Pest Management Science最新文献

{"title":"Prevalence and drivers of ectoparasite abundance on Norway rats ( Rattus norvegicus ) in New York City residential complexes","authors":"Babatunji Daramola, Xiaodan Pan, Jin‐Jia Yu, Changlu Wang","doi":"10.1002/ps.71368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.71368","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND Norway rats, <jats:italic>Rattus norvegicus</jats:italic> (Berkenhout), can carry ectoparasites of public health importance. However, this ectoparasite burden in residential complexes remains poorly characterized. This study examined ectoparasites recovered from Norway rats collected within New York City residential complexes and evaluated their associations with capture environment, host trait, and trap type. RESULTS Six ectoparasite species were recovered. Spiny rat mites, <jats:italic>Laelaps echidnina</jats:italic> Berlese and <jats:italic>Laelaps nuttalli</jats:italic> Hirst, had the highest prevalence (56.1%), followed by the tropical rat mite, <jats:italic>Ornithonyssus bacoti</jats:italic> (Hirst) (40.3%), the spiny rat louse, <jats:italic>Polyplax spinulosa</jats:italic> (Burmeister) (39.5%), the Oriental rat flea, <jats:italic>Xenopsylla cheopis</jats:italic> (Rothschild) (38.4%), and the house mouse mite, <jats:italic>Liponyssoides sanguineus</jats:italic> (Hirst) (2.2%). Indoor‐captured rats had higher abundance of <jats:italic>X. cheopis</jats:italic> , <jats:italic>O. bacoti</jats:italic> , and <jats:italic>Laelaps</jats:italic> spp., whereas <jats:italic>P. spinulosa</jats:italic> was more abundant on outdoor‐captured rats. Cage‐trapped rats (live rats) had higher counts of <jats:italic>X. cheopis</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Laelaps</jats:italic> spp. than snap‐trapped rats (dead rats). Among cage‐trapped rats, 92.5% carried at least one species of ectoparasites and a mean number of 18.6 ectoparasites. <jats:italic>Xenopsylla cheopis</jats:italic> prevalence was 50.6% and the flea index was 4.1 fleas per examined live rat. Species composition varied among the four sampled New York City boroughs. CONCLUSIONS Given the public health relevance of these ectoparasites, the detection of <jats:italic>L. sanguineus</jats:italic> on Norway rats in New York City, together with an increase in <jats:italic>X. cheopis</jats:italic> prevalence as compared with previous New York City surveillance data, highlights the need to include ectoparasite surveillance and control in urban rodent management programs. © 2026 The Author(s). <jats:italic>Pest Management Science</jats:italic> published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.","PeriodicalId":218,"journal":{"name":"Pest Management Science","volume":"277 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149086869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic transition from type-I-like to type-II-like symptomology in a pyrethroid mixture and its impact on knockdown-mortality relationships in Musca domestica L.","authors":"Junho Yoon, Jun-Hyung Tak","doi":"10.1002/ps.70998","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ps.70998","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Knockdown effect, especially in pyrethroid-based household and public insecticides, is often considered a practical indicator of insecticidal efficacy. However, whether faster knockdown implies lethality remains uncertain because the relationship between the two effects has not been systematically explored. This study examined whether knockdown speed is associated with mortality across type-I pyrethroids, type-II pyrethroids, and organophosphate insecticides in the house fly.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>For type-I pyrethroids, faster knockdown did not predict higher mortality. Early knockdown did not necessarily lead to lethality, and no significant differences were observed among LD₂₀, LD₅₀, and LD₈₀ treatments. In contrast, type-II pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticides showed a positive knockdown-mortality relationship, with most lethal individuals being knocked-down early. In the mixture study, d-phenothrin showed an additive interaction with prallethrin but a synergistic interaction with tetramethrin, although all three compounds are type-I pyrethroids. Computer vision-based analyses using a convolutional neural network (CNN) of symptomology revealed a synergistic shift in intoxication phenotype from type-I-like to type-II-like symptoms in the synergistic d-phenothrin and tetramethrin mixture.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Knockdown speed should not be used as a proxy for lethality for type-I pyrethroids, highlighting class- and mixture-dependent dynamics between knockdown and mortality. These findings support regulatory and operational decisions that consider knockdown and mortality as distinct performance endpoints, particularly when substantiating claims such as 'quick kill' or 'kills on contact' for pesticide registration. © 2026 The Author(s). Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":218,"journal":{"name":"Pest Management Science","volume":" ","pages":"9614-9627"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13569240/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148238441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PDK1-mediated PI3K/Akt signaling regulates metabolic and developmental programs in a cosmopolitan pest.","authors":"Minghui Yan, Liangqian Xie, Bingxue Li, Jianghong Hu, Bingwei Chen, Minsheng You, Yuanyuan Liu, Geoff M Gurr, Jinyang Li, Shijun You","doi":"10.1002/ps.71035","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ps.71035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>3-Phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1) is a central kinase in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/serine-threonine kinase (PI3K/Akt) pathway that integrates growth and nutrient signals to regulate metabolism and development across diverse animal taxa. However, its functions in insects remain ambiguous.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Here, we identify and characterize PxPDK1 in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, a major agricultural pest. PxPDK1 encodes a conserved kinase containing serine/threonine kinase and pleckstrin homology domains, and is highly expressed during embryonic, pupal and adult stages. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of PxPDK1 resulted in developmental delay, failure of pupal-adult eclosion, impaired ovarian development, and sharply reduced fecundity and egg hatchability. Loss of PxPDK1 attenuated Akt phosphorylation and disrupted genes involved in metabolism, reproduction and cuticle formation, accompanied by decreased adult glycogen content. Conversely, PxPDK1 expression promoted Sf9 cell proliferation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings establish PxPDK1 as an essential regulator of insect development and metabolism, highlighting PDK1 as a promising molecular target for pest control. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":218,"journal":{"name":"Pest Management Science","volume":" ","pages":"9984-9997"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13569167/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148262521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strain‐specific monitoring of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens AH2 in strawberry fields using a specific molecular marker","authors":"M Mercedes Maldonado‐González, Julio Rodríguez‐Romero, Jonatan C Campillo‐Brocal, Pedro R Molina‐Guevara, María Sánchez‐García, Laura Martínez‐Pozuelo, Antonio Bernal‐Soro, María A Ayllón","doi":"10.1002/ps.71319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.71319","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND The biocontrol agent <jats:italic>Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</jats:italic> AH2 is effective against <jats:italic>Botrytis cinerea</jats:italic> in strawberry crops. However, evaluating its actual field establishment is challenging owing to variable environmental stressors and the presence of diverse native <jats:italic>Bacillus</jats:italic> populations. Because conventional markers often fail to distinguish introduced commercial strains from native microbiota, this study aimed to develop a highly specific TaqMan quantitative polymerase chain rection (qPCR) assay to monitor <jats:italic>B</jats:italic> . <jats:italic>amyloliquefaciens</jats:italic> AH2 under real field conditions. RESULTS The assay targets a unique polymorphic region of the class I <jats:italic>S</jats:italic> ‐adenosyl‐ <jats:sc>l</jats:sc> ‐methionine DNA methyltransferase ( <jats:italic>hsdM</jats:italic> ) gene. Analytical validation demonstrated high sensitivity, with a limit of detection of 14 fg of genomic DNA. Specificity was confirmed against 30 bacterial strains, differentiating AH2 from closely related non‐target <jats:italic>Bacillus</jats:italic> ecotypes. Field application (15 L/ha; 10 <jats:sup>11</jats:sup> colony‐forming units per L of formulation) yielded 100% diagnostic sensitivity. Normalizing bacterial abundance against the host plant internal transcribed spacer region allowed accurate relative quantification. The analysis revealed significantly higher relative abundance in leaves <jats:italic>versus</jats:italic> fruits. Crucially, absolute zero amplification in untreated controls confirmed the assay's robust <jats:italic>in planta</jats:italic> specificity against complex environmental backgrounds. CONCLUSION This strain‐specific qPCR assay provides a foundational molecular tool for tracking <jats:italic>B</jats:italic> . <jats:italic>amyloliquefaciens</jats:italic> AH2 population dynamics and ensuring product traceability. Although future studies incorporating disease incidence data are required, this monitoring capability represents a crucial first step toward optimizing application strategies within the framework of precision agriculture. Furthermore, this <jats:italic>hsdM</jats:italic> ‐targeted approach serves as a blueprint for developing analogous tracking tools for other commercial microbial inoculants. © 2026 The Author(s). <jats:italic>Pest Management Science</jats:italic> published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.","PeriodicalId":218,"journal":{"name":"Pest Management Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149086192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":" Gustatory receptor 4 mediates oxidative stress signals to modulate adaptive feeding of Ostrinia furnacalis larvae under extreme temperatures","authors":"Lei He, Qingxia Li, Jian Shi, Yuqin Cheng, Yuruo Guo, Yanli Wang, Jianzhen Zhang, Zhangwu Zhao","doi":"10.1002/ps.71357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.71357","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND Environmental temperature critically shapes feeding behavior in ectotherms, yet the molecular mechanisms that integrate temperature stress signals with adaptive feeding decisions remain poorly understood. In this study, we explored a neuro–antioxidant circuit that links temperature sensing to feeding modulation via reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling. RESULTS To dissect the molecular basis of temperature‐dependent feeding plasticity, we characterized larval phenotypes under different thermal regimes, and showed that the feeding‐promoting neuropeptide F (NPF) and the salivary gland‐enriched <jats:italic>gustatory receptor 4</jats:italic> ( <jats:italic>Gr4</jats:italic> ) form a positive feedback loop for larval feeding and growth. NPF and <jats:italic>Gr4</jats:italic> exhibited a gland‐specific and temperature‐bidirectional expression pattern. At 38 °C, their transcript levels were suppressed in the mandibular gland; at 18 °C, they were induced in the labial gland, relative to a temperature of 28 °C. Extreme temperatures alter ROS levels, which in turn regulate <jats:italic>Gr4</jats:italic> expression. Furthermore, we identify catalase (CAT) as the dominant antioxidant enzyme in salivary glands, whose expression and activity are differentially modulated across glands and temperatures. Intriguingly, <jats:italic>Gr4</jats:italic> and CAT, as a bidirectional regulatory relationship, together maintain redox homeostasis. Disruption of either component elevates ROS and impairs feeding and growth across temperatures. CONCLUSION This study reveals a previously unrecognized NPF– <jats:italic>Gr4</jats:italic> –CAT regulatory axis. This dual‐regulatory axis, prioritizing energy intake in the cold and antioxidant defense under heat or host plant challenge, reveals how insects integrate environmental threats to balance survival and growth. These findings provide a mechanistic basis for understanding how adaptive behavioral plasticity evolves in response to complex ecological stressors. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.","PeriodicalId":218,"journal":{"name":"Pest Management Science","volume":"148 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149086247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular quantification of parasitism reveals the competitive superiority of Telenomus remus over Trichogramma parasitoids on fall armyworm.","authors":"Yidi Zhan, Xiaona Kong, Na Zhang, Mengxian Xu, Yunhui Zhang, Yong Liu","doi":"10.1002/ps.70997","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ps.70997","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Effectively harnessing the biocontrol potential of parasitic wasps requires a precise understanding of their interspecific competition and parasitic efficacy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Using the three dominant egg parasitoids of the fall armyworm (FAW; Spodoptera frugiperda)-Trichogramma dendrolimi, Trichogramma chilonis and Telenomus remus (Te. remus)-as a model system, we first analyzed the parasitic competitive relationships, developed an ITS2-based molecular assay for species-specific identification, and then applied this method to analyze the parasitoids' competitive interactions and quantify their parasitic potential. Competition assays demonstrated that Te. remus achieved superior parasitism performance and produced more progeny with its higher female ratio. Furthermore, we established exponential regression models, which accurately correlated ITS2 gene expression levels with parasitism rates, enabling a direct molecular assessment of parasitic activity. Using these models, we quantified the parasitism rates on FAW eggs as 70.25% for Te. remus, significantly higher than the 41.54% for T. dendrolimi and 36.45% for T. chilonis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This research not only provided clear evidence prioritizing Te. remus as a highly effective agent for FAW biocontrol, but also developed a molecular approach for rapid and accuracy parasitoid efficacy assessment contributing to sustainable pest management. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":218,"journal":{"name":"Pest Management Science","volume":" ","pages":"9607-9613"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13569304/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148196606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DEET-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes for mosquito and tick repellency: Extended repellency time and no zebrafish embryotoxicity.","authors":"Gessyka Rayana Silva Pereira, Gleidson Cardoso, Maria Luiza Kuhn Camargo, Michele Resende Machado, Mayara Macedo Barrozo, Juscelino Rodrigues, Gisele Augusto Rodrigues de Oliveira, Caio Monteiro, Christian Luz, Ricardo Neves Marreto, Stephânia Fleury Taveira","doi":"10.1002/ps.71001","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ps.71001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Repellent formulations are a cost-effective strategy for protection against disease vectors. N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) is widely used to repel mosquitoes and ticks, including Amblyomma sculptum, the vector of Rickettsia rickettsii (the agent of Brazilian spotted fever), and Aedes aegypti, responsible for dengue, zika, and chikungunya. This study aimed to develop cyclodextrin (CD)-DEET complexes for topical application. Phase-solubility studies identified the most suitable CD, and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD)-DEET was selected for further investigation. In vitro release and skin permeation were evaluated. Embryotoxicity was assessed in a zebrafish model, and repellent efficacy was investigated against both species.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Phase-solubility studies revealed A_L-type profiles for αCD, γCD, and HPβCD, with slopes between 1 and 2, and K_2:1 values of 4738, 4494, and 2169, respectively. HPβCD-DEET exhibited slower DEET release compared to the control (26.7% vs 50.4% over 10 h, P < 0.05). Although DEET permeation to the receptor medium was similar (P > 0.05), HPβCD reduced DEET retention in the stratum corneum by 2.6-fold (P < 0.05). HPβCD-DEET did not cause embryotoxicity in permeated DEET concentrations (69 mg L^-1). Repellency bioassays showed HPβCD-DEET efficacy against A. sculptum for 168 h (80.5-100%) and full protection against A. aegypti for 7 h (>95%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results highlight the potential of HPβCD-DEET complexes for safer and effective repellent formulations. © 2026 The Author(s). Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":218,"journal":{"name":"Pest Management Science","volume":" ","pages":"9653-9665"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13569254/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148222307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aphid-parasitoid interactions and their contribution to biological control in medicinal Cannabis sativa L. crops.","authors":"Leticia Zumoffen, Carla Ghiglione, Adriana Salvo","doi":"10.1002/ps.70996","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ps.70996","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The rapid expansion of medicinal Cannabis sativa L. cultivation contrasts with limited knowledge of its aphid pests and the contribution of parasitoids to their biological control. Quantitative studies evaluating aphid-parasitoid networks in Cannabis under cultivation conditions are scarce. This study characterized aphid-parasitoid interactions in Cannabis grown in households in Argentina over two consecutive cropping seasons.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Weekly sampling of 101 chemotype III Cannabidiol (CBD-dominant) plants across 20 households (2020-2021 and 2021-2022) recorded five aphid and five parasitoid species. A total of nine and twelve aphid-parasitoid interactions were recorded in the first and second seasons, respectively, and 90.5% of collected mummies yielded primary parasitoids. In the second season, the network exhibited higher connectedness (0.65) and modularity (0.104), and lower nestedness (4.45), indicating increased compartmentalization. Interactions involving Aphis fabae and Aphis gossypii with Lysiphlebus testaceipes, Aphidius matricaria, and Aphidius avenae showed high temporal constancy (≥77%) and spatial ubiquity (≥90%). Parasitism varied significantly between phenophases (χ² = 23.7; P < 0.001), with A. gossypii reaching 52.8% during the vegetative stage and 42.9% during flowering. L. testaceipes accounted for 72% of parasitism (N = 5564 mummies). Most parasitoid emergence occurred during flowering, when 69.5% of all parasitoids were redorded.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Aphid-parasitoid networks in medicinal Cannabis were functionally structured and temporally consistent across seasons. L. testaceipes emerged as the dominant and most stable parasitoid, supporting its key role in natural aphid regulation. These findings provide a basis for conservation biological control strategies in emerging Cannabis production systems. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":218,"journal":{"name":"Pest Management Science","volume":" ","pages":"9599-9606"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13569164/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148222345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular mechanism of butylidenephthalide against Sclerotium rolfsii with affecting energy metabolism.","authors":"Xuewei Mao, Xingchen Zhao, Liting Chen, Ran Zhang, Siyuan Ren, Tangbo Cao, Qinqin Wang, Hao Liu, Lin Zhou","doi":"10.1002/ps.71017","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ps.71017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Given the resistance of plant pathogenic fungi to traditional chemical fungicides and the associated risks to human and environmental safety, there is an urgent need for safe and effective alternative fungicides. Butylidenephthalide, an active compound from Ligusticum chuanxiong essential oil, exhibits potent antifungal activity against Sclerotium rolfsii, a destructive plant pathogen that causes stem rot in peanuts. However, the molecular mechanism of butylidenephthalide against S. rolfsii remains unclear.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Treatment with 20 mg L^-1 butylidenephthalide caused cytoplasmic dissolution and intracellular leakage in S. rolfsii mycelia, indicating disruption of cellular structure. Enzyme activity assays revealed a significant reduction in malate dehydrogenase (MDH) activity, with a 91.03% decrease at 100 mg L^-1. Additionally, butylidenephthalide induced an increase in hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) levels, indicating the induction of oxidative stress in S. rolfsii. Transcriptomic results indicated that a total of 1477 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in the mycelia of S. rolfsii treated with butylidenephthalide for 12 h, including 521 up- and 956 downregulated genes. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed that butylidenephthalide treatment resulted in the enrichment of DEGs primarily in pathways related to energy metabolism, cell membrane metabolism, the antioxidant system, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling. Additionally, butylidenephthalide interfered with the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation pathways, which are associated with mitochondrial function.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our results demonstrated the molecular mechanism of natural phthalide compound butylidenephthalide and application potential as an alternative agent to control S. rolfsii. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":218,"journal":{"name":"Pest Management Science","volume":" ","pages":"9821-9832"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13569186/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148262524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of elevated CO₂ and temperature on cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.) and its herbicide response.","authors":"Islam Emrah Suer, Nihat Tursun","doi":"10.1002/ps.71064","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ps.71064","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Climate change, characterized by rising atmospheric CO₂ and temperature fluctuations, significantly alters crop-weed interactions and weed management efficacy. This study evaluated the interactive effects of elevated CO₂ (400, 600, 800, and 1000 ppm) and temperature regimes (26/16°C and 29/19°C) on the biomass accumulation of Xanthium strumarium and the efficacy of two herbicides with distinct modes of action: trifloxysulfuron-sodium (systemic, ALS inhibitor) and fluometuron (soil-active, PSII inhibitor).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Elevated CO₂ concentration up to 1000 ppm at the optimal temperature (26/16°C) significantly stimulated the vegetative growth and dry biomass of X. strumarium. Crucially, dose-response analyses revealed that this climate-driven accelerated growth did not induce herbicide resistance; rather, it increased the weed's susceptibility to the systemic herbicide. Elevated CO₂ facilitated the translocation of trifloxysulfuron-sodium due to increased plant metabolism, thereby significantly lowering ED₅₀ values. In contrast, the efficacy of the soil-applied fluometuron remained highly stable and unaffected by variations in either CO₂ or temperature.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The interaction between climate change variables and chemical weed control is fundamentally driven by the herbicide's mode of action. While elevated CO₂ acts as a fertilizer for X. strumarium, the resulting rapid growth paradoxically increases the efficacy of systemic herbicides by accelerating the movement of active ingredients. Meanwhile, soil-active herbicides like fluometuron offer a climate-resilient weed management strategy. Future studies should incorporate molecular approaches to fully elucidate these mode-of-action-specific physiological responses under changing climatic conditions. © 2026 The Author(s). Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":218,"journal":{"name":"Pest Management Science","volume":" ","pages":"10303-10311"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13569275/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148358569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}