Sheng wu gong cheng xue bao = Chinese journal of biotechnology最新文献

{"title":"[Multidimensional metabolic engineering of <i>Yarrowia lipolytica</i> for β-carotene production].","authors":"Yue Li, Lu Shan, Min Chen, Qi Liu, Peipei Han, Zongjie Dai, Qinhong Wang","doi":"10.13345/j.cjb.260398","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13345/j.cjb.260398","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>β-carotene is a natural lipid-soluble carotenoid widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Although metabolic engineering efforts for the production of β-carotene <i>via</i> microbial fermentation have achieved certain progress, there remains room for further improvement. Compared with <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> or <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Yarrowia lipolytica</i> exhibits a pronounced lipid-flux orientation in its core metabolic logic, conferring a natural advantage for the production of lipid-soluble compounds. This study aims to engineer <i>Y</i>. <i>lipolytica</i> strains for efficient β-carotene production. First, heterologous synthesis of β-carotene was achieved by replacing native promoters with strong ones, attenuating competing pathways, and introducing a bifunctional enzyme derived from <i>Mucor circinelloides</i>. Subsequently, β-carotene production was enhanced through morphological engineering to inhibit hyphal formation, optimization of key gene copy numbers, and improvement of acetyl-CoA supply. The resulting engineered strain LY20 achieved a β-carotene titer of 346.2 mg/L in shake-flask fermentation. Furthermore, in fed-batch fermentation with glucose as the carbon source in a 7.5-L bioreactor, the β-carotene titer reached 3.56 g/L. This study systematically optimizes the biosynthetic pathway for β-carotene through systems metabolic engineering, highlighting the potential of <i>Y</i>. <i>lipolytica</i> for the engineered synthesis of highly hydrophobic natural products and providing guidance for the efficient production of other lipid-soluble terpenoids.</p>","PeriodicalId":21778,"journal":{"name":"Sheng wu gong cheng xue bao = Chinese journal of biotechnology","volume":"42 9","pages":"4052-4066"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149026027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Efficient production of l- lysine by <i>Escherichia coli</i> through systems metabolic engineering].","authors":"Haomiao Wang, Liming Liu, Jia Liu, Xiaomin Li","doi":"10.13345/j.cjb.260168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13345/j.cjb.260168","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As an essential amino acid, l- lysine is widely used in the feed, food, and pharmaceutical industries. However, the production of l- lysine <i>via</i><i>Escherichia coli</i> fermentation is still plagued by inadequate substrate utilization, severe carbon atom waste, and a low sugar-to-acid conversion rate. To address these issues, this study used <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i> M2019435 as the chassis strain to generate strain HM-01 by knocking out the global regulatory factor gene <i>mlc</i> and heterologously expressing <i>malp</i> and <i>glvA</i> derived from <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> as well as the sucrose metabolism gene cluster <i>scrKYAB</i>. On this basis, carbon-13 labeled metabolic flux analysis (¹³C-MFA) was employed to identify the bottlenecks of pyruvate accumulation and carbon atom loss. The pyruvate carboxylase gene <i>pyc</i> and carbonic anhydrase gene <i>cynT</i> were then introduced to construct a CO₂ refixation loop. Meanwhile, feedback inhibition was relieved and the l- lysine degradation gene <i>cadA</i> was knocked out, resulting in the generation of strain HM-05. Further optimization of the residual sugar concentration (0.50 g/L) and carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (1:1 to 1:2) during the fermentation of strain HM-05 was conducted in a 5-L fermenter to achieve the precise supply of carbon and nitrogen sources. After 30 h of fermentation, the l- lysine titer, sugar-to-acid conversion rate, and productivity reached 210.8 g/L, 0.768 g/g, and 7.02 g/(L · h), which were 44.8%, 27.5%, and 42.7% higher than those of the original strain, respectively. The strategy of enhanced substrate utilization-targeted carbon flux optimization-upgraded process optimization developed in this study provides important support for the industrial production of l- lysine.</p>","PeriodicalId":21778,"journal":{"name":"Sheng wu gong cheng xue bao = Chinese journal of biotechnology","volume":"42 9","pages":"4089-4105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149026067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Efficient fermentation process for rhamnolipid production based on machine vision and Bayesian optimization].","authors":"Yang Yu, Xiaogang Wang, Jiayu Lei, Fusheng Lujin, Xiaohu Luo, Mingyu Deng, Zhenghong Xu, Jinsong Shi, Heng Li","doi":"10.13345/j.cjb.260221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13345/j.cjb.260221","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rhamnolipids, a class of biosurfactants, are widely applied in industries such as petrochemicals, environmental agriculture, daily chemicals and pharmaceuticals. However, their industrial application is severely constrained by the low rhamnolipid yield of natural strains and high overall production costs. To obtain microbial strains with high rhamnolipid-producing capacity and to enhance their fermentation yields, this study developed a screening method for rhamnolipid-producing microorganisms assisted by the oil spreading technique based on machine vision (MV). Using this approach, a <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> strain PA022 with favorable rhamnolipid-producing capacity was isolated from an environmental soil sample. Based on single-factor preliminary experiments, Bayesian optimization (BO) coupled with Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) was applied to perform global optimization of key fermentation parameters, thereby determining the medium composition and culture conditions for PA022 as follows: rapeseed oil 30 g/L, NaNO₃ 12 g/L, peptone 3 g/L, phosphate at a ratio of 3:1 with a total concentration of 1.2 g/L, initial pH 6.8, temperature 35℃, and inoculum size 2.5%. Under the optimal fermentation conditions, strain PA022 achieved a rhamnolipid titer of 20.01 g/L in shake-flask fermentation, and the yield reached 30.52 g/L at the 5 L fermenter scale. This study demonstrates that the small-sample global optimization strategy combining MV and BO can enhance the efficiency of strain screening and fermentation process development, thereby providing a reference for the optimization of rhamnolipid and analogous fermentation processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":21778,"journal":{"name":"Sheng wu gong cheng xue bao = Chinese journal of biotechnology","volume":"42 9","pages":"4256-4270"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149026071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[<b>Rational design and molecular engineering of a chitosanase for preparing specific chito-oligosaccharides with degree of polymerization</b>≥<b>5</b>].","authors":"Quancheng Zhang, Ruobin Sun, Pu Zheng, Pengcheng Chen, Dan Wu","doi":"10.13345/j.cjb.260219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13345/j.cjb.260219","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To achieve efficient enzymatic preparation of specific high-degree-of-polymerization chito-oligosaccharides (degree of polymerization≥5, DP≥5), rational molecular engineering of chitosanase Csn46-Mut4 was performed in this study. Through site-directed mutagenesis coupled with DNS enzyme activity-HPLC product distribution screening, a superior mutant, C41A/T47A/V144A, was obtained. Under conditions of 55℃ and pH 5.5, the catalytic efficiency and thermostability of this enzyme were remarkably enhanced, reaching 2.56-fold and 1.67-fold those of Csn46-Mut4, respectively. Peak area normalization analysis revealed that the relative content of chitopentaose (DP5) increased to 22.8%, representing a 12-fold increase compared with Csn46-Mut4, while the total proportion of chitooligosaccharides with DP≥5 reached 27.33%, corresponding to a 6.68-fold increase. Moreover, the total yield of DP≥5 chitooligosaccharides by the mutant reached 64.18% (5.776 g/L), which was 3.14-fold that of Csn46-Mut4 (20.41%, 1.837 g/L). Further molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the three mutation sites acted synergistically <i>via</i> the C41A and T47A substitutions in the catalytic flexible region and the V144A substitution in the substrate-binding channel region. This synergy strengthened the global hydrogen-bonding network and improved the structural rigidity while inducing characteristic dynamic changes in the substrate-binding pocket. In the initial simulation stage, pocket expansion facilitated the entry of long-chain substrates, whereas in the later stage, the enhanced hydrogen-bonding network, combined with the introduction of local critical flexibility, drove the accumulation of medium- and long-chain products, particularly leading to a notable increase in chitopentaose. This study not only yields a novel chitosanase capable of efficiently and specifically producing high-DP chitooligosaccharides (DP≥5) but also offers a new strategy for optimizing enzyme catalytic performance through multi-site synergistic design across different protein regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":21778,"journal":{"name":"Sheng wu gong cheng xue bao = Chinese journal of biotechnology","volume":"42 9","pages":"4179-4194"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149026024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Proteomic and metabolomic profiling of the rat model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury treated with electroacupuncture].","authors":"Huan Wang, Yuan Li, Ruihua Cao, Yazhuo Hu, Xinxin Zhang, Zhongmei Dou, Dan Li, Yiran Wang, Heran Wang, Jianjun Jia","doi":"10.13345/j.cjb.260146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13345/j.cjb.260146","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aims to explore the protective effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) and decipher the molecular mechanism. Forty male SD rats were randomly allocated into four groups: sham, model (ischemia/reperfusion, I/R, MI group), I/R combined with ST36 (ST36 group), and I/R combined with sham acupuncture (MI+sham group). The MIRI model was established by ligation and reperfusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. EA stimulation was applied at Neiguan (PC6) and Zusanli (ST36) in the ST36 group. Echocardiography, Evans blue-TTC double staining, ELISA and multi-omics techniques were adopted to evaluate therapeutic efficacy and analyze molecular characteristics. The results demonstrated that EA markedly reduced myocardial infarct size, improved cardiac systolic function, and decreased serum levels of IL-6, IL-1, and TNF-α as well as the expression of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in the myocardial tissue. A total of 6 676 proteins were identified <i>via</i> differential proteomics analysis. One hundred and eighty-seven differentially expressed proteins were identified between the MI group and the sham group, among which the expression of 141 proteins was reversed after EA intervention. These proteins were mainly enriched in signaling pathways related to mitochondrial autophagy and apoptosis. Metabolomics analysis screened out 454 differential metabolites, which were predominantly involved in sphingolipid metabolism and alanine-aspartate-glutamate metabolism pathways. This study indicates that EA alleviates myocardial damage in the rat model of MIRI by suppressing inflammatory responses and regulating signaling pathways associated with myocardial structural maintenance, energy metabolism, and cell survival. The therapeutic mechanism of EA involves the synergistic modulation of multiple targets and pathways, providing experimental evidence for the comprehensive treatment of MIRI.</p>","PeriodicalId":21778,"journal":{"name":"Sheng wu gong cheng xue bao = Chinese journal of biotechnology","volume":"42 8","pages":"3668-3682"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148813938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Improvement and validation of a micro-complement fixation test for glanders].","authors":"Zenan Zhang, Xiaoyu Chu, Kui Guo, Xuefeng Wang, Wei Guo, Zhe Hu, Xiaojun Wang","doi":"10.13345/j.cjb.250883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13345/j.cjb.250883","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Glanders, a major zoonotic disease declared eradicated in China, still faces the risk of external reintroduction. The complement fixation test (CFT) is a key serological diagnostic method for glanders. To address the limitations of conventional CFT, such as high reagent consumption, cumbersome titration procedures, and frequent occurrence of atypical partial hemolysis leading to ambiguous interpretation, this study developed a more economical, user-friendly, and clearly interpretable micro-complement fixation test (mCFT). According to the WOAH guidelines and Chinese agricultural industry standards, we systematically refined the method by focusing on three key dimensions: miniaturization (establishing a 125-μL total reaction volume), system standardization (optimizing and unifying the workflow for determining working concentrations of key components), and endpoint interpretation optimization (enhancing the distinction between positive and negative results). The improved procedure begins with the standardized determination of working concentrations for key reagents. First, the working titers of hemolysin, complement, and antigen are established through serial dilution and reaction. Subsequently, test sera are diluted 1:5, incubated in a 96-well plate with working antigen and complement at 37 ℃ for 1 h, followed by addition of sensitized red blood cells for further 45-min incubation. Finally, the results are assessed by direct visual comparison with standard colorimetric wells: a hemolysis degree ≤50% is considered positive, 50%-90% suspicious, and ≥90% negative. The measured working titers for hemolysin, complement, and antigen were 1:1 000, 1:25, and 1:25, respectively. The validation tests with 40 serum samples provided by world organisation for animal health (WOAH) showed either ≥90% or ≤50% hemolysis, with no sample falling into the suspicious range. The overall result concordance rates of the established method with the WOAH reference and a commercial ELISA kit reached 85% and 87.5%, respectively. While maintaining satisfactory sensitivity and specificity, the method significantly reduces reagent costs, and its clear operational protocol enhances reproducibility. This mCFT provides a reliable technical reserve for the ongoing surveillance, border quarantine, and emergency response to potential glanders outbreaks in China.</p>","PeriodicalId":21778,"journal":{"name":"Sheng wu gong cheng xue bao = Chinese journal of biotechnology","volume":"42 8","pages":"3699-3710"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148813796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Research progress on the role and mechanism of lactate shuttle in regulating fiber type transition of skeletal muscle].","authors":"Junnan Shen, Ziyi Zhang, Weijun Pang","doi":"10.13345/j.cjb.260053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13345/j.cjb.260053","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Skeletal muscle is a central metabolic organ in the body, predominantly composed of oxidative and glycolytic myofibers. The types of skeletal myofibers are closely associated with human skeletal muscle health and livestock meat quality. Lactate has long been regarded as a byproduct of glycolysis. However, the lactate shuttle theory has revealed that lactate can act as a signaling molecule mediating metabolic regulation among different cells, organs and tissues. This review first provided an overview of the functional and metabolic differences among various myofiber types, followed by a systematic review of the role of intracellular, intercellular, and inter-tissue lactate shuttling in regulating myofiber type transformation. It particularly focused on the molecular mechanisms through which lactate shuttle modulates myofiber type transformation via key pathways, such as lactate transporters, PGC-1α, Ca²⁺ signaling, and histone lactylation. These insights not only provide theoretical support for in-depth analysis of the intrinsic mechanisms by which lactate shuttle regulates skeletal myofiber type transformation, but also offer important references for the treatment of skeletal muscle-related diseases and the improvement of livestock meat quality.</p>","PeriodicalId":21778,"journal":{"name":"Sheng wu gong cheng xue bao = Chinese journal of biotechnology","volume":"42 8","pages":"3403-3418"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148814035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Rational design and translational applications of hepatitis B virus-like particles].","authors":"Zhihao Yang, Jiantao Zheng, Xiangru DU, Long Guan, Mingqi Liu, Zhiqi Wang, Qiongyi Li, Jialin Bai","doi":"10.13345/j.cjb.260367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13345/j.cjb.260367","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hepatitis B virus-like particles (HBV-VLPs), characterized by precise biomimetic topological architecture and favorable biocompatibility, have become a highly promising cutting-edge carrier in nanomedicine and immune engineering. This article systematically summarizes the latest research progress in HBV-VLPs, with focuses on the structural biological characteristics and assembly mechanisms of hepatitis B surface antigens (HBsAg) and hepatitis B core antigens (HBcAg) of HBV and the engineering strategies for expression platforms and surface functionalization modifications. In view of the challenges of assembly heterogeneity and immune response differences in the clinical applications of HBV-VLPs, this article predicts the application prospects of VLPs in reversing immune tolerance of chronic hepatitis B and constructing a liver-targeted intelligent delivery platform. Considering our empirical research on the construction of bivalent chimeric VLPs and their activation of humoral and cellular immunity, this article discusses the translational potential of transferring the multivalent co-display strategy to the HBV-VLPs system for solving immune escape. Finally, we propose a design concept for VLPs from artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted computational structural biology, aiming to provide a theoretical basis and design ideas for the development of the next generation of efficient, controllable, and multifunctional nanobiologics.</p>","PeriodicalId":21778,"journal":{"name":"Sheng wu gong cheng xue bao = Chinese journal of biotechnology","volume":"42 8","pages":"3450-3462"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148814054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Teaching reform and practice of a project-based graduate course Bioinformatics in the era of artificial intelligence].","authors":"Yiran Liao, Han Jiang, Hongxiang Xu, Ying He, Jianping Xie","doi":"10.13345/j.cjb.260078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13345/j.cjb.260078","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The rapid development of big data and artificial intelligence (AI) necessitates highly skilled and innovative talents in bioinformatics and the change of conventional teaching for postgraduates. In this study, we identified key challenges in the current teaching of Bioinformatics and developed and implemented a hands-on teaching framework centered on human-AI collaboration. The framework comprises a modular course structure, immersive hands-on training, and the integration of large language models (LLMs) as auxiliary instructional tools to promote active, inquiry-driven learning. Evidence from three years of implementation indicates that this approach significantly enhanced the analytical ability, strengthened the algorithmic thinking, and improved the scientific literacy of students, while also facilitating a shift in instructors' roles from knowledge providers to learning facilitators. This study can help the reform of other courses to foster talents competent for the industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":21778,"journal":{"name":"Sheng wu gong cheng xue bao = Chinese journal of biotechnology","volume":"42 8","pages":"3799-3809"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148814070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Decellularized scaffolds derived from porcine testes for culture of primary testicular cells and organoids].","authors":"Jiekun Sun, Tingsheng Yan","doi":"10.13345/j.cjb.260311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13345/j.cjb.260311","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Decellularized extracellular matrix can well preserve the biomimetic ultrastructure of native tissue, providing a suitable three-dimensional biomimetic microenvironment for the <i>in vitro</i> culture of cells and organoids. The aim of this study is to prepare a porcine testicular decellularized extracellular matrix (PT-dECM) scaffold that fully preserves the natural ultrastructure and bioactive components, thereby providing a highly biomimetic three-dimensional microenvironment for the adhesion and proliferation of primary testicular cells and the in vitro construction of testicular organoids. In this study, we optimized a combined physicochemical decellularization protocol and, after screening, obtained a PT-dECM scaffold that could effectively remove immunogenic substances and fully preserve the natural ultrastructure and bioactive components. This scaffold not only supported uniform cell adhesion and directed proliferation but also provided primary testicular cells with a three-dimensional biomimetic environment that maintained structural and functional integrity. Testicular organoids constructed on this scaffold exhibited the typical physiological structure of native testes, and the four core functional cell types-Sertoli cells, Leydig cells, germ cells, and peritubular myoid cells-were reliably detected, with their spatial distribution being highly consistent with that of native tissue. The PT-dECM scaffold optimized in this study mimicked the natural testicular microenvironment, overcoming the limitations of existing models. It provides a new tool for advancing research into the functions of the testicular microenvironment and has significant application potential in the field of reproductive tissue engineering.</p>","PeriodicalId":21778,"journal":{"name":"Sheng wu gong cheng xue bao = Chinese journal of biotechnology","volume":"42 8","pages":"3749-3763"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148814136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}