Skin Pharmacology and Physiology最新文献

{"title":"MAPK/AP-1 Signaling Pathway Is Involved in the Protection Mechanism of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Derived Exosomes against Ultraviolet-Induced Photoaging in Human Dermal Fibroblasts.","authors":"Tingting Yan,&nbsp;Lining Huang,&nbsp;Yunling Yan,&nbsp;Yiping Zhong,&nbsp;Heng Xie,&nbsp;Xiaohua Wang","doi":"10.1159/000529551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000529551","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The role of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes (BMSCs-exo) in skin photoaging was explored in human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). The underlying mechanism was further explored.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>HDFs were exposed to UVB irradiation to establish the cell photodamage models. The cell viability and levels of oxidative stress-related factors were tested. ELISA was done to detect TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β concentrations. Western blot was applied for protein examination.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>UVB treatment led to the inhibition of cell viability. But after BMSCs-exo addition, the inhibitory effect was returned in a dose manner. UVB exposure contributed to the increase of reactive oxygen species and LDH and the downregulation of superoxide dismutase. In addition, excessive secretion of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β was also detected in cells exposed to UVB. However, BMSCs-exo addition eliminated the effects of UVB on oxidative stress and inflammation in HDFs. BMSCs-exo inhibited matrix metalloproteinases MMP-1 and MMP-3 expression but promoted collagen I expression. UVB radiation activated the MAPK/AP-1 signaling, manifested as the increase of p-p38, c-Jun, and c-Fos protein levels, which were reversed by BMSCs-exo. As a p38 agonist, anisomycin counteracted the effect of BMSCs-exo on HDF's viability, oxidative stress, and inflammation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>BMSCs-exo protected HDFs against UVB-induced inhibition of cell viability and the activation of cell oxidative stress and inflammation, which might be related to the inhibition of the MAPK/AP-1 signaling pathway.</p>","PeriodicalId":21748,"journal":{"name":"Skin Pharmacology and Physiology","volume":"36 2","pages":"98-106"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9883188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Histamine Skin Prick Tests: From Established Diagnostic Technique to Advanced Experimental Biomarker.","authors":"Dorien Bamps,&nbsp;Katarina Berdon,&nbsp;Hasan Hernandez,&nbsp;Rik Schrijvers,&nbsp;Jan de Hoon","doi":"10.1159/000528772","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000528772","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Skin prick tests have a long history as diagnostic and pharmacodynamic biomarker. Besides visual assessments of the wheal and flare, objective blood flow measurements using laser Doppler imaging (LDI) and laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) have been reported. In light of these advancements, an up-to-date characterization of the histamine-evoked response is worthwhile.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A single-centre study was completed in healthy males. Two parameters were addressed: (1) dermal blood flow (DBF) within a 7.65-mm ring encircling the skin prick site (DBFring), and (2) surface area of the flare (AREAflare). First, the dose response was assessed using placebo (0.9% sodium chloride) or histamine (histamine dihydrochloride 1, 3, or 10 mg/mL) skin pricks on the volar surface of subjects' (n = 12) forearm. The DBFring was measured by LDI, and the AREAflare by LDI and by ruler. Secondly, the inter-arm and inter-period reproducibility of the DBFring and AREAflare, as evoked by histamine (10 mg/mL) and measured by LDI and LSCI, was examined (n = 14). Lastly, the effect of aprepitant (125 mg), ketotifen (1 mg), and a single (5 mg) and fourfold (20 mg) dose of desloratadine and levocetirizine on the histamine-induced (10 mg/mL) DBFring and AREAflare was evaluated with LSCI (n = 13 or 12).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All three histamine doses induced a time-dependent vasodilation. Ruler recordings did not conclusively correlate with LDI assessments of the AREAflare. The DBFring and AREAflare were reasonably reproducible when measured by using LDI or LSCI, with negligible bias between arms and study periods and poor to moderate within-subject reproducibility (0.23 ≤ ICC ≤ 0.71). While the fourfold dose of desloratadine (p = 0.0041) and the single and fourfold dose of levocetirizine (p < 0.0001) managed to reduce the AREAflare, only the fourfold dose of levocetirizine (p = 0.0052) reduced the DBFring.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Caution is warranted when translating years of clinical experience with histamine skin prick tests to objective recordings of the associated changes in skin perfusion. Ruler and LDI assessments of the AREAflare do not consistently correlate, and the reproducibility and histamine dependency of the measurements are not obvious. While 10 mg/mL histamine may be a good choice for qualitative diagnostic evaluations, a lower dose may be better suited to use as a quantitative biomarker.</p>","PeriodicalId":21748,"journal":{"name":"Skin Pharmacology and Physiology","volume":"36 2","pages":"87-97"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9602730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Skin Physiology, Mucosal Functions, and Symptoms Are Modulated by Grass Pollen and Ozone Double Exposure in Allergic Patients.","authors":"Joachim W Fluhr, Katarina Stevanovic, Priyanka Joshi, Karl-Christian Bergmann, Leonie S Herzog, Yasmeen Alwaheed, Shirina Al Sowaidi, Torsten Zuberbier","doi":"10.1159/000530115","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000530115","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Along with climate changes, we see an increase in allergic symptoms and the number of pollen-allergic patients in many countries. Increased allergic symptoms are associated with an elevated ozone exposure which may be linked by impaired epithelial barrier function. This study aimed to quantify the clinical effect of ozone and pollen double exposure (DE). We tested whether ozone impairs barrier-related skin physiology and mucosal functions under DE with pollen in grass pollen-allergic patients versus healthy controls.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This case-control study included 8 grass pollen-allergic patients and 8 non-allergic healthy subjects exposed to grass pollen and ozone in the GA2LEN pollen chamber, comparing shorter and longer DE duration. Non-invasive skin physiological parameters were assessed, including stratum corneum hydration, skin redness, surface pH, and basal transepidermal water loss as a parameter for epidermal barrier function. The subjects' general well-being, bronchial, nasal, and ocular symptoms were documented.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Skin physiology tests revealed that DE in allergic patients deteriorates the epidermal barrier function and increases the surface pH and skin redness. DE significantly induced nasal secretion in pollen-allergic versus healthy subjects, which was more pronounced with longer DE. The general well-being was significantly impaired under DE versus pollen or ozone alone, with a negative influence of DE duration. No relevant bronchial symptoms were recorded.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Skin physiology and nasal mucosal symptoms are negatively affected by ozone and grass pollen DE in allergic patients. The negative effects showed, in some parameters, a dose (time)-response relationship. The pH can be regarded as a possible modulatory mechanism.</p>","PeriodicalId":21748,"journal":{"name":"Skin Pharmacology and Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"195-204"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9129835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of an Efficient Extraction Methodology to Analyse Potential Inflammatory Biomarkers from Sebum.","authors":"Hemalatha Jayabal,&nbsp;Dan L Bader,&nbsp;Peter Worsley","doi":"10.1159/000528653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000528653","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Proteins, such as cytokines and chemokines, are present in varying concentrations in a range of biofluids, with an important signalling role in maintaining homeostasis. Commercial tapes have been employed to non-invasively collect these potential biomarkers in sebum from the skin surface to examine their concentrations in conditions including acne, atopic dermatitis, and pressure ulcers. However, the identification of robust biomarker candidates is limited by the low abundance of specific proteins extracted by current methodologies. Therefore, this study was designed to develop an optimized extraction method for potential inflammatory biomarkers in sebum collected with Sebutapes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Commercial tapes (Sebutapes) coated with synthetic sebum were used to systematically evaluate the effects of chemical and mechanical stimuli on extraction efficiency. Varying concentrations of high- and low-abundance biomarkers (IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8, INF-γ, TNF-α, and IL-1RA) were used to spike the synthetic sebum samples. Methodological variables included different surfactants, mechanical stimuli, and buffer volume. Extraction efficiency was estimated using immunoassay kits from the extracted buffer.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results revealed that the use of a surfactant, i.e., β-dodecyl maltoside, in addition to the mechanical stimuli, namely, sonication and centrifugation, resulted in an increased recovery of cytokines, ranging from 80% for high-abundant cytokines, such as IL-1α and IL-1RA, and up to 50% for low-abundance cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8. Compared to previous methods, the new extraction protocol resulted in between a 1.5-2.0-fold increase in extraction efficiency.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study revealed that there was a high degree of variability in the extraction efficiency of different cytokines. However, improved efficiency was achieved across all cytokines with selective surfactants and mechanical stimuli. The optimised protocol will provide means to detect low levels of potential biomarkers from skin surface, enabling the evaluation of local changes in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines present in different skin conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":21748,"journal":{"name":"Skin Pharmacology and Physiology","volume":"36 1","pages":"38-50"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9102133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trichoscopic Diagnosis of Structural Hair Defects in a Clinical Setting: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study.","authors":"Rania Abdel Hay,&nbsp;Khadiga S Sayed,&nbsp;Wedad Z Mostafa,&nbsp;Haidy Atef Afifi,&nbsp;Leila Z Gad,&nbsp;Solwan Ibrahim El-Samanoudy","doi":"10.1159/000526597","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000526597","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Trichoscopy is a simple, noninvasive procedure practiced in the diagnosis of a multitude of scalp and hair disorders. Hair shaft abnormalities usually represent a diagnostic challenge to dermatologists.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The aim of the study was to determine the practicality, versatility, and value of using the handheld dermoscope in the assessment of hair shaft abnormalities and the diagnosis of different hair/scalp disorders.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Eight hundred and seven patients of both sexes, aged from 1 to 76 years, with complaints pertaining to scalp and hair, were the subjects of the study. All patients were examined by the handheld dermoscope, and 400 were additionally examined by the folliscope, digital dermoscope, or their hairs mounted for light microscopy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Based on trichoscopic findings, more than half the patients demonstrated thinned terminal hairs and a predominance of single-haired scalp pilosebaceous units (57% and 55.5%, respectively). Over a quarter of the patients showed hair diameter heterogeneity, upright regrowing hairs, and increased vellus hairs (37%, 31%, and 25%, respectively). Other trichoscopic findings included scalp scaling (19%), hair weathering (12%), thinned wavy hairs (10.5%), brush-like hair fractures (9%), exclamation mark hairs (9%), and longitudinal cleavage (trichoptilosis) (8%). The clinical diagnostic spectrum was topped by the following diagnoses in order of frequency: female pattern hair loss, telogen effluvium, traction alopecia, and trichotillomania. Trichodynia appeared to be significantly associated with numerous hair shaft abnormalities.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Most hair shaft abnormalities can be reliably diagnosed with high accuracy using a handheld dermoscope in an office setting. Skillful knowledge of dermoscopy is an important aid in the diagnosis of hair and scalp disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":21748,"journal":{"name":"Skin Pharmacology and Physiology","volume":"36 2","pages":"67-75"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9529842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a Semi-Dry Method for Measuring Drug Permeation into Skin Using an Electric Facial Care Device and Iontophoresis.","authors":"Yumi Touma, Mayumi Ichikawa, Masatake Kishi, Tomomi Yokota, Akio Fujisawa","doi":"10.1159/000536500","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000536500","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Percutaneous drug delivery systems are attractive not only as a therapeutic strategy but also for cosmetic treatment. Iontophoresis is a well-recognized method for promoting transdermal absorption of ionized compounds. Franz cells are generally used to estimate drug permeation of skin by iontophoresis. However, methods using Franz cells are less versatile; for instance, the method is unsuited for use with a portable electric facial care device having a working probe of a certain size and weight. In this study, we constructed a semi-dry apparatus for use with an electric facial care device.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The apparatus has a multilayer structure consisting of mouse skin and 3 filter papers, modeled after the Franz cell. The skin permeation of the drug edaravone (3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one) was then measured using this apparatus.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Edaravone permeation depended on working time, drug concentration, and ionization ratio of edaravone when iontophoresis was carried out with an electric facial care device. Furthermore, glycyrrhizic acid, α-tocopheryl phosphate, retinoic acid, and ascorbyl palmitate, which are recognized as functional cosmetic materials, also permeated the skin by applying iontophoresis with the device.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results suggest that the developed measuring apparatus is applicable for use with a portable electric facial care device and that iontophoresis using a portable electric facial care device is potentially useful in the cosmetic field.</p>","PeriodicalId":21748,"journal":{"name":"Skin Pharmacology and Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"278-287"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139900384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of an in vitro Functional Assay to Evaluate the Occlusive Properties of Moisturizers on Dry Skin.","authors":"Soonjin Hong,&nbsp;Prithwiraj Maitra,&nbsp;Audrey Nguyen,&nbsp;Kuniko Kadoya,&nbsp;Rahul C Mehta,&nbsp;Elizabeth SelwanLewis","doi":"10.1159/000529630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000529630","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Dry skin is a hallmark of impaired skin barrier function. Moisturizers are a mainstay of treatment to help the skin retain moisture, and there is a high consumer demand for effective products. However, the development and optimization of new formulations are hampered due to lack of reliable efficacy measures using in vitro models.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, a microscopy-based barrier functional assay was developed using an in vitro skin model of chemically induced barrier damage to evaluate the occlusive activity of moisturizers.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The assay was validated by demonstrating the different effects on barrier function between humectant (glycerol) and occlusive (petrolatum). Significant changes in barrier function were observed upon tissue disruption, which was ameliorated by commercial moisturizing products.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This newly developed experimental method may be helpful to develop new and improved occlusive moisturizers for the treatment of dry skin conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":21748,"journal":{"name":"Skin Pharmacology and Physiology","volume":"36 3","pages":"140-148"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9913878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of Topical Sandalore® Increases Epidermal Dermcidin Synthesis in Organ-Cultured Human Skin ex vivo.","authors":"Janin Edelkamp,&nbsp;Marta B Lousada,&nbsp;Daniela Pinto,&nbsp;Jérémy Chéret,&nbsp;James D B O'Sullivan,&nbsp;Antonio Biundo,&nbsp;Francisco Jimenez,&nbsp;Wolfgang Funk,&nbsp;Christian Roessing,&nbsp;Volker Rippmann,&nbsp;Ralf Paus,&nbsp;Marta Bertolini","doi":"10.1159/000528402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000528402","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Several olfactory receptors (ORs) are expressed in human skin, where they regulate skin pigmentation, barrier function, wound healing, and hair growth. Previously, we found that the selective activation of OR family 2 subfamily AT member 4 (OR2AT4) by the synthetic, sandalwood-like odorant Sandalore® differentially stimulates the expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in human scalp hair follicle epithelium ex vivo. As OR2AT4 is also expressed by epidermal keratinocytes, we hypothesized that it may modulate intraepidermal AMP synthesis, thereby contributing to skin microbiome management.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We investigated this hypothesis in organ-cultured human skin in the presence of Sandalore® and antibiotics and evaluated epidermal production of two AMPs, LL37 (cathelicidin) and dermcidin (DCD), as well as OR2AT4, by quantitative immunohistomorphometry. Moreover, we quantified DCD secretion into the culture medium by ELISA and studied the effect of culture medium on selected bacterial and fungal strains.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Topical application of Sandalore®to organ-cultured human skin increased OR2AT4 protein expression, the number of DCD-positive intraepidermal cells, and DCD secretion into culture media, without significantly affecting epidermal LL37 expression. In line with the significantly increased secretion of DCD into the culture medium, we demonstrated, in a spectrophotometric assay, that application of conditioned media from Sandalore®-treated skin promotes Staphylococcus epidermidis, Malassezia restricta, and, minimally, Cutibacterium acnes and inhibits Staphylococcus aureus growth.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In addition to demonstrating for the first time that DCD can be expressed by epidermal keratinocytes, our pilot study suggests that topical treatment of human skin with a cosmetic odorant (Sandalore®) has the potential to alter the composition of the human skin microbiome through the selective upregulation of DCD. If confirmed, Sandalore® could become an attractive adjuvant, nondrug treatment for dermatoses characterized by dysbiosis due to overgrowth of S. aureus and Malassezia, such as atopic dermatitis and seborrheic dermatitis.</p>","PeriodicalId":21748,"journal":{"name":"Skin Pharmacology and Physiology","volume":"36 3","pages":"117-124"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9929637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dermal and Transdermal Macromolecule Delivery Using Enhancer Molecules and Colloidal Carrier Systems - Part 2: Percutaneous Administration of Heparin.","authors":"Jamal Alyoussef Alkrad,&nbsp;Yousif Ali Almalki Ali Almalki,&nbsp;Eman Zmaily Dahmash,&nbsp;Loay Khaled Hassouneh,&nbsp;Reinhard H H Neubert","doi":"10.1159/000528189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000528189","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Heparin is a commonly used anti-coagulant administered either by intravenous or subcutaneous injection for a systemic effect or topically for the treatment of peripheral vascular disorders.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to formulate heparin in non-ionic colloidal carrier systems (CCSs) having enhanced percutaneous absorption for systemic and topical administration.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Five CCSs were developed and characterized for their rheological properties, droplet size, and drug loading. The percutaneous absorption of heparin was evaluated in vitro using Franz diffusion cells with rats' skin and with the aid of a developed high-pressure chromatography method. Furthermore, the efficacy of two developed heparin CCSs was tested percutaneously in rats by measuring the response against the time in comparison to subcutaneous administration.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The rheograms and droplet size measurements showed that the developed drug delivery systems have Newtonian properties with a droplet size between 109 and 460 nm. As much as 500 mg of heparin could be loaded in around 5 mL of CCS. Furthermore, using Franz diffusion cells, a diffusion rate of 19.216 ± 2.01 USP U/cm2.h could be achieved for heparin-loaded CCSs. Moreover, the estimated percutaneous in vivo relative bioavailability in comparison to subcutaneous administration could reflect that at least more than 50% of the drug passed through the skin.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The developed novel non-toxic CCSs containing heparin can be good candidates for percutaneous administration as alternative delivery systems for subcutaneous and intravenous invasive administration.</p>","PeriodicalId":21748,"journal":{"name":"Skin Pharmacology and Physiology","volume":"36 1","pages":"16-26"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10749630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Skin Care in Neonates and Infants: A Scoping Review.","authors":"Doris Wilborn, Ruhul Amin, Jan Kottner, Ulrike Blume-Peytavi","doi":"10.1159/000529550","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000529550","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Skin care is a basic, daily activity performed by formal and informal caregivers from birth until end of life. Skin care activities are influenced by different factors, e.g., culture, knowledge, industrial developments and marketing activities. Therefore, various preferences, traditions, and behaviors exist worldwide including skin care of neonates and infants. The objective of this scoping review was to obtain an overview about the evidence of skin care activities in neonates and infants. Studies from 2010 were eligible if the population was (skin) healthy neonates and infants; if the concept was skin care interventions; and if the context was at home, in a community setting, in a pediatric outpatient service, or in a hospital. We searched for the literature via OVID in MEDLINE and Embase, in the Cochrane Library, in trial registries and for gray literature.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>We identified 42 studies since 2010, which examined four main skin care interventions: bathing, wiping, washing, and topical application of leave-on products. Details of interventions were often not reported, and if they were, they were not comparable. The four skin care interventions focused on 13 different care goals, mainly prevention of skin diseases, maintaining skin barrier function, and improving (skin) health. We evaluated effects of skin care interventions using 57 different outcome domains; 39 of 57 were skin-related and 18 were not. Mostly, laboratory or instrumental measurements were used.</p><p><strong>Key messages: </strong>Our scoping review identified four skin care interventions with a broad heterogeneity of product categories and application details. Studies in skin care interventions should include all relevant information about product category and application details to ensure comparability of study results. This would be helpful in developing recommendations for formal and informal caregivers. We identified 13 skin care goals. \"Maintaining healthy skin/skin barrier function/skin barrier integrity,\" \"prevention of atopic dermatitis,\" \"cleansing,\" and \"improving skin barrier function\" were most often allocated to skin care interventions. There is substantial variability regarding outcome domains in skin care research. Our results support the need of developing core outcome sets in the field of skin care in healthy skin, especially in this age-group of neonates and infants.</p>","PeriodicalId":21748,"journal":{"name":"Skin Pharmacology and Physiology","volume":"36 2","pages":"51-66"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9883196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}