steel research international最新文献

{"title":"Effect of Sulfur Content on Precipitation Behavior of Dendrite Sulfide Inclusion in Continuous Casted 20CrMnTi Gear Steel","authors":"Qiu‐wei Zheng, Xiao‐yong Gao, Li‐feng Zhang","doi":"10.1002/srin.202400587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202400587","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of sulfur content on sulfide inclusion and dendrite MnS in continuous casted 20CrMnTi gear steel is investigated. There are two main types of sulfides in 20CrMnTi steel: pure MnS and TiN–MnS composite inclusions. The number of TiN–MnS is higher than MnS, especially in the edge of the billet. TiN–MnS is smaller both in area and size than pure MnS. The statistical results of dendrite MnS show that the increase of S content decreases the average size of sulfides, whereas raises the number and the maximum size of sulfides. With the S content increasing, the proportion of large‐sized dendrite MnS in steel decreases, but the amount of large‐sized dendrite MnS increases, which results in the increase of number of large‐sized dendrite MnS. The average area of dendrite MnS inclusions first increased and then decreased from the edge to the center of billet, and the maximum area appeared at about 1/2 radius of the billet. Comparison with the microstructure of the two billets, the proportion of ferrite increased with the increase of S content.","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Cr on the Microstructure and Strength‐Toughness of High‐Strength and Heat‐Resistant Stainless Steel","authors":"Hongxiao Chi, Liping Pian, Jinbo Gu, Yong Sun, Xuedong Pang, Zhenfei Xin, Dangshen Ma","doi":"10.1002/srin.202400412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202400412","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of Cr content on the microstructure and mechanical properties of CSS‐42L steel is investigated by X‐ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The results show that increasing Cr from 8% to 13.5% significantly improves toughness and ductility while moderately decreasing the strength. The tensile strength, fracture toughness (K<jats:sub>IC</jats:sub>), and impact absorbing energy of 13.5% Cr steel are 1.8 GPa, 88.6 MPa√m, and 58.5 J, respectively. 13.5%Cr steel possesses larger grain size and fewer undissolved M<jats:sub>6</jats:sub>C carbides than 8%Cr and10%Cr steels, which is attributed to that Cr addition increases Cr content in the (Mo,Cr)<jats:sub>6</jats:sub>C, reducing the dissolution temperature and ability to inhibit grain growth. Cr significantly decreases the Martensite start (Ms) temperature from 263 to 53.1 °C and increases the retained austenite from 0.3 to 13.19 vol%. Cr increases the number density and diameter of nanoscale M<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>C, which is attributed to Cr promoting the dissolution of Mo and increasing the nucleation rate. Meanwhile, the higher Cr content also increases the growth rate of the carbides along the diameter direction. Cr addition reduces the contribution from coherency strengthening caused by decreased lattice misfit and increased the contribution of Orowan dislocation looping resulted from higher volume fraction and size of M<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>C.","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological Evolution of MnS During Hot Deformation and Isothermal Homogenization in Nonquenched and Tempered F40MnVS Grade Steel","authors":"Guoxing Qiu, Hongzhao Zhang, Feng Lu, Dejun Miao, Yongkun Yang, Xiaoming Li","doi":"10.1002/srin.202400574","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202400574","url":null,"abstract":"The control of MnS inclusions is crucial in developing high‐quality nonquenched and tempered steel. Single‐pass compression experiments are conducted on F40MnVS steel using a Gleeble‐3800 thermomechanical simulation testing machine, and the hot deformation behaviors of MnS inclusions at temperatures of 950–1150 °C and strain rates of 0.01 s<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> are investigated. Based on the experimental results of hot deformation, the steel is isothermally homogenized after forging to study the effect of holding time on the morphology and characteristics of MnS. Results indicate that at a lower deformation temperature of 950 °C and increased deformation, the relative plasticity of MnS diminishes, reducing the aspect ratio from 3.38 to 1.44 and primarily causing MnS fragmentation. At 1150 °C, as deformation increases, the relative plasticity of MnS also increases, with the aspect ratio rising from 1.46 to 2.01, leading to the growth of MnS. Under either low temperature and high deformation conditions or high temperature and low deformation, MnS fragmentation is more pronounced, resulting in more spherical MnS. With extended homogenization time, elongated MnS fractures, progressively transforming into spheroidal or ellipsoidal shapes before enlarging. The diffusion of S primarily controls the fracture and growth of MnS during isothermal heating.","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics, Formation Mechanism, and Removal of Large‐Sized CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 Inclusions in D2 High‐Speed Railway Wheel Steel","authors":"Daohua Bao, Guoguang Cheng, Jinwen Zhang, Zhixiang Wang, Wei Li, Yao Li, Tao Zhang","doi":"10.1002/srin.202400497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202400497","url":null,"abstract":"The characteristics, formation mechanism, and removal of large‐sized CaO–Al<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>–SiO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> inclusions in D2 high‐speed railway wheel steel are investigated. Large‐sized CaO–Al<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>–SiO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> inclusions are present in the continuous casting billet, with SiO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> and CaO content ranging from 5 to 15 and 30 to 65 wt%, respectively. The size mainly exceeds 10 μm. These inclusions originate from the calcium‐treatment stage of the refining process, during which liquid CaO–Al<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>–SiO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> inclusions are formed in the liquid steel. The contact angle between these inclusions and the liquid steel is below 40°, which results in excellent wettability. Consequently, the inclusions are difficult to remove from the liquid steel and are thus inherited into the billet. By reducing the SiO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> content and controlling CaO content between 8 and 30 wt%, small‐sized inclusions are formed. This requires reasonable control of the Al and Ca content in the liquid steel. When the Al and Ca content in liquid steel is maintained at 0.012 wt% and 8 ppm, respectively, the inclusions in the billet are mainly CaO·6Al<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3</jats:sub> (CA<jats:sub>6</jats:sub>) and CaO·2Al<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3</jats:sub> (CA<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>), both under 5 μm in size. These inclusions represent the suitable inclusions in steel.","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142227404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution Pathway of Competitive Precipitation of Inclusions in Al–Ti‐Deoxidized Steel","authors":"Yuanyou Xiao, Lei Cao, Guocheng Wang, Daxian Zhang, Jianzhong He","doi":"10.1002/srin.202400500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202400500","url":null,"abstract":"Seven types of inclusions are observed in the Al‐deoxidized steel followed by Ti‐deoxidized steel, while ten types of inclusions are found in Al–Ti simultaneous deoxidized steel. Three special inclusions are only found in Al‐deoxidized steel followed by Ti‐deoxidized steel as Al<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>TiO<jats:sub>5</jats:sub>–Ti<jats:sub><jats:italic>x</jats:italic></jats:sub>O<jats:sub><jats:italic>y</jats:italic></jats:sub>, Al<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>TiO<jats:sub>5</jats:sub>–Al<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>–TiS, and Al<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>TiO<jats:sub>5</jats:sub>–Al<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>–Ti<jats:sub><jats:italic>x</jats:italic></jats:sub>O<jats:sub><jats:italic>y</jats:italic></jats:sub>–TiS. The precipitation order of inclusions in Al–Ti‐deoxidized steel is very dependent on the value of [%Ti]/[%Al] or [%S]/[%O]. The critical value of [%Ti]/[%Al] for the precipitation of inclusions from large to small is Ti<jats:sub><jats:italic>x</jats:italic></jats:sub>O<jats:sub><jats:italic>y</jats:italic></jats:sub> &gt; Al<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>TiO<jats:sub>5</jats:sub> &gt; Al<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>, and the critical value of [%S]/[%O] for the precipitation of inclusions from large to small is TiS &gt; Ti<jats:sub><jats:italic>x</jats:italic></jats:sub>O<jats:sub><jats:italic>y</jats:italic></jats:sub>. The critical value of [%Ti]/[%Al] for the precipitation of Ti<jats:sub><jats:italic>x</jats:italic></jats:sub>O<jats:sub><jats:italic>y</jats:italic></jats:sub> prior to Al<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>TiO<jats:sub>5</jats:sub>, and the precipitation of Al<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>TiO<jats:sub>5</jats:sub> prior to Al<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3</jats:sub> has a close relationship with the content of [%Al]. In addition, the critical value of [%S]/[%O] for the precipitation of TiS prior to Ti<jats:sub><jats:italic>x</jats:italic></jats:sub>O<jats:sub><jats:italic>y</jats:italic></jats:sub> inclusions increases with an increasing content of [%O] and increased with the decreasing of temperature. The precipitation order of inclusions in the two types of steel is Al<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>TiO<jats:sub>5</jats:sub> or Al<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3</jats:sub> → Ti<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>5</jats:sub> → TiO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> → Ti<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3</jats:sub> → TiS.","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Damage Initiation of 15V38 Steel Bar during Square‐to‐Round Hot Rolling Process","authors":"Siva Sai Krishna Dasari, Henry Adekola Haffner, K. Chandrashekhara, Mario F. Buchley, Simon N. Lekakh, Ronald J. O’Malley","doi":"10.1002/srin.202400344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202400344","url":null,"abstract":"Hot rolling processes have been extensively used to produce round bars by reducing the cross‐sectional area of continuously cast steel. The current trend toward increasing productivity often requires a more aggressive reduction per pass. Establishing safe and optimized hot rolling parameters must be determined to avoid damage while deforming the specific steel composition. Understanding the damage mechanism during the metal forming process is vital for product quality. Herein, a combined experimental and simulation approach is developed to track the evolution potential damage during hot bar rolling. Hot tension tests are conducted on as‐cast vanadium microalloyed 15V38 steel at different hot rolling temperatures and strain rate conditions to develop Johnson–Cook‐type material model. A thermomechanical finite element model is developed to simulate potential damage trends in a 12‐pass square‐to‐round and 8‐pass round‐to‐round standard industrial hot rolling process, employing damage criteria. Results are illustrated by creating a damage map at each rolling pass to determine the critical hot rolling conditions for damage initiation. Several parametric studies are also performed to illustrate the application of the suggested methodology for hot rolling process optimization. Results show that the probability of the damage initiation is higher at higher pass reductions and lower temperatures.","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formation Mechanism and Main Control Methods of Bright‐Band Defects in Strip Casting Based on Numerical Simulation","authors":"Yuchen Wang, Xiaoming Zhang, Yuanxiang Zhang, Zongwen Ma, Zhenlei Li, Feng Fang, Yang Wang, Guo Yuan","doi":"10.1002/srin.202400350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202400350","url":null,"abstract":"Bright‐band defects frequently occur on as‐cast strips in the twin‐roll strip‐casting process, particularly at low‐casting speeds, with intervals of ≈200 mm. Additionally, the cast‐rolling force also exhibits minor fluctuations. With increasing casting speeds, the spacing between bright‐band defects widens, and the severity of these defects diminishes. When the casting speed reaches a certain threshold, defects almost entirely disappear. Detailed analysis of the underlying causes of this phenomenon is essential for effectively preventing defect formation. In this study, the numerical simulation method is employed to analyze casting rolls’ thermal deformation and the melt pool's solidification behavior, based on the production site equipment and process conditions. The causes of defects in as‐cast strips are thoroughly analyzed based on simulation results, in conjunction with variations in the cast‐rolling force. In this study, it is demonstrated that the thermal deformation of casting rolls and the position of the solidification endpoints collectively contribute to the fluctuations in cast‐rolling force and are the primary causes of bright‐band defects. Fundamental principles for preventing defects are provided based on actual on‐site production. Furthermore, simulation results contribute to establishing a theoretical basis for selecting process parameters and controlling cast‐rolling force during production.","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of the Tundish Inhibitor Design on the Flotation Efficiency of Nonmetallic Inclusions: Water Modeling and Mathematical Simulations by the Reynolds Stress Model","authors":"Alfonso Nájera‐Bastida, Rodolfo Dávila Morales, Javier Guarneros‐Guarneros, Jafeth Rodríguez‐Ávila, Oscar Joaquín Solís‐Marcial","doi":"10.1002/srin.202400087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202400087","url":null,"abstract":"Numerical fluid simulations using the Reynolds stress model and water model experiments are conducted to test different designs of tundish turbulence inhibitors (A, B, C, D, and E) for their effectiveness in removing nonmetallic inclusions from steel. The results reveal a unique flow pattern, with a mushroom‐like shape forming around the entry jet. The acceleration of small eddies within this mushroom is a significant factor in inclusion removal. This discovery has practical implications for the steel industry, leading to a longer residence time in the entry jet mushroom and improved inclusion flotation performance. Additionally, the turbulent kinematic viscosity and Reynolds stress fields in the flow mushroom influence the tracer's local dispersion rate and the interactions of the inclusions in this region. These findings are further validated using a tundish water model to track the dynamics of amine particles injected into the ladle shroud, enhancing their practical relevance.","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hot Deformation Behavior and Numerical Simulation of 40CrNiMo Steel for Wind Turbine Pulley Shafts","authors":"Hongyu Wei, Wensheng Liu, Ke Zhang, Wei Wei, Qun Wu, Mingya Zhang, Xiaoping Tao, Hongyan Liu","doi":"10.1002/srin.202400134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202400134","url":null,"abstract":"The hot deformation behavior (<jats:italic>T</jats:italic> = 800–1100 °C, = 0.01–10 s<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>) of 40CrNiMo steel for wind turbine pulley shafts was studied by Gleeble‐3800 thermomechanical simulator. A constitutive equation and hot processing map are established based on the friction and temperature correction curves. The most available hot processing parameters are determined by combining microstructure analysis. The temperature fields and effective strain fields under different deformation conditions are simulated by Deform‐3D software. The results indicate that the effect of friction on the flow curves is greater than that of temperature rise, the activation energy <jats:italic>Q</jats:italic> of hot deformation for 40CrNiMo steel calculated based on the theoretical calculation is 368.292 kJ mol<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>. The constitutive model based on strain compensation has high accuracy, with an average relative error of 6.65% and a correlation coefficient of 0.987. The optimum hot processing interval is at a deformation temperature of 950–1050 °C and a strain rate of 0.03–0.25 s<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>, which has a high‐power dissipation value and avoids the instability region. Additionally, numerical simulation results show that the temperature field distribution is uniform in this deformation range, and the standard deviation of the effective strain is low, making it suitable for hot processing.","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and Fractographic Study of the Hydrogen‐Induced Cracking of 45CrNiMoVA Martensitic Advanced High‐Strength Steel","authors":"Yunlong Li, Xiaodong Liu","doi":"10.1002/srin.202400369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202400369","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrogen‐induced cracking (HIC) in high‐strength 45CrNiMoVA steel is investigated using smooth and notched cylindrical specimens by performing uniaxial tensile tests. Specimens with different notch geometries are used to analyze the interacting effects of the stress concentration factor and HIC micromechanism. The results show that hydrogen charging reduces the elongation at fracture and the ultimate tensile strength of smooth tensile specimens. The microscopic fracture mode changes from ductile dimples with some quasicleavage fracture without hydrogen to a mixture of brittle quasicleavage and intergranular cracking with hydrogen. For notched specimens with a lower notch root radius, significant stress concentration occurs at the notch root, which enriches hydrogen in these highly stressed regions. This causes a lower notch tensile strength and greater susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement. Microfracture observations show that the area fraction of the intergranular cracking surface increases gradually, and the brittle zone moves farther away from the notch root upon decreasing the notch root radius, causing the embrittlement index to remain high. These results will help determine the applicability of existing steel for hydrogen service and also provide guidance for developing new high‐strength martensitic steels that can resist hydrogen embrittlement.","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}