S. Sridhar,&nbsp;E. De Moor","doi":"10.1002/srin.202501128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202501128","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Scrap-based steelmaking practices have resulted in the progressive enrichment of Cu within the scrap stream, which present challenges for long-term management of Cu hot shortness. Current models developed to predict Cu separation have limited applicability to real alloys. This work develops a mass balance-based analytical Cu separation model that predicts separated Cu layer thickness using an assumed oxidation curve for an alloy of known composition. A simple model for predicting Cu separation that neglects local Cu enrichment or bulk diffusion is presented, and model extensions to incorporate these effects are presented. Predictions using both modeling methods are compared to the literature data. The simple model agreed with measured Cu separations for shorter oxidation times while the solubility and diffusion modified model was more accurate for longer oxidation times or more highly alloyed steels. This model provides a potential tool to predict Cu separation and subsequent hot shortness susceptibility for an alloy of known composition.</p>","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"97 8","pages":"4234-4245"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148704362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparative Study on Hydrogen Reduction of Iron Oxide Pellets in a Shaft Furnace with Selective Gas Recycling","authors":"Chenxi Zhao,&nbsp;Lei Shao,&nbsp;Henrik Saxén","doi":"10.1002/srin.202500405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202500405","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As an alternative technology developed for carbon-lean steelmaking, hydrogen-based reduction of iron ore has recently attracted worldwide interest. In the current article, the reduction process of iron oxide pellets in the hydrogen shaft furnace equipped with a dual-row top gas recycling system is investigated numerically, with the main purpose of assessing the potential of introducing a center gas collector at the upper part of the furnace, and further exploring the extent to which the reduction process can be enhanced in comparison with the results for a setup without the collector. It is observed that the in-furnace thermochemical state gradually enhances by increasing the upper-row feed rate of the recycled off-gas for both scenarios. Under a given upper-row gas feed rate, the new configuration yields a more favorable thermochemical state since the off-gas with a high content of reducing agent is selectively collected and recycled to the upper-row tuyeres. By adopting this novel concept featuring selective gas recycling, the final wüstite-to-iron reduction step of the pellets can occur in the upper part of the furnace, thus promoting the overall metallization of the product. The findings may serve as guidelines for the design of more efficient hydrogen-based shaft furnace processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"97 8","pages":"4108-4118"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148704417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cover Picture: Iron and Steel Research in Transition (steel research int. 8/2026)","authors":"Alexander Gramlich,&nbsp;Yan Ma","doi":"10.1002/srin.70614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.70614","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Tapping from the electric arc furnace into a ladle for further processing in secondary metallurgy by Alexander Gramlich et al., https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.70566.</p><p>Image credit: Georgsmarienhütte GmbH.\u0000 <figure>\u0000 <div><picture>\u0000 <source></source></picture><p></p>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </figure></p>","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"97 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/srin.70614","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148704475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recycling of Mill Scale Into High-Purity Iron Through Hydrogen-Based Reduction","authors":"Nathalia C. Verissimo,&nbsp;Anumoy Ganguly,&nbsp;Lucas Varoto,&nbsp;Tim M. Schwarz,&nbsp;Jean-Baptiste Letz,&nbsp;Ubaid Manzoor,&nbsp;Laurine Choisez,&nbsp;Dierk Raabe,&nbsp;Isnaldi R. Souza Filho","doi":"10.1002/srin.202501070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202501070","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Steel production generates various by-products. Among them, mill scale stands out as an iron oxide-rich residue from the casting and hot rolling processes, representing approximately 2% of all global steel output. However, mill scale is also often contaminated with other types of impurities, including metallic and non-metallic ones, which makes the recycling process into a high-purity product a challenge. This study investigates two hydrogen-based reduction techniques, viz., solid-state direct reduction (DR) and hydrogen plasma smelting reduction (HPSR), as a low-carbon alternative for mill scale recycling. The influence of different temperatures and exposure times to gaseous hydrogen during direct reduction provides valuable information regarding phase transformation kinetics. Specifically, local chemical segregation of impurities, such as Mn, retards the full conversion of wüstite into sponge iron. This work demonstrates a 92% reduction rate of wüstite into metallic iron after 180 min of reduction via DR. Conversely, reduction via HPSR achieves a similar reduction rate, that is, 91% in only 20 min of the experiment. The obtained results shed light on the feasibility of recovering mill scale through hydrogen-driven emerging techniques, thus minimising the generation of waste sub-products during steel production.</p>","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"97 8","pages":"4162-4175"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/srin.202501070","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148704327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effective Equilibrium Reaction Zone Modeling of Hydrogen Plasma Smelting Reduction: A Scenario Analysis","authors":"Tristan K. Wickham,&nbsp;Stephanus P. Du Preez,&nbsp;Dmitri G. Bessarabov,&nbsp;Stephan C. Louw,&nbsp;Ernst L. J. Kleynhans","doi":"10.1002/srin.202501061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202501061","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This work develops a dynamic model for hydrogen plasma smelting reduction (HPSR) in direct current arc furnaces, implemented with a zonal approach to simulate industrial operations. The model couples thermodynamic principles with grouped mass-transfer parameters to predict the time evolution of mass, temperature, and composition in the metal, slag, and off-gas across furnace zones. Calibration is performed against published experimental data to accurately capture key mass-transfer dynamics. Industrial scenarios, including variations in ore pre-reduction, off-gas recycling, and feed arrangements, are analyzed, with simulations quantifying specific energy requirements (SER) and evaluating impacts on hydrogen utilization and degree of reduction. Results indicate that off-gas recycling yields the lowest SER. Sensitivity analysis identifies feed distribution and ore pre-reduction as dominant variables influencing hydrogen utilization and SER. The findings provide operational insights to guide experimental planning and help optimize conditions for energy efficiency and sustainability in HPSR. The model serves as a tool to evaluate new process scenarios and benchmark performance. Recommendations include refining mass-transfer coefficients and hydrogen lance effects to further improve efficiency. The planned 100 kVA test unit by Metix will enable empirical validation and iterative tuning of the modeling framework, supporting the development of sustainable metallurgical practices across the industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"97 8","pages":"4138-4161"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/srin.202501061","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148704448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Tramp Elements on Phase Transformations, Structure, and Properties of Scrap-Based Steels: A Focused Review of Recent Developments","authors":"Oleksandr Glushko,&nbsp;Ronald Schnitzer","doi":"10.1002/srin.70492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.70492","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This review summarizes the current understanding of how tramp elements, introduced through the increased use of scrap in steelmaking, affect processability, microstructure, and the resulting mechanical properties of steels. Tramp elements such as Cr, Ni, Sn, Sb, Cu can give rise to a wide range of potential effects, including retardation of diffusion-based phase transformations, incomplete recrystallization, grain refinement, precipitation, grain boundary segregation, or shift of ductile-brittle transition temperature. The main impacts on material performance include strengthening, loss of ductility, and various forms of embrittlement. The likelihood and magnitude of these effects depend strongly on the concentration of tramp elements, the applied heat treatment, and the chemical composition of the steel. Building on the fundamental understanding of how tramp elements influence structure–property relationships, several mitigation strategies aimed at limiting or counteracting their adverse effects are identified and discussed. Based on the provided results and discussions, it can be stated that in-depth understanding of the impacts of tramp elements combined with tailored counter-measures can enable unrestricted usage of scrap in steelmaking within a circular economy.</p>","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"97 8","pages":"4067-4084"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/srin.70492","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148704457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Extra-Low Carbon Steel Sheets for Automotive Outer Panels via a Hybrid Blast Furnace + Electric Arc Furnace Process","authors":"Cheon Ha Han,&nbsp;In Seok Hwang,&nbsp;Sang Hun Shin,&nbsp;Kwang Su Na","doi":"10.1002/srin.202500348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202500348","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigates the development of extra-low carbon steel sheets for automotive outer panels using a hybrid blast furnace (BF) and electric arc furnace (EAF) route, aimed at reducing the carbon footprint (CFP) of steel production. Two industrial-scale test campaigns are performed with controlled variations in the scrap/hot briquetted iron (HBI) ratio in the EAF input while maintaining a fixed BF:EAF hot metal ratio of 75:25. Chemical composition, cleanliness, microstructure, mechanical properties, and formability are comprehensively evaluated. The test specimens exhibit properties equivalent to conventionally produced BF steel, including favorable {111} ferrite texture, absence of yield point elongation, and comparable values in hole expansion ratio, limiting drawing ratio, and forming limit diagram. Despite a slight increase in nitrogen levels with higher recycled input, effective Ti/Nb stabilization prevents aging phenomena. Furthermore, successful application to automotive side outer panels confirms suitability in industrial forming operations. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first comprehensive industrial-scale demonstration of a hybrid BF + EAF route producing high-quality extra-low carbon steel sheets for automotive outer panels. The results suggest that the hybrid route provides a technically feasible approach to decarbonization for the automotive steel industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"97 8","pages":"4176-4184"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148704517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Iron and Steel Research in Transition","authors":"Alexander Gramlich,&nbsp;Yan Ma","doi":"10.1002/srin.70566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.70566","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Research in iron and steel is often perceived as a traditional field, yet it has consistently remained a dynamic and innovative area within material science. In contrast to other materials, steel research is strongly driven by industrial and societal needs, with most efforts focused on improving existing grades or developing new ferrous alloys for real-life applications. In this broader context, the field encompasses not only achievable properties but also synthesis, production, and processing, largely with industrial-scale manufacturing in mind. Currently, reducing the CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; footprint represents one of the pressing global sustainability challenges. As steel production accounts for more than 30% of the industrial CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions [&lt;span&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;], various pathways to mitigate the environmental impact are being actively explored worldwide [&lt;span&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;].&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, it is not surprising that the ongoing disruptive transformation in the steel industry is reshaping the focus of research institutions and groups worldwide working on iron and steel. The industry is undergoing a profound transition from conventional fossil-fuel-based linear production routes toward renewable energy-based low-CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; processes and circular models with increased material recycling. Regardless of the specific production routes (e.g., hydrogen-based direct reduction, electric arc furnace, submerged arc furnace, etc.), emerging concepts share two fundamental characteristics in common:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Building on these two boundary conditions, a wide range of research topics have been derived in the last years, focusing on the production of low-carbon iron and steel (for example, by direct reduction using hydrogen [&lt;span&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;] or plasma smelting reduction [&lt;span&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;]), the influence of varying chemical compositions of the processability (e.g., the effect on non-metallic inclusions [&lt;span&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;] or evaluating the risk of hot shortness [2400844]), the effect on the final properties [&lt;span&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;], mitigation [2400841] or removal [&lt;span&gt;9&lt;/span&gt;] strategies, and the assessment of the environmental impact [&lt;span&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span&gt;11&lt;/span&gt;]. In comparison to previous decades, which were largely centered on enhancing steel performance or improving production efficiency [&lt;span&gt;12&lt;/span&gt;], the ongoing shift is clearly reflected in recent scientific literature, Figure 1. A keyword analysis using Scopus reveals that while the annual number of publications containing “steel” in its abstracts, keywords, or titles has increased approximately linearly, publications additionally including terms such as “recycling,” “sustainability,” or “circularity” reveal stronger and near-exponential growth.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This trend clearly highlights the global efforts that are currently being made to address these challenges. Besides, significant advances in characterization and analytical methods have been achieved over the last decade, for ","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"97 8","pages":"4063-4066"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/srin.70566","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148704315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}