steel research international最新文献_第6页

Formation Mechanism and Main Control Methods of Bright‐Band Defects in Strip Casting Based on Numerical Simulation 基于数值模拟的带钢铸造亮带缺陷形成机理及主要控制方法

IF 2.2 3区材料科学

steel research international Pub Date : 2024-08-29 DOI: 10.1002/srin.202400350

Yuchen Wang, Xiaoming Zhang, Yuanxiang Zhang, Zongwen Ma, Zhenlei Li, Feng Fang, Yang Wang, Guo Yuan

{"title":"Formation Mechanism and Main Control Methods of Bright‐Band Defects in Strip Casting Based on Numerical Simulation","authors":"Yuchen Wang, Xiaoming Zhang, Yuanxiang Zhang, Zongwen Ma, Zhenlei Li, Feng Fang, Yang Wang, Guo Yuan","doi":"10.1002/srin.202400350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202400350","url":null,"abstract":"Bright‐band defects frequently occur on as‐cast strips in the twin‐roll strip‐casting process, particularly at low‐casting speeds, with intervals of ≈200 mm. Additionally, the cast‐rolling force also exhibits minor fluctuations. With increasing casting speeds, the spacing between bright‐band defects widens, and the severity of these defects diminishes. When the casting speed reaches a certain threshold, defects almost entirely disappear. Detailed analysis of the underlying causes of this phenomenon is essential for effectively preventing defect formation. In this study, the numerical simulation method is employed to analyze casting rolls’ thermal deformation and the melt pool's solidification behavior, based on the production site equipment and process conditions. The causes of defects in as‐cast strips are thoroughly analyzed based on simulation results, in conjunction with variations in the cast‐rolling force. In this study, it is demonstrated that the thermal deformation of casting rolls and the position of the solidification endpoints collectively contribute to the fluctuations in cast‐rolling force and are the primary causes of bright‐band defects. Fundamental principles for preventing defects are provided based on actual on‐site production. Furthermore, simulation results contribute to establishing a theoretical basis for selecting process parameters and controlling cast‐rolling force during production.","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effect of the Tundish Inhibitor Design on the Flotation Efficiency of Nonmetallic Inclusions: Water Modeling and Mathematical Simulations by the Reynolds Stress Model 槽底抑制剂设计对非金属夹杂物浮选效率的影响：水模型和雷诺应力模型的数学模拟

IF 2.2 3区材料科学

steel research international Pub Date : 2024-08-29 DOI: 10.1002/srin.202400087

Alfonso Nájera‐Bastida, Rodolfo Dávila Morales, Javier Guarneros‐Guarneros, Jafeth Rodríguez‐Ávila, Oscar Joaquín Solís‐Marcial

{"title":"Effect of the Tundish Inhibitor Design on the Flotation Efficiency of Nonmetallic Inclusions: Water Modeling and Mathematical Simulations by the Reynolds Stress Model","authors":"Alfonso Nájera‐Bastida, Rodolfo Dávila Morales, Javier Guarneros‐Guarneros, Jafeth Rodríguez‐Ávila, Oscar Joaquín Solís‐Marcial","doi":"10.1002/srin.202400087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202400087","url":null,"abstract":"Numerical fluid simulations using the Reynolds stress model and water model experiments are conducted to test different designs of tundish turbulence inhibitors (A, B, C, D, and E) for their effectiveness in removing nonmetallic inclusions from steel. The results reveal a unique flow pattern, with a mushroom‐like shape forming around the entry jet. The acceleration of small eddies within this mushroom is a significant factor in inclusion removal. This discovery has practical implications for the steel industry, leading to a longer residence time in the entry jet mushroom and improved inclusion flotation performance. Additionally, the turbulent kinematic viscosity and Reynolds stress fields in the flow mushroom influence the tracer's local dispersion rate and the interactions of the inclusions in this region. These findings are further validated using a tundish water model to track the dynamics of amine particles injected into the ladle shroud, enhancing their practical relevance.","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Experimental and Fractographic Study of the Hydrogen‐Induced Cracking of 45CrNiMoVA Martensitic Advanced High‐Strength Steel 45CrNiMoVA 马氏体高级高强度钢氢气诱发裂纹的实验和断面研究

IF 2.2 3区材料科学

steel research international Pub Date : 2024-08-29 DOI: 10.1002/srin.202400369

Yunlong Li, Xiaodong Liu

{"title":"Experimental and Fractographic Study of the Hydrogen‐Induced Cracking of 45CrNiMoVA Martensitic Advanced High‐Strength Steel","authors":"Yunlong Li, Xiaodong Liu","doi":"10.1002/srin.202400369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202400369","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrogen‐induced cracking (HIC) in high‐strength 45CrNiMoVA steel is investigated using smooth and notched cylindrical specimens by performing uniaxial tensile tests. Specimens with different notch geometries are used to analyze the interacting effects of the stress concentration factor and HIC micromechanism. The results show that hydrogen charging reduces the elongation at fracture and the ultimate tensile strength of smooth tensile specimens. The microscopic fracture mode changes from ductile dimples with some quasicleavage fracture without hydrogen to a mixture of brittle quasicleavage and intergranular cracking with hydrogen. For notched specimens with a lower notch root radius, significant stress concentration occurs at the notch root, which enriches hydrogen in these highly stressed regions. This causes a lower notch tensile strength and greater susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement. Microfracture observations show that the area fraction of the intergranular cracking surface increases gradually, and the brittle zone moves farther away from the notch root upon decreasing the notch root radius, causing the embrittlement index to remain high. These results will help determine the applicability of existing steel for hydrogen service and also provide guidance for developing new high‐strength martensitic steels that can resist hydrogen embrittlement.","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Constitutive Modeling of High‐Temperature Deformation Behavior of Nonoriented Electrical Steels as Compared to Machine Learning 无取向电工钢高温变形行为的构造模型与机器学习的比较

IF 2.2 3区材料科学

steel research international Pub Date : 2024-08-29 DOI: 10.1002/srin.202300549

Gyanaranjan Mishra, Jubert Pasco, Thomas McCarthy, Kudakwashe Nyamuchiwa, Youliang He, Clodualdo Aranas

{"title":"Constitutive Modeling of High‐Temperature Deformation Behavior of Nonoriented Electrical Steels as Compared to Machine Learning","authors":"Gyanaranjan Mishra, Jubert Pasco, Thomas McCarthy, Kudakwashe Nyamuchiwa, Youliang He, Clodualdo Aranas","doi":"10.1002/srin.202300549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202300549","url":null,"abstract":"Hot rolling is a critical thermomechanical processing step for nonoriented electrical steel (NOES) to achieve optimal mechanical and magnetic properties. Depending on the silicon and carbon contents, the electrical steel may or may not undergo austenite–ferrite phase transformation during hot rolling, which requires different process controls as the austenite and ferrite show different flow stresses at high temperatures. Herein, the high‐temperature flow behaviors of two nonoriented electrical steels with silicon contents of 1.3 and 3.2 wt% are investigated through hot compression tests. The hot deformation temperature is varied from 850 to 1050 °C, and the strain rate is differentiated from 0.01 to 1.0 s−1. The measured stress‐strain data are fitted using various constitutive models (combined with optimization techniques), namely, Johnson–Cook, modified Johnson–Cook, Zener–Hollomon, Hensel–Spittel, modified Hensel–Spittel, and modified Zerilli–Armstrong. The results are also compared with a model based on deep neural network (DNN). It is shown that the Hensel–Spittel model results in the smallest average absolute relative error among all the constitutive models, and the DNN model can perfectly track almost all the experimental flow stresses over the entire ranges of temperature, strain rate, and strain.","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Hot Deformation Behavior and Numerical Simulation of 40CrNiMo Steel for Wind Turbine Pulley Shafts 风力涡轮机滑轮轴用 40CrNiMo 钢的热变形行为和数值模拟

IF 2.2 3区材料科学

steel research international Pub Date : 2024-08-29 DOI: 10.1002/srin.202400134

Hongyu Wei, Wensheng Liu, Ke Zhang, Wei Wei, Qun Wu, Mingya Zhang, Xiaoping Tao, Hongyan Liu

{"title":"Hot Deformation Behavior and Numerical Simulation of 40CrNiMo Steel for Wind Turbine Pulley Shafts","authors":"Hongyu Wei, Wensheng Liu, Ke Zhang, Wei Wei, Qun Wu, Mingya Zhang, Xiaoping Tao, Hongyan Liu","doi":"10.1002/srin.202400134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202400134","url":null,"abstract":"The hot deformation behavior (T = 800–1100 °C, = 0.01–10 s−1) of 40CrNiMo steel for wind turbine pulley shafts was studied by Gleeble‐3800 thermomechanical simulator. A constitutive equation and hot processing map are established based on the friction and temperature correction curves. The most available hot processing parameters are determined by combining microstructure analysis. The temperature fields and effective strain fields under different deformation conditions are simulated by Deform‐3D software. The results indicate that the effect of friction on the flow curves is greater than that of temperature rise, the activation energy Q of hot deformation for 40CrNiMo steel calculated based on the theoretical calculation is 368.292 kJ mol−1. The constitutive model based on strain compensation has high accuracy, with an average relative error of 6.65% and a correlation coefficient of 0.987. The optimum hot processing interval is at a deformation temperature of 950–1050 °C and a strain rate of 0.03–0.25 s−1, which has a high‐power dissipation value and avoids the instability region. Additionally, numerical simulation results show that the temperature field distribution is uniform in this deformation range, and the standard deviation of the effective strain is low, making it suitable for hot processing.","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effect of CaO/Al2O3 Ratio in Fluorine‐Free Refining Slag with Low Basicity on the Cleanliness of SWRS82B Steel 低碱性无氟精炼渣中的 CaO/Al2O3 比对 SWRS82B 钢洁净度的影响

IF 2.2 3区材料科学

steel research international Pub Date : 2024-08-28 DOI: 10.1002/srin.202400314

Ruiqi Luo, Yudong Zhao, Linzhu Wang, Chaoyi Chen, Junqi Li

{"title":"Effect of CaO/Al2O3 Ratio in Fluorine‐Free Refining Slag with Low Basicity on the Cleanliness of SWRS82B Steel","authors":"Ruiqi Luo, Yudong Zhao, Linzhu Wang, Chaoyi Chen, Junqi Li","doi":"10.1002/srin.202400314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202400314","url":null,"abstract":"A fluorine‐free quaternary CaO–Al2O3–SiO2–MgO refining slag for SWRS82B coil steel is studied by considering the requirements of the steel wire. Laboratory experiments are conducted to study the equilibrium and kinetics of steel–slag reactions. The physical and chemical properties of refining slags, including the melting temperature, viscosity, and MgO solubility, are estimated by FactSage7.2 calculation. The cleanliness of SWRS82B steel refined by slags with a basicity of 1 and C/A ratio in the range of 1.36–7.13 is studied systematically. The plasticity of inclusions is studied by phase diagram and Young modulus calculation. Deoxidizing capacity and desulfurization capacity of refining slags are discussed by kinetic calculation of steel–slag reactions based on FactSage7.2 macro‐editing and the kungliga tekniska högskolan model. Slag with a composition of 42%CaO–47%SiO2–4%Al2O3–7%MgO has the best refining effect, in which impurity elements are lowest and plastic inclusions with the smallest size and least quantity are obtained. The impurity elements oxygen and sulfur in steel can be controlled for 29 and 75 ppm, respectively. The average size of inclusions is 1.54 μm. The majority of inclusions are in a liquid state at 1600 °C and Young modulus of the inclusions ranges from 99.78 to 152.87 GPa.","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Classification of Cast Iron Alloys through Convolutional Neural Networks Applied on Optical Microscopy Images 通过应用于光学显微镜图像的卷积神经网络对铸铁合金进行分类

IF 2.2 3区材料科学

steel research international Pub Date : 2024-08-28 DOI: 10.1002/srin.202400120

Marta Bárcena, Lara Lloret Iglesias, Diego Ferreño, Isidro Carrascal

{"title":"Classification of Cast Iron Alloys through Convolutional Neural Networks Applied on Optical Microscopy Images","authors":"Marta Bárcena, Lara Lloret Iglesias, Diego Ferreño, Isidro Carrascal","doi":"10.1002/srin.202400120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202400120","url":null,"abstract":"Classification of cast iron alloys based on graphite morphology plays a crucial role in materials science and engineering. Traditionally, this classification has relied on visual analysis, a method that is not only time‐consuming but also suffers from subjectivity, leading to inconsistencies. This study introduces a novel approach utilizing convolutional neural networks—MobileNet for image classification and U‐Net for semantic segmentation—to automate the classification process of cast iron alloys. A significant challenge in this domain is the limited availability of diverse and comprehensive datasets necessary for training effective machine learning models. This is addressed by generating a synthetic dataset, creating a rich collection of 2400 pure and 1500 mixed images based on the ISO 945‐1:2019 standard. This ensures a robust training process, enhancing the model's ability to generalize across various morphologies of graphite particles. The findings showcase a remarkable accuracy in classifying cast iron alloys (achieving an overall accuracy of 98.9 ± 0.4%—and exceeding 97% for all six classes—for classification of pure images and ranging between 84% and 93% for semantic segmentation of mixed images) and also demonstrate the model's ability to consistently identify and graphite morphology with a level of precision and speed unattainable through manual methods.","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effect of Quenching Post‐Intercritical Austenitizing on the Microstructure and Tensile Properties of an K55 Grade Steel for Oil and Gas Industry 跨临界奥氏体化后淬火对石油天然气工业用 K55 级钢微观结构和拉伸性能的影响

IF 2.2 3区材料科学

steel research international Pub Date : 2024-08-28 DOI: 10.1002/srin.202400478

Verônica Stela da Silva Lima, Arthur Cançado Schuttenberg, Geraldo Lúcio de Faria

{"title":"Effect of Quenching Post‐Intercritical Austenitizing on the Microstructure and Tensile Properties of an K55 Grade Steel for Oil and Gas Industry","authors":"Verônica Stela da Silva Lima, Arthur Cançado Schuttenberg, Geraldo Lúcio de Faria","doi":"10.1002/srin.202400478","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202400478","url":null,"abstract":"The API K55 grade steel is widely utilized in seamless pipes for oil and gas exploration, especially as casing pipes for wellbores. Traditionally, this steel is processed using hot rolling followed by quenching and tempering to achieve the desired dimensional and microstructural characteristics, balancing high strength with ductility. This article introduces an alternative method to attaining the required tensile properties for API K55 grade steel by employing a biphasic microstructure (ferrite/martensite) achieved through quenching post‐intercritical austenitizing heat treatment to high‐strength‐low‐alloy steel. Thermodynamic simulations and dilatometric experiments revealed that increasing the austenitizing temperature enhances austenite formation, decreasing significantly its carbon content, which facilitates martensitic transformation and increases the Ms and Mf temperatures. A complete phase transformation mapping was presented, highlighting how the austenitizing temperature influences martensitic transformation kinetics during the quenching heat treatment. It was concluded that austenitizing at 750 °C, followed by quenching and short tempering at 650 °C, produced a biphasic microstructure with 30% ferrite and 70% martensite, providing a favorable balance between mechanical strength and ductility that meets the API K55 grade requirements, surpassing traditional methods in the industry.","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Ferritic–Martensitic Steels in Power Industry: Microstructure, Degradation Mechanism, and Strengthening Methods 电力工业中的铁素体-马氏体钢：显微结构、降解机理和强化方法

IF 2.2 3区材料科学

steel research international Pub Date : 2024-08-26 DOI: 10.1002/srin.202400372

Hanyang Jiang, Xin Huang, Yihui Feng, Wei Xiong, Zhenyu Jin, Guangjian Peng

{"title":"Ferritic–Martensitic Steels in Power Industry: Microstructure, Degradation Mechanism, and Strengthening Methods","authors":"Hanyang Jiang, Xin Huang, Yihui Feng, Wei Xiong, Zhenyu Jin, Guangjian Peng","doi":"10.1002/srin.202400372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202400372","url":null,"abstract":"Ferritic–martensitic (F–M) steels are widely used for high‐temperature pressure vessels and reactor cladding structures in power plants. The high operating temperatures and pressures, as well as the radiation environment, significantly challenge the mechanical stability of these steels. Here, the degradation mechanisms in F–M steels during creep and thermal aging under these harsh environments are reviewed. The exceptional mechanical properties of F–M steels are mainly attributed to their well‐constructed microstructures and chemical compositions. Microstructural barriers such as dislocations, solid solution atoms, and precipitates play key roles in resisting degradation. During the long‐term service, the microstructures undergo gradual evolution, resulting in a deterioration of mechanical properties at the macrolevel. In addition to the degradation mechanisms, some recent advancements in strengthening methods, including microalloying strengthening, thermomechanical treatment (TMT), and oxide dispersion strengthening, are summarized, aimed at the development of next‐generation F–M steels. The strengthening of the F–M steels is mainly achieved by enhancing the thermal stability of their microstructures. Insight into both the deterioration mechanisms and strengthening methods of F–M steels may pave the way for new approaches in developing high‐performance steels for applications in next‐generation power plants operating at ultrahigh operating temperatures and pressures.","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effects of Silicon and Aluminum Alloying on Phase Transformation and Microstructure Evolution in Fe–0.2C–2.5Mn Steel: Insights from Continuous–Cooling–Transformation and Time–Temperature–Transformation Diagrams 硅和铝合金对 Fe-0.2C-2.5Mn 钢中相变和显微组织演变的影响：从连续冷却-转变和时间-温度-转变图中获得的启示

IF 2.2 3区材料科学

steel research international Pub Date : 2024-08-26 DOI: 10.1002/srin.202400159

Oguz Gulbay, Alexander Gramlich, Ulrich Krupp

{"title":"Effects of Silicon and Aluminum Alloying on Phase Transformation and Microstructure Evolution in Fe–0.2C–2.5Mn Steel: Insights from Continuous–Cooling–Transformation and Time–Temperature–Transformation Diagrams","authors":"Oguz Gulbay, Alexander Gramlich, Ulrich Krupp","doi":"10.1002/srin.202400159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202400159","url":null,"abstract":"The impact of silicon and aluminum on phase transformation behavior, particularly bainite, and microstructure evolution in Fe–0.2C–2.5Mn steel are presented. Continuous–cooling–transformation (CCT) and time–temperature–transformation (TTT) diagrams are determined experimentally. An aluminum extended empirical formula is introduced to estimate the martensite start temperature (Ms) with a thorough assessment of existing formulae. Results show that aluminum significantly increases Ms and has a stronger influence on promoting ferritic microstructures than silicon. During continuous cooling, alongside bainite, formation of Widmanstätten structures is induced in aluminum‐alloyed steel at higher cooling rates due to increased prior austenite grain size. Silicon decelerates bainite transformation kinetics by enhancing austenite's chemical stability through carbon enrichment via preventing carbide precipitation and by strengthening austenite against displacive phase transformation via solid solution hardening. Although aluminum has similar effects, incubation time is shortened during isothermal treatment because of the increased driving force, which overcompensates for the retardation effects. A finer carbide‐free bainitic microstructure is achieved in aluminum‐alloyed steel with more pronounced film‐like retained austenite (RA) formation and superior carbon enrichment, improving RA stability and suppressing martensite–austenite island formation. Finally, with the proposed formula, an accurate approximation to experimental Ms is accomplished.","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0