Space Science Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Extragalactic Science with the Orbiting Astronomical Satellite Investigating Stellar Systems (OASIS) Observatory.","authors":"Susanne Aalto,&nbsp;Cara Battersby,&nbsp;Gordon Chin,&nbsp;Leslie K Hunt,&nbsp;Dimitra Rigopoulou,&nbsp;Antony A Stark,&nbsp;Serena Viti,&nbsp;Christopher K Walker","doi":"10.1007/s11214-023-00948-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-023-00948-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The <i>Orbiting Astronomical Satellite for Investigating Stellar Systems (OASIS)</i>, a proposed Astrophysics MIDEX-class mission concept, has an innovative 14-meter diameter inflatable primary mirror that will provide the sensitivity to study far-infrared continuum and line emission from galaxies at all redshifts with high spectral resolution heterodyne receivers. <i>OASIS</i> will have the sensitivity to follow the water trail from galaxies to the comets that create oceans. It will bring an understanding of the role of water in galaxy evolution and its part of the oxygen budget, by measuring water emission from local to intermediate redshift galaxies, observations that have not been possible from the ground. Observation of the ground-state HD line will accurately measure gas mass in a wide variety of astrophysical objects. Thanks to its exquisite spatial resolution and sensitivity, <i>OASIS</i> will, during its one-year baseline mission, detect water in galaxies with unprecedented statistical significance. This paper reviews the extragalactic science achievable and planned with <i>OASIS</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"219 1","pages":"9"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9895007/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10673815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Relativistic Proton Spectrometer: A Review of Sensor Performance, Applications, and Science.","authors":"J E Mazur,&nbsp;T P O'Brien,&nbsp;M D Looper","doi":"10.1007/s11214-023-00962-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-023-00962-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Relativistic Proton Spectrometer (RPS) on the Van Allen Probes spacecraft was a particle spectrometer designed to measure the flux, angular distribution, and energy spectrum of protons from <math><mo>∼</mo> <mn>60</mn> <mspace></mspace> <mtext>MeV</mtext></math> to <math><mo>∼</mo> <mn>2000</mn> <mspace></mspace> <mtext>MeV</mtext></math> . RPS provided new information about the inner Van Allen belt: a nearby region of space that had been relatively unexplored because of the difficulties of making charged particle measurements there and the associated hazards to satellite operations. We met the primary mission objective of providing accurate data for the AP9 radiation specification model at the high energies where there were little to no data prior to the Van Allen Probes mission. Along the way, we were able to demonstrate the long-term stability of parts of the Inner Belt by comparison with short-lived space science missions that operated decades prior to Van Allen Probes. The most significant surprises were the agreement between RPS and some of those historical measurements and the discovery of a trapped population of <math><mo>></mo> <mn>30</mn> <mspace></mspace> <mtext>MeV</mtext></math> leptons at the outer edge of the inner belt. This end-of-mission paper summarizes the instrument performance, calibration, data products, and specific science and engineering results, and includes suggestions for future investigations of intense radiation fields like those found within the inner belt.</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"219 3","pages":"26"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10076393/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9273556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulations of Solar and Stellar Dynamos and Their Theoretical Interpretation.","authors":"Petri J Käpylä,&nbsp;Matthew K Browning,&nbsp;Allan Sacha Brun,&nbsp;Gustavo Guerrero,&nbsp;Jörn Warnecke","doi":"10.1007/s11214-023-01005-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11214-023-01005-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We review the state of the art of three dimensional numerical simulations of solar and stellar dynamos. We summarize fundamental constraints of numerical modelling and the techniques to alleviate these restrictions. Brief summary of the relevant observations that the simulations seek to capture is given. We survey the current progress of simulations of solar convection and the resulting large-scale dynamo. We continue to studies that model the Sun at different ages and to studies of stars of different masses and evolutionary stages. Both simulations and observations indicate that rotation, measured by the Rossby number which is the ratio of rotation period and convective turnover time, is a key ingredient in setting the overall level and characteristics of magnetic activity. Finally, efforts to understand global 3D simulations in terms of mean-field dynamo theory are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"219 7","pages":"58"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10567938/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41238587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magnetic Field Modeling and Visualization of the Europa Clipper Spacecraft.","authors":"Corey J Cochrane, Neil Murphy, Carol A Raymond, John B Biersteker, Katherine Dang, Xianzhe Jia, Haje Korth, Pablo Narvaez, Jodie B Ream, Benjamin P Weiss","doi":"10.1007/s11214-023-00974-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11214-023-00974-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The goal of NASA's Europa Clipper Mission is to investigate the habitability of the subsurface ocean within the Jovian moon Europa using a suite of ten investigations. The Europa Clipper Magnetometer (ECM) and Plasma Instrument for Magnetic Sounding (PIMS) investigations will be used in unison to characterize the thickness and electrical conductivity of Europa's subsurface ocean and the thickness of the ice shell by sensing the induced magnetic field, driven by the strong time-varying magnetic field of the Jovian environment. However, these measurements will be obscured by the magnetic field originating from the Europa Clipper spacecraft. In this work, a magnetic field model of the Europa Clipper spacecraft is presented, characterized with over 260 individual magnetic sources comprising various ferromagnetic and soft-magnetic materials, compensation magnets, solenoids, and dynamic electrical currents flowing within the spacecraft. This model is used to evaluate the magnetic field at arbitrary points around the spacecraft, notably at the locations of the three fluxgate magnetometer sensors and four Faraday cups which make up ECM and PIMS, respectively. The model is also used to evaluate the magnetic field uncertainty at these locations via a Monte Carlo approach. Furthermore, both linear and non-linear gradiometry fitting methods are presented to demonstrate the ability to reliably disentangle the spacecraft field from the ambient using an array of three fluxgate magnetometer sensors mounted along an 8.5-meter (m) long boom. The method is also shown to be useful for optimizing the locations of the magnetometer sensors along the boom. Finally, we illustrate how the model can be used to visualize the magnetic field lines of the spacecraft, thus providing very insightful information for each investigation.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11214-023-00974-y.</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"219 4","pages":"34"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10220138/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9710424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating Europa's Habitability with the Europa Clipper.","authors":"Steven D Vance, Kathleen L Craft, Everett Shock, Britney E Schmidt, Jonathan Lunine, Kevin P Hand, William B McKinnon, Elizabeth M Spiers, Chase Chivers, Justin D Lawrence, Natalie Wolfenbarger, Erin J Leonard, Kirtland J Robinson, Marshall J Styczinski, Divya M Persaud, Gregor Steinbrügge, Mikhail Y Zolotov, Lynnae C Quick, Jennifer E C Scully, Tracy M Becker, Samuel M Howell, Roger N Clark, Andrew J Dombard, Christopher R Glein, Olivier Mousis, Mark A Sephton, Julie Castillo-Rogez, Francis Nimmo, Alfred S McEwen, Murthy S Gudipati, Insoo Jun, Xianzhe Jia, Frank Postberg, Krista M Soderlund, Catherine M Elder","doi":"10.1007/s11214-023-01025-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11214-023-01025-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The habitability of Europa is a property within a system, which is driven by a multitude of physical and chemical processes and is defined by many interdependent parameters, so that its full characterization requires collaborative investigation. To explore Europa as an integrated system to yield a complete picture of its habitability, the Europa Clipper mission has three primary science objectives: (1) characterize the ice shell and ocean including their heterogeneity, properties, and the nature of surface-ice-ocean exchange; (2) characterize Europa's composition including any non-ice materials on the surface and in the atmosphere, and any carbon-containing compounds; and (3) characterize Europa's geology including surface features and localities of high science interest. The mission will also address several cross-cutting science topics including the search for any current or recent activity in the form of thermal anomalies and plumes, performing geodetic and radiation measurements, and assessing high-resolution, co-located observations at select sites to provide reconnaissance for a potential future landed mission. Synthesizing the mission's science measurements, as well as incorporating remote observations by Earth-based observatories, the James Webb Space Telescope, and other space-based resources, to constrain Europa's habitability, is a complex task and is guided by the mission's Habitability Assessment Board (HAB).</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"219 8","pages":"81"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10687213/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138478607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Future Exploration of the Outer Heliosphere and Very Local Interstellar Medium by Interstellar Probe.","authors":"P C Brandt, E Provornikova, S D Bale, A Cocoros, R DeMajistre, K Dialynas, H A Elliott, S Eriksson, B Fields, A Galli, M E Hill, M Horanyi, T Horbury, S Hunziker, P Kollmann, J Kinnison, G Fountain, S M Krimigis, W S Kurth, J Linsky, C M Lisse, K E Mandt, W Magnes, R L McNutt, J Miller, E Moebius, P Mostafavi, M Opher, L Paxton, F Plaschke, A R Poppe, E C Roelof, K Runyon, S Redfield, N Schwadron, V Sterken, P Swaczyna, J Szalay, D Turner, H Vannier, R Wimmer-Schweingruber, P Wurz, E J Zirnstein","doi":"10.1007/s11214-022-00943-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11214-022-00943-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A detailed overview of the knowledge gaps in our understanding of the heliospheric interaction with the largely unexplored Very Local Interstellar Medium (VLISM) are provided along with predictions of with the scientific discoveries that await. The new measurements required to make progress in this expanding frontier of space physics are discussed and include in-situ plasma and pick-up ion measurements throughout the heliosheath, direct sampling of the VLISM properties such as elemental and isotopic composition, densities, flows, and temperatures of neutral gas, dust and plasma, and remote energetic neutral atom (ENA) and Lyman-alpha (LYA) imaging from vantage points that can uniquely discern the heliospheric shape and bring new information on the interaction with interstellar hydrogen. The implementation of a pragmatic Interstellar Probe mission with a nominal design life to reach 375 Astronomical Units (au) with likely operation out to 550 au are reported as a result of a 4-year NASA funded mission study.</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"219 2","pages":"18"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9974711/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9143709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Electric and Magnetic Fields Instrument Suite and Integrated Science (EMFISIS): Science, Data, and Usage Best Practices.","authors":"C A Kletzing,&nbsp;J Bortnik,&nbsp;G Hospodarsky,&nbsp;W S Kurth,&nbsp;O Santolik,&nbsp;C W Smitth,&nbsp;I W Christopher,&nbsp;D P Hartley,&nbsp;I Kolmasova,&nbsp;A Sen Gupta","doi":"10.1007/s11214-023-00973-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-023-00973-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We provide a post-mission assessment of the science and data from the Electric and Magnetic Field Instrument Suite and Integrated Science (EMFISIS) investigation on the NASA Van Allen Probes mission. An overview of important scientific results is presented, covering all of the key wave modes and DC magnetic fields measured by EMFISIS. Discussion of the data products, which are publicly available, follows to provide users with guidance on characteristics and known issues of the measurements. We present guidance on the correct use of derived products, in particular, the wave-normal analysis (WNA) which yields fundamental wave properties such as polarization, ellipticity, and Poynting flux. We also give information about the plasma density derived from measuring the upper hybrid line in the inner magnetosphere.</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"219 4","pages":"28"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10129970/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9392446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparison of Presolar Isotopic Signatures in Laboratory-Studied Primitive Solar System Materials and Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko: New Insights from Light Elements, Halogens, and Noble Gases.","authors":"Peter Hoppe, Martin Rubin, Kathrin Altwegg","doi":"10.1007/s11214-023-00977-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11214-023-00977-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Comets are considered the most primitive planetary bodies in our Solar System. ESA's Rosetta mission to Jupiter family comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (67P/CG) has provided a wealth of isotope data which expanded the existing data sets on isotopic compositions of comets considerably. In a previous paper (Hoppe et al. in Space Sci. Rev. 214:106, 2018) we reviewed the results for comet 67P/CG from the first four years of data reduction after arrival of Rosetta at the comet in August 2014 and discussed them in the context of respective meteorite data. Since then important new isotope data of several elements, among them the biogenic elements H, C, N, and O, for comet 67P/CG, the Tagish Lake meteorite, and C-type asteroid Ryugu became available which provide new insights into the formation conditions of small planetary bodies in the Solar System's earliest history. To complement the picture on comet 67P/CG and its context to other primitive Solar System materials, especially meteorites, that emerged from our previous paper, we review here the isotopic compositions of H, C, and N in various volatile molecules, of O in water and a suite of other molecules, of the halogens Cl and Br, and of the noble gas Kr in comet 67P/CG. Furthermore, we also review the H isotope data obtained in the refractory organics of the dust grains collected in the coma of 67P/CG. These data are compared with the respective meteoritic and Ryugu data and spectroscopic observations of other comets and extra-solar environments; Cl, Br, and Kr data are also evaluated in the context of a potential late supernova contribution, as suggested by the Si- and S-isotopic data of 67P/CG.</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"219 4","pages":"32"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10209250/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9707340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Ionospheric Connection Explorer - Prime Mission Review.","authors":"Thomas J Immel,&nbsp;Scott L England,&nbsp;Brian J Harding,&nbsp;Yen-Jung Wu,&nbsp;Astrid Maute,&nbsp;Chihoko Cullens,&nbsp;Christoph R Englert,&nbsp;Stephen B Mende,&nbsp;Roderick A Heelis,&nbsp;Harald U Frey,&nbsp;Eric J Korpela,&nbsp;Andrew W Stephan,&nbsp;Sabine Frey,&nbsp;Michael H Stevens,&nbsp;Jonathan J Makela,&nbsp;Farzad Kamalabadi,&nbsp;Colin C Triplett,&nbsp;Jeffrey M Forbes,&nbsp;Emma McGinness,&nbsp;L Claire Gasque,&nbsp;John M Harlander,&nbsp;Jean-C Gérard,&nbsp;Benoit Hubert,&nbsp;Joseph D Huba,&nbsp;Robert R Meier,&nbsp;Bryce Roberts","doi":"10.1007/s11214-023-00975-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11214-023-00975-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The two-year prime mission of the NASA Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) is complete. The baseline operational and scientific objectives have been met and exceeded, as detailed in this report. In October of 2019, ICON was launched into an orbit that provides its instruments the capability to deliver near-continuous measurements of the densest plasma in Earth's space environment. Through collection of a key set of in-situ and remote sensing measurements that are, by virtue of a detailed mission design, uniquely synergistic, ICON enables completely new investigations of the mechanisms that control the behavior of the ionosphere-thermosphere system under both geomagnetically quiet and active conditions. In a two-year period that included a deep solar minimum, ICON has elucidated a number of remarkable effects in the ionosphere attributable to energetic inputs from the lower and middle atmosphere, and shown how these are transmitted from the edge of space to the peak of plasma density above. The observatory operated in a period of low activity for 2 years and then for a year with increasing solar activity, observing the changing balance of the impacts of lower and upper atmospheric drivers on the ionosphere.</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"219 5","pages":"41"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10352447/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9844510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energetic Electron Precipitation Driven by Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron Waves from ELFIN's Low Altitude Perspective.","authors":"V Angelopoulos,&nbsp;X-J Zhang,&nbsp;A V Artemyev,&nbsp;D Mourenas,&nbsp;E Tsai,&nbsp;C Wilkins,&nbsp;A Runov,&nbsp;J Liu,&nbsp;D L Turner,&nbsp;W Li,&nbsp;K Khurana,&nbsp;R E Wirz,&nbsp;V A Sergeev,&nbsp;X Meng,&nbsp;J Wu,&nbsp;M D Hartinger,&nbsp;T Raita,&nbsp;Y Shen,&nbsp;X An,&nbsp;X Shi,&nbsp;M F Bashir,&nbsp;X Shen,&nbsp;L Gan,&nbsp;M Qin,&nbsp;L Capannolo,&nbsp;Q Ma,&nbsp;C L Russell,&nbsp;E V Masongsong,&nbsp;R Caron,&nbsp;I He,&nbsp;L Iglesias,&nbsp;S Jha,&nbsp;J King,&nbsp;S Kumar,&nbsp;K Le,&nbsp;J Mao,&nbsp;A McDermott,&nbsp;K Nguyen,&nbsp;A Norris,&nbsp;A Palla,&nbsp;A Roosnovo,&nbsp;J Tam,&nbsp;E Xie,&nbsp;R C Yap,&nbsp;S Ye,&nbsp;C Young,&nbsp;L A Adair,&nbsp;C Shaffer,&nbsp;M Chung,&nbsp;P Cruce,&nbsp;M Lawson,&nbsp;D Leneman,&nbsp;M Allen,&nbsp;M Anderson,&nbsp;M Arreola-Zamora,&nbsp;J Artinger,&nbsp;J Asher,&nbsp;D Branchevsky,&nbsp;M Cliffe,&nbsp;K Colton,&nbsp;C Costello,&nbsp;D Depe,&nbsp;B W Domae,&nbsp;S Eldin,&nbsp;L Fitzgibbon,&nbsp;A Flemming,&nbsp;D M Frederick,&nbsp;A Gilbert,&nbsp;B Hesford,&nbsp;R Krieger,&nbsp;K Lian,&nbsp;E McKinney,&nbsp;J P Miller,&nbsp;C Pedersen,&nbsp;Z Qu,&nbsp;R Rozario,&nbsp;M Rubly,&nbsp;R Seaton,&nbsp;A Subramanian,&nbsp;S R Sundin,&nbsp;A Tan,&nbsp;D Thomlinson,&nbsp;W Turner,&nbsp;G Wing,&nbsp;C Wong,&nbsp;A Zarifian","doi":"10.1007/s11214-023-00984-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11214-023-00984-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We review comprehensive observations of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) wave-driven energetic electron precipitation using data collected by the energetic electron detector on the Electron Losses and Fields InvestigatioN (ELFIN) mission, two polar-orbiting low-altitude spinning CubeSats, measuring 50-5000 keV electrons with good pitch-angle and energy resolution. EMIC wave-driven precipitation exhibits a distinct signature in energy-spectrograms of the precipitating-to-trapped flux ratio: peaks at >0.5 MeV which are abrupt (bursty) (lasting ∼17 s, or <math><mi>Δ</mi><mi>L</mi><mo>∼</mo><mn>0.56</mn></math>) with significant substructure (occasionally down to sub-second timescale). We attribute the bursty nature of the precipitation to the spatial extent and structuredness of the wave field at the equator. Multiple ELFIN passes over the same MLT sector allow us to study the spatial and temporal evolution of the EMIC wave - electron interaction region. Case studies employing conjugate ground-based or equatorial observations of the EMIC waves reveal that the energy of moderate and strong precipitation at ELFIN approximately agrees with theoretical expectations for cyclotron resonant interactions in a cold plasma. Using multiple years of ELFIN data uniformly distributed in local time, we assemble a statistical database of ∼50 events of strong EMIC wave-driven precipitation. Most reside at <math><mi>L</mi><mo>∼</mo><mn>5</mn><mo>-</mo><mn>7</mn></math> at dusk, while a smaller subset exists at <math><mi>L</mi><mo>∼</mo><mn>8</mn><mo>-</mo><mn>12</mn></math> at post-midnight. The energies of the peak-precipitation ratio and of the half-peak precipitation ratio (our proxy for the minimum resonance energy) exhibit an <math><mi>L</mi></math>-shell dependence in good agreement with theoretical estimates based on prior statistical observations of EMIC wave power spectra. The precipitation ratio's spectral shape for the most intense events has an exponential falloff away from the peak (i.e., on either side of <math><mo>∼</mo><mn>1.45</mn></math> MeV). It too agrees well with quasi-linear diffusion theory based on prior statistics of wave spectra. It should be noted though that this diffusive treatment likely includes effects from nonlinear resonant interactions (especially at high energies) and nonresonant effects from sharp wave packet edges (at low energies). Sub-MeV electron precipitation observed concurrently with strong EMIC wave-driven >1 MeV precipitation has a spectral shape that is consistent with efficient pitch-angle scattering down to ∼ 200-300 keV by much less intense higher frequency EMIC waves at dusk (where such waves are most frequent). At ∼100 keV, whistler-mode chorus may be implicated in concurrent precipitation. These results confirm the critical role of EMIC waves in driving relativistic electron losses. Nonlinear effects may abound and require further investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"219 5","pages":"37"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10335998/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9823275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}