steel research international最新文献

{"title":"Barriers to Steel Decarbonization","authors":"Pasquale Cavaliere","doi":"10.1002/srin.202501317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202501317","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions are a leading contributor to global climate change, necessitating urgent mitigation strategies. While various metrics—such as total national emissions, per-capita output, and historical contributions—define responsibility, determining accountability remains complex. Historically, emissions were minimal before the Industrial Revolution, but fossil fuel combustion has triggered an exponential rise in CO₂ levels since the mid-20th century. The geographic distribution of emissions has shifted over time. The United States and Europe dominated emissions throughout the 20th century, but Asia's industrial expansion has altered global patterns. China now leads in emissions, followed by the United States and the European Union, with per-capita outputs differing significantly across regions. Fossil fuel combustion, particularly through coal, oil, and natural gas, remains the primary source of emissions, with the energy sector alone contributing approximately 40% of global CO₂ output. In response, the renewable energy market has expanded, with nations setting ambitious decarbonization targets through investments in solar, wind, hydropower, and other clean technologies. Steel production is a key contributor to industrial emissions, with conventional blast furnace–basic oxygen furnace (BF–BOF) methods dominating global output. However, sustainability concerns have accelerated the shift toward electric arc furnace (EAF) technology and direct reduced iron (DRI) integration, which offer efficiency benefits and lower emissions. Despite efforts to decarbonize, the iron and steel sector continues to rely heavily on coal, complicating global climate goals. This industry accounts for 11% of global CO₂ emissions, making net-zero commitments crucial for long-term environmental sustainability. Major steel manufacturers have pledged to reduce emissions, with technological innovations such as hydrogen-based production and carbon capture playing a vital role. Projects like SSAB's HYBRIT initiative highlight the feasibility of fossil-free steel production, but economic, technological, and logistical challenges remain. Investment in infrastructure, electrolyzer technology, and hydrogen storage solutions is necessary to ensure long-term viability. Policy interventions, including financial incentives and regulatory frameworks, will be critical in scaling green steel initiatives. The transition to low-emission steelmaking requires collaboration across industries, technological innovation, and supportive policy frameworks. Nations worldwide are adopting various decarbonization strategies, prioritizing electric arc furnace (EAF) expansion, DRI integration, and the retrofitting of existing BFs. Hydrogen-based steel production presents unique challenges but offers a pathway to achieving net-zero emissions in the sector.</p>","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"97 9","pages":"4415-4437"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/srin.202501317","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148862247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computer Modeling of the Ferrite-To-Austenite Transformation in a Super-Duplex Stainless Steel and the Important Role of Trans-Interface Diffusion","authors":"A. Salwén,&nbsp;T. Müller,&nbsp;S. Nouhi,&nbsp;J. Y. Jonsson","doi":"10.1002/srin.70472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.70472","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Duplex stainless steels have high strength and corrosion resistance. They are prone to embrittlement due to intermetallic phases, such as the sigma phase, which forms during inappropriate heat treatments. The ferrite-to-austenite phase transformation is important here, as ferrite becomes enriched in Cr and Mo and depleted in Ni and N, which facilitates the nucleation and growth of intermetallic phases.</p><p>A new simulation model for multiphase, multicomponent systems is proposed, which solves volume diffusion with a moving boundary with high accuracy. A model for trans-interface diffusion is presented and volume diffusion and trans-interface diffusion are solved simultaneously for all atomic species. The interface migration is determined by minimization of the total Gibbs energy.</p><p>Simulations of the austenite growth during cooling are compared to experimental data obtained from in situ high-energy X-ray diffraction. A promising agreement is obtained between computer simulation and experiment for the austenite growth during slow cooling of a hot-rolled sample with a lamellar structure of austenite in a ferrite matrix. It is shown that omission of trans-interface diffusion can initially more than halve the transformation speed and leads to numerical instability. There are good reasons that the presented model can be applied to diffusional transformations in other systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"97 9","pages":"4483-4493"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/srin.70472","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148862439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling the Synergistic Mechanisms for Ultrahigh Plasticity and Soft Magnetism in Fe-Co-Ni-Al-Cu-Mo High-Entropy Alloys","authors":"Xinhua Wang,&nbsp;Chunyan Li,&nbsp;Bing Wang,&nbsp;Longpeng Yang,&nbsp;Shuyan Zhang,&nbsp;Hanxin Wang,&nbsp;Shengzhong Kou","doi":"10.1002/srin.202501152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202501152","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study focuses on Fe-Co-Ni-Al-Cu-Mo system high-entropy alloys (HEAs), aiming to address the challenge of achieving synergistic optimization of “magnetic properties-mechanical properties properties” in traditional soft magnetic materials. By designing the Fe₄₅Co₃₀Ni₁₀Al₇Cu₃Mo₅ (Mo5) high-entropy alloy and combining characterization techniques such as XRD, SEM, TEM, EBSD, MFM, and DFT calculations, the correlation between its microstructure and properties was systematically investigated. The results show that the Mo5 alloy forms a fine and uniform multiphase structure dominated by the BCC phase (85.4%) with the presence of <i>σ</i> phase (13.5%). This structure enables an excellent strength-ductility balance, achieving over 100% plasticity and a yield strength of 763 MPa. The underlying mechanisms include grain refinement strengthening, diffusion-assisted grain boundary sliding promoted by semicoherent interfaces, and dynamic dislocation recovery. In terms of soft magnetic properties, the Mo5 alloy exhibits a saturation magnetization of 117.6 emu/g and a coercivity of 16.83 Oe. The <i>σ</i> phase and fine grain boundaries enhance coercivity through magnetic domain pinning. Although Mo-induced orbital hybridization weakens local magnetic moments, the significant difference in spin density of states still maintains strong magnetism in the alloy. This study provides a theoretical basis for the synergistic regulation of “magnetism-mechanics properties” in high-entropy alloys.</p>","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"97 9","pages":"4494-4505"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148862505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of Strengthening and Toughening Mechanisms in a V-Microalloyed 07MnSiCuCrNi Weathering Steel and Its Fine-Grained Heat-Affected Zone","authors":"Lu Zhu,&nbsp;Bo Gao,&nbsp;Liping Gao,&nbsp;Kangwei Hu,&nbsp;Yinpeng Wang,&nbsp;Chunhui Jiang,&nbsp;Yanguang Cao,&nbsp;Zhaodong Li","doi":"10.1002/srin.202501222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202501222","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Under complex service conditions such as extreme plateau climate, frequent geological disasters, and marine environments characterized by high temperature and humidity, weathering steels must exhibit superior comprehensive properties. The present work studied the composition and process design of high-strength and toughness matching in 550 MPa grade V-containing weathering bridge steel through hot rolling, tempering, and welding thermal simulation testing. The results demonstrate that the microstructure of the experimental steels is composed of granular bainite and lath bainite, with dislocation strengthening and fine-grain strengthening acting as the primary strengthening mechanisms. V-microalloying (0.03–0.06 wt% V) combined with finish cooling temperature control (515°C–545°C) and tempering (550°C–600°C) can achieve an excellent combination of high strength (601–687 MPa), high toughness (240–270 J), and low yield ratio (0.78–0.84). Welding thermal simulation results indicated that under a low heat input of 20 kJ/cm, the fine-grained heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the 0.03 V steel exhibited higher hardness than the 0V steel. Its impact energy reached 197 J, only 21 J lower than that of the 0V steel. Whereas the impact toughness of the 0.06 V steel significantly decreased to 15 J. When the heat input was increased to 30 kJ/cm, the impact energy of the HAZ decreased to 78, 19, and 6 J for the 0, 0.03, and 0.06 V steels, respectively. The toughness reduction is attributed to grain coarsening, a lower density of high-angle boundaries, and an increased content and size of M/A islands. Considering both base metal and welding performance, a V content of 0.03 wt% combined with a heat input of 20 kJ/cm represents the optimal processing window, achieving an excellent combination of high strength and high toughness.</p>","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"97 9","pages":"4628-4646"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148862519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on Head Deviation Control Method of Finishing Strip Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning","authors":"Hecai Wang,&nbsp;Quan Yang,&nbsp;Guangyi Song,&nbsp;Hainan He,&nbsp;Zhuohao Dai,&nbsp;Xiaochen Wang,&nbsp;Dong Xu","doi":"10.1002/srin.202501194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202501194","url":null,"abstract":"<p>During hot-strip production, lateral head off-tracking at the finisher exit degrades strip quality and destabilizes line operation, forming a key bottleneck to further improvements in flatness accuracy and unmanned operation. To address the issues of response latency, tuning complexity, and limited adaptability inherent in manual control, this study proposes a deep reinforcement learning (DRL)-based method for head deviation control in finishing rolling. Targeting higher control accuracy and system stability, we first define a process-parameter framework governing off-tracking and select representative variables—strip width and thickness, interstand rolling-force asymmetry, work-roll-bending force, flow-stress coefficient, and historical deviation records. On this basis, a particle swarm optimization–support vector regression (PSO–SVR) model is employed to predict deviation, providing feedforward information to the controller. We then introduce a deep Q-network (DQN), formulated under a Markov Decision Process (MDP), to learn the control policy; closed-loop regulation is achieved by adjusting key actuator setpoints (e.g., preset gap differential). The method was deployed and tested on an industrial 2250 mm hot-strip mill under real production conditions. Across multiple steel grades, it reduced head deviation by about 30% on average, improving flatness quality and operational stability. These results provide a practical basis and engineering reference for intelligent control of strip rolling and indicate strong prospects for broad industrial adoption.</p>","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"97 9","pages":"4473-4482"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148862284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on the Effects of Combined Addition of Ce and Zr on the Microstructure and Properties of Fe–36Ni Invar Alloy","authors":"Qi Wang,&nbsp;Yanwu Dong,&nbsp;Zhouhua Jiang,&nbsp;Yipeng Yu,&nbsp;Jing Wang,&nbsp;Xi Luo,&nbsp;Jinglin Zhang,&nbsp;Jianfu Zhang","doi":"10.1002/srin.202501325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202501325","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To develop Invar alloys with both high strength and low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), this study introduces a novel combined addition approach involving cerium (Ce) and zirconium (Zr). It systematically investigates the impacts of Ce and Zr on the microstructure, mechanical properties, thermal expansion behavior and corrosion resistance of Fe–36Ni Invar alloy. Compared to alloys containing a single addition of either Ce or Zr, the combined-treated alloy exhibits a finer grain size. The low-angle grain boundary fraction and dislocation density of the combined-treated alloy are comparable to those of the alloy with an equivalent amount of Zr added individually. The Fe–36Ni Invar alloy, treated with a combination of Ce and Zr, exhibits excellent comprehensive mechanical properties (yield strength: 408 ± 4 MPa, tensile strength: 508 ± 6 MPa, elongation: 33.6 ± 1.4%). It also achieves a lower CTE of (0.58 ± 0.10) × 10⁻⁶°C⁻¹ over the temperature range of 20–100°C. The grain refinement, matrix purification, and potential supplementary effect of dislocation-associated residual stress collectively contribute to the alloy in attaining the minimum CTE. Moreover, the addition of Ce effectively mitigates the detrimental impact of Zr on corrosion resistance by reducing pitting initiation sensitivity and optimizing passivation film characteristics.</p>","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"97 9","pages":"4551-4560"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148862485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Agglomeration Behavior of Nonmetallic Particles on the Surface of Si-Killed Liquid Steel Using HT-CSLM: An In Situ Investigation","authors":"Suwam Kumar,&nbsp;Muhammad Nabeel,&nbsp;Angshuman Podder,&nbsp;Andre B. Phillion,&nbsp;Neslihan Dogan","doi":"10.1002/srin.202501171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202501171","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;While extensive research has focused on the agglomeration of Al&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$_{2}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;O&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$_{3}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; inclusions in low-carbon, Al-killed steels, the behavior of non-Al&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$_{2}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;O&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$_{3}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; inclusions in Si- and Si/Mn-killed steels remains poorly understood—despite their widespread industrial use and importance for steel cleanliness. This study investigates the in situ agglomeration of semisolid Al–silicate inclusions in Si-killed steel using high-temperature confocal scanning laser microscopy. Particle velocity, acceleration, and attractive forces at the steel/argon interface were measured directly. A modified capillary interaction model, based on the Kralchevsky–Paunov framework, was applied to calculate interparticle forces and showed good agreement with experimental results. Compared to Al&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$_{2}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;O&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$_{3}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; inclusions in Al-killed steel, Al–silicate inclusions exhibited significantly weaker attractive forces (10&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;16&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 ","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"97 9","pages":"4525-4536"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/srin.202501171","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148862438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic Optimization of Carbon Emissions and Economic Performance in Stainless Steelmaking Using CO2 as an Auxiliary Oxidant","authors":"Yun Zhou,&nbsp;Yuxiang Chen,&nbsp;Tianhao Sun,&nbsp;Jie Li","doi":"10.1002/srin.202501116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202501116","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article explores low-carbon pathways for stainless steelmaking by focusing on 400-series stainless steel and developing an integrated model that combines mass–energy balance, carbon-emission accounting, and economic assessment. The model is used to evaluate the comprehensive effects of employing CO₂ as an auxiliary oxidant in smelting. Results show that CO₂ can partially substitute for O₂ and N₂ while enhancing bath stirring, thereby reducing chromium oxidation losses; at a 7.5% injection ratio, ferrosilicon and lime consumption decrease by 11.8% and 8.6%, respectively. However, the strongly endothermic CO₂-[C] reaction lowers the melt temperature by up to 18.1 K, requiring reduced scrap and increased raw material input, which partly offsets emission-reduction gains. Carbon-emission analysis reveals a dual effect: without considering cooling, emissions per ton of steel decline by 13.0%, whereas with cooling, net reductions remain but with reduced magnitude. Economic evaluation indicates that the viability of this technology is highly sensitive to carbon-pricing policies; under carbon taxation, its emission advantage translates into economic benefit, enabling joint environmental and economic optimization. Building on these findings, an internal recirculation scheme is proposed, which captures and reuses CO₂ from the process off gas, presenting a feasible and economically promising pathway toward near-zero-carbon stainless steelmaking.</p>","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"97 8","pages":"4185-4192"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148704387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermodynamic Modeling of Sn–C and Fe–Sn–C Systems for the Tramp Elements Control in Steel Production","authors":"Won-Bum Park,&nbsp;Michael Bernhard,&nbsp;Youn-Bae Kang","doi":"10.1002/srin.202500416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202500416","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The increasing use of low-grade ores and ferrous scrap introduces tramp elements such as Sn into iron and steel, which are difficult to remove by conventional methods. This study investigates the behavior of Sn in the Fe–Sn–C system through experiments and thermodynamic modeling using the modified quasichemical model for the liquid phase within the CALculation of PHAse Diagrams framework. The model accurately predicts carbon solubility in liquid, liquid–liquid miscibility, and the activity coefficient of Sn over a wide range of temperatures and carbon concentrations. Key thermodynamic properties including activity coefficient of Sn in liquid, vapor pressures, and partition coefficient of Sn between solid and liquid are derived to identify optimal conditions for Sn removal. Interaction parameters are derived from the developed thermodynamic model for the liquid steel. These findings offer a foundation for industrial application of evaporation-based refining methods to control tramp elements.</p>","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"97 8","pages":"4246-4260"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/srin.202500416","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148704466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using Thermodynamics and Microstructure to Mitigate Overfitting in Pellet Reduction Models","authors":"Ömer K. Büyükuslu,&nbsp;Fabrice Yang,&nbsp;Dierk Raabe,&nbsp;Moritz to Baben,&nbsp;Anna L. Ravensburg","doi":"10.1002/srin.202500263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202500263","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Direct reduction of iron involves complex, multiscale phenomena, encompassing solid-state phase transformations and gas transport through pores that must be accurately represented for predictive industrial implementation. Here, we present a thermodynamically sound pellet-scale model that describes these mechanisms and can serve as a foundation for improving the understanding of pellet reduction kinetics in H₂/CO-containing atmospheres. The model assumes that the gas phase remains in thermodynamic equilibrium instantly adjusting to any changes in composition. This reduces the number of fitting parameters drastically compared to other existing models, while maintaining a strict thermodynamic upper bound estimate. A driving force term is included in the reaction rate equation ensuring that the three iron oxide reduction steps and the formation of graphite and cementite in carbon-containing gases occur only if they are thermodynamically possible. It is demonstrated that fitting kinetic parameters based on conversion degree data alone leads to overfitting. This is true both for existing models and the model introduced here, despite the fact that the latter contains fewer parameters. To overcome this overfitting problem, spatially resolved microstructural data at key reduction stages can be considered, as shown here for recently reported data for a pellet reduced in H₂ atmosphere.</p>","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"97 8","pages":"4097-4107"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/srin.202500263","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148704239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}