steel research international最新文献

{"title":"Kinetic Study of NaF Gas Formation During Mold Flux Melting Based on Different Fluorides by Experimental and Computational Methods","authors":"Qiuping Li,&nbsp;Zhe Wang,&nbsp;Zerong Duan,&nbsp;Haoyan Yang,&nbsp;Guanghua Wen,&nbsp;Ping Tang,&nbsp;Zibing Hou","doi":"10.1002/srin.202400649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202400649","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Low-basicity fluorine-containing mold flux, which forms a porous slag film with NaF pores, is expected to solve the contradiction between heat transfer and lubrication in the continuous casting of peritectic steel. Herein, the kinetic mechanism and the influence of NaF gas formation based on the different fluorine raw materials (NaF, CaF₂, and Na₃AlF₆) at 0.9 basicity and 6 wt% fluorine are investigated by the combination of experiments and calculations. The results show that CaF₂ is the first to generate NaF gas at 1189 K, followed by Na₃AlF₆ (1238 K) and NaF (1328 K). NaF raw material produces the most NaF gas with the lowest activation energy in the three raw materials, due to high Na ion kinetic energy, the simple degree of polymerization, and Na-F₁ bonds. Correspondingly, NaF bubbles in the molten slag are the largest based on their aggregation. Na₃AlF₆ and CaF₂ raw materials rank second and third, with F atoms primarily bonded as Al-F_<i>x</i> and Ca-F_<i>x</i> and the higher proportion of <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msubsup>\u0000 <mi>Q</mi>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mtext>Si</mtext>\u0000 <mo>−</mo>\u0000 <mi>O</mi>\u0000 <mo>−</mo>\u0000 <mtext>Al</mtext>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 </msubsup>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$Q_{text{Si} - text{O} - text{Al}}^{2}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> and <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msubsup>\u0000 <mi>Q</mi>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mtext>Si</mtext>\u0000 <mo>−</mo>\u0000 <mi>O</mi>\u0000 <mo>−</mo>\u0000 <mtext>Si</mtext>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <mn>4</mn>\u0000 </msubsup>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$Q_{text{Si} - text{O} - text{Si}}^{4}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> structure. Notably, at 0.9 basicity and 6 wt% fluorine, Na₃AlF₆ as raw material generates a suitable amount of gas, making diffuse and fine NaF bubbles in the molten slag.</p>","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"96 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143497209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Ti–Mg–Ce Complex Deoxidation on the Inclusions and Mechanical Properties of S355 Steel","authors":"Tianrui Li,&nbsp;Xiangjun Zhang,&nbsp;Wenping Wu,&nbsp;Liangliang Zhang,&nbsp;Yong Yang,&nbsp;Zhiqiang Chen,&nbsp;Yong Xu,&nbsp;Yong Lv,&nbsp;Xiaofeng Zhang","doi":"10.1002/srin.202400658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202400658","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Oxide metallurgy technology not only refines the microstructure but also modifies the type, density, and size of inclusions. This study examines the impact of Ti–Mg–Ce composite deoxidation on the inclusions and mechanical properties of S355 steel used for heavy-duty H-beams. Compared to base alloy, Ti–Mg–Ce-added alloy features a higher presence of inclusions such as MgO, TiN (containing Ce), TiO_<i>x</i>, and TiS, except for SiO₂, Al₂O₃, MnS, and MnO. Following Ti–Mg–Ce composite deoxidation, the number density of inclusions increases by 16.4%, and the equivalent diameter, length, and width of the inclusions decrease by 41.0%, 41.2%, and 37.9%, respectively. The length of large-angle grain boundaries in the same area increases by 20%, and the average grain size reduces by 12.5%, resulting in an enhancement of yield strength by 23.6 MPa, tensile strength by 37 MPa, total elongation by 2.1%, and impact energy by 92 J. By employing Ti–Mg–Ce composite deoxidation to optimize inclusions and microstructure, the strength, plasticity, and toughness of the experimental steel are significantly improved.</p>","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"96 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143497364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructural Evolution and High-Temperature Tensile Properties of 15Cr-Reduced Activation Ferritic Steel Processed by Hot Powder Forging of Mechanically Alloyed Powders","authors":"Himanshu Pal,&nbsp;Vikram V. Dabhade","doi":"10.1002/srin.202400546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202400546","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Reduced activation ferritic steels are being explored as possible cladding tube materials for nuclear reactors because of their low activation and excellent irradiation resistance. In the current investigation, reduced activation ferritic steel (Fe–15Cr–2W) is processed by mechanical alloying of elemental powders followed by hot powder forging. Mechanical alloying is carried out in a Simoloyer attritor mill (Zoz GmbH), after which the powders are placed in a mild steel can and forged at 1200 °C in H₂ atmosphere. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigation reveal that 10 h of mechanical alloying is required to achieve complete dissolution of Cr and W in the Fe matrix powder. The relative density and hardness distribution of the forged slab is evaluated in longitudinal as well as transverse direction to optimize the powder forging operation. Electron backscatter diffraction analysis showed dynamic recrystallization to take place during the course of hot powder forging. Tensile tests are performed at room temperature as well as at elevated temperatures (600 and 700 °C). The yield strength and ultimate tensile strength at room temperature as well as at elevated temperatures are found to be higher than those reported in literature for reduced activation ferritic steels consolidated by other techniques.</p>","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"96 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143117759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rolled Thickness Prediction for Titanium/Steel-Clad Plates Based on Combined Method of Theoretical and Neural Network","authors":"Songsong Li,&nbsp;Sanzhong Wang,&nbsp;Wei Li,&nbsp;Genmao Zhang,&nbsp;Ziteng Huang,&nbsp;Xu Luo,&nbsp;Hui Yu","doi":"10.1002/srin.202400602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202400602","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To address the issue of low precision in rolled thickness prediction for titanium/steel-clad plates, theoretical calculation and back propagation (BP) neural network prediction models are established based on the slab method and the rolled measured data, respectively. Furthermore, to solve the model's black-box problem while also improving thickness prediction accuracy, three combined prediction models are built using the principles of compensating multiplicative error, additive error, and average error based on the model's advantages and features for thickness prediction. During the modeling phase, 1925 groups of manufacturing data for titanium/steel-clad plate rolling are selected and normalized to form the data set. The trial-and-error method is used to determine the optimal network structure for the BP neural network. The model's performance is assessed by calculating the mean square error, mean absolute error, and coefficient of determination (<i>R</i>²) and comparing the relative errors in prediction outcomes across different models. In the results, it is demonstrated that the average error combined model (Combined Model III) performs better and predicts more accurately.</p>","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"96 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143497360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crystallization Behavior and Structure of CaO–SiO2–Al2O3 Melts Representing the Oxide Inclusions in Si-Mn Deoxidized Steel","authors":"Qi Xu,&nbsp;Xubo Lei,&nbsp;Rodrigue Armel Muvunyi,&nbsp;Jianli Li","doi":"10.1002/srin.202400683","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202400683","url":null,"abstract":"<p>For further optimization of the inclusion plasticization control process of Si-Mn deoxidized steel, the crystallization behavior and structure of CaO–SiO₂–Al₂O₃ system inclusions are investigated. The crystallization behavior of four typical low melting point CaO–SiO₂–Al₂O₃ inclusions at 1000 to 1250 °C is studied by steel crucible isothermal heating experiment. The obtained results reveal that the glassy stability of the inclusions is high when the composition of low melting point inclusion is located in the eutectic region of tridymite, pseudowollastonite, and anorthite in the ternary phase diagram. However, when the composition of the inclusion is located in the eutectic region of melilite, pseudowollastonite, and anorthite, it is easy to undergo glass-crystallization transformation and precipitate wollastonite and anorthite crystalline phases when isothermal heating at 1100 to 1200 °C. In addition, the crystallization mode of these inclusions is mainly surface crystallization, and the crystallization degree of inclusions increases with the increase of heat treatment temperature and time. The activation energy of crystallization and the content of nonbridging oxygen in the silicate structure NBO/T can be used to predict the crystallization ability of inclusions. The greater the activation energy of crystallization and the smaller the NBO/T value, the higher the glassy stability of the inclusions.</p>","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"96 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143497361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applicability of Waste from Al Industry toward Dephosphorization of Hot Metal in Primary Steel Making","authors":"Himaja Padala,&nbsp;Swagat Das,&nbsp;Varinder Pal,&nbsp;Prateek Goyal,&nbsp;Superb Misra,&nbsp;Manas Paliwal","doi":"10.1002/srin.202400307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202400307","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Managing industrial waste is a global challenge. Red mud is a byproduct of the aluminum industry posing serious concerns. The presence of FeO and CaO in red mud makes it a potential DeP flux. Red mud has been utilized as a DeP flux in previous studies, but these studies deal with low Si content and no P₂O₅ content in the red mud. However, certain steel makers have high initial Si content (0.6–0.7 wt%) in the hot metal, and with increasing demand for low P steel, new dephosphorization fluxes need to be explored. Addressing this gap, this study investigates red mud's potential as a flux for dephosphorization in hot metal with elevated Si levels. Conducting slag–metal equilibrium experiments at 1350 °C, using red mud-based fluxes, the research achieves a 40% dephosphorization degree under optimized conditions of double deslagging and fluxing. Analysis via wet chemical methods and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry confirms the effectiveness of the approach. Furthermore, thermodynamic calculations highlight the influence of O₂ partial pressure and Si content on dephosphorization efficacy. Through laboratory experiments and theoretical insights, this study provides a valuable roadmap for leveraging red mud as a sustainable flux in hot metal dephosphorization processes, contributing to both waste management and steel production efficiency.</p>","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"96 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143497362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Control of Instantaneous Abnormal Mold Level Fluctuation in Slab Continuous Casting Mold Based on Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Model","authors":"Xiaoliang Meng,&nbsp;Sen Luo,&nbsp;Yelian Zhou,&nbsp;Weiling Wang,&nbsp;Miaoyong Zhu","doi":"10.1002/srin.202400656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202400656","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The instantaneous abnormal mold level fluctuation (IAMLF) has significant harmful effects on slab quality. This article proposes a prediction and control method for IAMLF. First, the data processed by difference method is used for the IAMLF prediction and stopper-rod position prediction. Then, the bidirectional long short-term memory (BI-LSTM) is introduced to predict the IAMLF; the corresponding stopper-rod position is predicted according to the mold level prediction result. BI-LSTM can predict the IAMLF with the mean absolute error of 1.52 mm and the false alarm rate of 1.8%, and also performs well in predicting the stopper-rod position with a mean absolute error of only 1.92 mm. Furthermore, the two prediction models are combined to form a closed loop, where the mold level fluctuation is predicted according to the industrial data processed by data difference method, and the stopper-rod position is adjusted in advance to eliminate IAMLF. Finally, the fuzzy proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller is used to control mold level based on the mold level and stopper-rod position prediction results. The prediction accuracy of IAMLF reaches 98.4%, and the present proposed fuzzy PID controller can effectively prevent the occurrence of IAMLF with a success rate of 95.6%.</p>","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"96 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143117760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogen Embrittlement of a Prerolled High-Mn Steel with Different Cut-Edge Characteristics","authors":"Zhendong Sheng,&nbsp;Qihong Zheng,&nbsp;Mengya Wang,&nbsp;Yinghu Wang,&nbsp;Ulrich Prahl","doi":"10.1002/srin.202400643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202400643","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The hydrogen embrittlement behavior of a prerolled Fe–15Mn–0.65C–2Al–2Si high-Mn steel with various cut-edge properties is studied via hydrogen precharging and slow strain rate test. In the presence of hydrogen, samples prepared by laser cutting under atmosphere of N₂ exhibit the best total elongation at about 39%. Press blanking produces severe shear deformation, tensile residual stresses, and strain-induced martensite, resulting in a high risk to hydrogen-induced cracking. With compressive residual stresses produced from waterjet, corresponding samples exhibit the lowest elongation loss against hydrogen. Despite hydrogen charging, the fracture surfaces show transgranular quasi-cleavage features, for which mechanical twinning from prerolling plays a critical role. The hydrogen-enhanced decohesion mechanism accounts for cleavage fracture since hydrogen segregation reduces cohesive stress at twin boundaries.</p>","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"96 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143497158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quasi-Static and Dynamic Deformation Behavior of Medium Manganese Automotive Steel under Interrupted Tension","authors":"Yi Feng,&nbsp;Yongyong Jia,&nbsp;Zhengyan Ying,&nbsp;Shuaijun Li,&nbsp;Deliang Zhang,&nbsp;Zhihui Cai,&nbsp;Guangjie Huang","doi":"10.1002/srin.202400426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202400426","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This work investigates the mechanical properties of medium manganese automotive steel across a strain rate range from 2 × 10⁻⁴ to 200 s⁻¹. The results indicate that the tensile strength is the lowest at a low strain rate (0.0002 s⁻¹), primarily due to the high mechanical stability of austenite, which results in low work-hardening ability during deformation. As the strain rate increases, the softening effect because of temperature rise, and the dislocation density increase. Consequently, the deformation mechanism is transitioned from the transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) effect (<i>ε</i> &lt; 2 × 10⁻² s⁻¹) to the co-occurrence TRIP and twinning induced plasticity effect (<i>ε</i> ≥ 2 × 10⁻² s⁻¹). Furthermore, in the initial stages of dynamic deformation (<i>ε</i> &lt; 0.1), the same work-hardening phenomenon occurs under the influence of geometrically necessary dislocations as in quasi-static deformation. However, in the later stages of dynamic deformation (<i>ε</i> &gt; 0.25), the weakening of the copper texture density occurs due to an increase in stacking fault energy within the austenite.</p>","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"96 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143115982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on Transformation of Glassy and Crystalline Inclusions in Cord Steel during Heat Treatment at 1100 °C","authors":"Xubo Lei,&nbsp;Jianli Li,&nbsp;Qiang Zeng,&nbsp;Yue Yu,&nbsp;Hangyu Zhu","doi":"10.1002/srin.202400568","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202400568","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To clarify the transformation of the glassy and crystalline inclusions in cord steel during heat treatment, four groups of MnO–SiO₂–Al₂O₃ systems with different MgO contents are designed to obtain samples with both glassy and crystalline inclusions by slow-cooling, and then the samples are isothermal held at 1100 °C for 120 min. The results of X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectrometer indicate that after isothermal holding, the MgMnSiO₄ crystalline phase transforms into MgAl₂O₄ and MnSiO₃ phases in 5 wt% MgO system, while partial MgMnSiO₄ phase transforms into MgSiO₃ phase in 10 wt% MgO system. Besides, the MgMnSiO₄ crystalline phase transforms into MgSiO₃ and Mg₂SiO₄ phases in 15 wt% MgO system, while the Mg₂SiO₄ crystalline phase partially transforms into MgSiO₃ phase in 20 wt% MgO system. Combined with the calculation results of FactSage 8.1, it shows that the higher the MgO content in the system, the stronger the crystallization ability and the easier the formation of the crystalline phase. During the isothermal holding process, the elements in inclusions continuously diffuse and migrate, so that the glassy phase transforms into crystalline phase, while the crystalline phase grows further and the internal glassy phase disappear, accompanied by the transformation of the crystal type.</p>","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"96 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143116012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}