Skin Pharmacology and Physiology最新文献

{"title":"Kinetic Monitoring of in vitro Release Testing Using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry with Hydrocortisone Creams.","authors":"Kelsey Leach, Lola Sibaud, Bradley Towey","doi":"10.1159/000546534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000546534","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>A new method for conducting in vitro release testing (IVRT) was developed by adapting Higuchi's square root approximation for use with UV-Vis spectrophotometry, and over the counter hydrocortisone formulations at 0.5% and 1.0% concentrations. This IVRT method was investigated for the required validation elements as specified by abbreviated new drug applications (ANDAs) and USP General Chapter <1724> for linearity and range, precision and reproducibility, and discrimination sensitivity, specificity, and selectivity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>IVRT kinetic experiments were conducted using UV-Vis spectrophotometer, a quartz cuvette, with measurements collected every 15 s for 5 min, and methanol as the receptor solution. Six measurements of the 1% hydrocortisone formulation were conducted over 3 different days, for a total of 18 measurements. The 0.5% formulation was measured 6 times over 1 day. Release rates were obtained by plotting the slope of Abs242 vs. √t. HPLC was used to demonstrate specificity via an alternate analytical technique and to show membrane inertness.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The hydrocortisone cream formulations demonstrated specificity via HPLC compared to a USP traceable hydrocortisone reference standard. IVRT sensitivity and selectivity were demonstrated by the statistically different release rates (slopes) of the 0.5% vs. the 1% hydrocortisone formulations at 90% confidence interval (75-133.33%). Linearity throughout the duration of the assay was demonstrated through a r2 value of ≥0.97 for each experiment and for each formulation. All intra-run and inter-run precision calculations relating to the IVRT experiments had %CV values of ≤15%.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>IVRT experiments were conducted using UV-Vis spectrophotometry kinetic monitoring of 0.5% and 1% hydrocortisone formulations. This IVRT method was validated for specificity, selectivity, sensitivity, linearity and range, precision and reproducibility following the guidance for ANDAs and USP General Chapter <1724>, thus demonstrating the capability of UV-Vis spectrophotometry as a reliable way of discerning release rates of semisolid formulations. This novel approach can be conducted in a matter of minutes as opposed to hours, a vast improvement over conventional IVRT studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":21748,"journal":{"name":"Skin Pharmacology and Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144554374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using Pharmacokinetic Parameters from In Vitro Permeation Test (IVPT) Data for Predicting Multiple Dose Penetration Profiles.","authors":"Paul A Lehman","doi":"10.1159/000546732","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000546732","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Introduction Several complex mathematical models have been developed using in vitro permeation test [IVPT) data to characterize percutaneous absorption. A less complicated approach, using basic pharmacokinetic parameters on IVPT data, is proposed here to predict skin barrier content and permeation kinetics following multiple dose applications. Methods Published and archived data from the authors' files is used to define and test a proposed model using standard single compartment pharmacokinetic parameters, and to provide insight into percutaneous absorption profiles and skin barrier content. Results Pharmacokinetic parameters are derived and shown for a selection of diverse drugs from their IVPT data, which are then used to predict multiple-dose absorption kinetics. Flux profiles and skin barrier content are calculated and shown for periods of 7-30 days with 6, 12 and 24 hr dosing intervals. Conclusion The model presented here, allows one to predict the rate and extent of drug absorption over any number of dosing periods per day, and across multiple days. This information may not only provide a new outlook on formulation selection or dosing regimens, but may also allow for estimation of skin or systemic levels of exposure to chemicals following multiple sequential topical dose applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":21748,"journal":{"name":"Skin Pharmacology and Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"1-23"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144326854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do transdermal administration of α1 and α2 adrenergic receptor antagonists modulate sweating in exercising young females in the heat?","authors":"Lu Meng, Hui Wang, Junto Otsuka, Yumi Okamoto, Shotaro Yokoyama, Shoma Oshima, Hanano Kato, Tze-Huan Lei, Tatsuro Amano","doi":"10.1159/000546961","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000546961","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Introduction Adrenergic modulation of sweating remains equivocal in females. We investigated whether α1- and α2-adrenergic receptors can modulate sweating during active heat stress in healthy female participants. Methods Thirty young adults (15 females) cycled at 50% peak oxygen uptake for 30 minutes at 32°C and 40% relative humidity. Sweat rates (ventilated capsule technique) on both forearms were assessed following pre-treatment with terazosin (α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist), rauwolscine (α2-antagonist), or control (NaCl) using transdermal iontophoresis procedure. The efficacy of α1-blockade was confirmed post-exercise with phenylephrine (α1-adrenergic agonist)-induced sweating, while α2-antagonist efficacy was verified in a separate follow-up study assessing clonidine (α2-agonist)-induced cutaneous vasoconstriction. Results Participants sweated by 0.32 ± 0.13 and 0.54 ± 0.26 mg cm-2 min-1 at the end of exercise for males and females, respectively. Neither terazosin nor rauwolscine affected sweating during exercise in males (P ≥ 0.125, interaction and treatment effect) or females (P ≥ 0.277) as compared to control sites. However, the reduction in sweat rate at the terazosin-treated site was negatively correlated with sweat rate at control sites in both sexes (all P ≤ 0.050, r ≤ 0.514), while no such correlation was observed for rauwolscine. Successful α1-blockade was confirmed by attenuated phenylephrine-induced sweating during post-exercise (P ≤ 0.025). Rauwolscine effectively abolished clonidine-induced cutaneous vasoconstriction in a follow-up study, verifying successful transdermal delivery. Conclusion The α₁- and α₂-adrenergic receptors do not alter sweating during moderate-intensity exercise in males and females, at least among individuals with relatively low sweat production.</p>","PeriodicalId":21748,"journal":{"name":"Skin Pharmacology and Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144326852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationships between Skin Structure and Skin Function of Pregnant Women and Their Infants: A Prospective Cohort Study.","authors":"Doris Wilborn, Agathe Franz, Gabriela Engelhardt, Tsenka Tomova-Simitchieva, Andria Constantinou, Ruhul Amin, Kathrin Hillmann, Jan Kottner, Gavin Zhou, Ulrike Blume-Peytavi","doi":"10.1159/000546770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000546770","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In women during pregnancy and in infants during the first months after birth skin health is challenged. However, evidence about the structural and functional changes of the skin during and after pregnancy is largely lacking. The first prospective cohort study was conducted, following women from pregnancy through the postpartum period and their infants until six months of age, with skin structure and function measured at different time points. Due to the explorative character of the study, descriptive statistics were used. Over the study period, transepidermal water loss, epidermal thickness and skin roughness in women increased. Pregnancy, and postpartum period affected skin parameters such as skin roughness, epidermal thickness and transepidermal water loss, whereas stratum corneum hydration, pH, skin stiffness, and skin elasticity were not affected in women. Infants' skin barrier function matched literature values for healthy skin, with roughness and dryness decreasing through six months of age. Infant's skin barrier function characteristics matched literature values for healthy skin, with skin roughness and dryness decreasing by six months of age. Based on the findings of this observational cohort study we found no statistically significant correlation between maternal health and skin characteristics and skin characteristics of infants except for women's skin roughness and infants skin stiffness and skin elasticity and women's skin stiffness and skin elasticity and infant's skin elasticity. Therefore, based on our findings it may be justified to consider using skin care for maintaining barrier quality and function a) in pregnant women with a positive effect on skin roughness and transepidermal water loss b) in infants improving dry skin and skin roughness.</p>","PeriodicalId":21748,"journal":{"name":"Skin Pharmacology and Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144326853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Harnessing Artificial Intelligence for Dermatological Care During Space Missions.","authors":"Diala Haykal, Mohamad Goldust","doi":"10.1159/000546730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000546730","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21748,"journal":{"name":"Skin Pharmacology and Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144275895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Physical, Chemical, and Sympathetic Stimuli on Water-Immersion Finger Wrinkling.","authors":"Bruno D Martimiano, Maria C V Belli, Mariana de R Lai, Mariana M Morita, Fernando H Minagawa, Ana C C Espósito, Vitor C de Oliveira, Mariana P S Coelho, Hélio A Miot","doi":"10.1159/000546695","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000546695","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Stimulated skin wrinkling (SSW) reflects the integrity of the autonomic nervous system, eccrine sweat glands, and microcirculation. Specific stimuli, as water immersion or mechanical pressure usually elicit it. This study explored the influence of some physical, chemical, sympathetic stimuli, and circadian cycle on SSW.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Time required to achieve grade III finger wrinkling was assessed in 24 healthy adults. SSW induced by room-temperature filtered water (RTFW) for comparison across temperature variations: warm water (40°C) and iced water; tonicity: Distilled water and hypertonic saline (36% NaCl); pH variations: acidic and alkaline solution; oily medium: soybean oil; or pressure: immersion under hydrostatic pressure (30 cm water column). To evaluate the influence of sympathetic activity, SSW was assessed under caffeine stimulation: 30 min after ingestion of 60 mg caffeine (Ristretto espresso); diurnal variation: testing at 10 a.m. versus 10 p.m.; or ischemic influence: under sub-systolic ischemia induced by an arm cuff. Additionally, 12 participants underwent 10 min fingertip exposures to EMLA and room-temperature vinegar for comparison.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The time to reach grade III SSW under RTFW varied widely across the sample (from 2.1 to 37.0 min). The acidic solution reduced the time to SSW compared to RTFW (mean: 6.4 vs. 13.9 min; p < 0.01), with a more pronounced effect observed with a warm (40°C) acidic solution (4.0 vs. 15.5 min; p < 0.01). Hot water, distilled water, and 30 cm hydrostatic pressure stimulation shortened the time to SSW compared to RTFW (p < 0.01). No SSW was observed after 30 min of immersion in the oily medium, iced water, alkaline solution, hypertonic solution, or following ischemia. A circadian influence on SSW was also observed, with morning measurements resulting in a faster response than at night (10.4 vs. 14.6 min; p < 0.01). SSW was also accelerated after coffee consumption (6.1 vs. 10.5 min; p < 0.01). After 10 min of stimulation with either EMLA or vinegar, 75% of participants reached grade III SSW (p = 1.00).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>SSW is influenced by multiple factors, including solution temperature, pH, osmolarity, hydrostatic pressure, caffeine ingestion, and circadian timing. Warm vinegar elicited a faster and more consistent SSW response compared to other tested conditions, highlighting its use in experimental settings. No difference in SSW was observed between room-temperature vinegar and EMLA after 10 min, supporting its potential for clinical application.</p>","PeriodicalId":21748,"journal":{"name":"Skin Pharmacology and Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144199889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioavailability of Hydroquinone from Topical Formulations: A Product Comparison Study Using the in vitro Permeation Test.","authors":"Paul A Lehman, Thomas J Franz","doi":"10.1159/000545618","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000545618","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The in vitro Permeation Test (IVPT) is considered to be an important tool for assessing the topical pharmacokinetics of dermatologic formulations. An IVPT study evaluating products that contain the skin bleaching agent, hydroquinone (HQ), as the active ingredient, is presented in support of the value of IVPT in comparing the relative bioavailability of HQ products from different commercial products.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Ten former OTC and Rx products were evaluated for in vitro bioavailability using human ex vivo skin in Franz diffusion cells. In addition, to assess the correlation between in vitro and in vivo absorption, the suction blister technique was used to determine HQ concentration in interstitial fluid from two products differing in HQ bioavailability.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant differences in HQ absorption between products were found. Total absorption varied from 27 to 279 μg/cm2/48 h, and neither total absorption nor the rates of absorption were found to correlate with labeled drug concentration. In vivo suction blister data on the two products were in accordance with the IVPT results.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Overall, this study demonstrates the sensitivity and value of the IVPT method for detecting differences in the pharmacokinetics of topical formulations containing a single therapeutic agent but which differ in formulation design.</p>","PeriodicalId":21748,"journal":{"name":"Skin Pharmacology and Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143781103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emulsifier-Induced Changes to the Human Skin Barrier: Connection to Ceramide Profiles and Assessment as a Skin Lesion Model.","authors":"Moritz Reuter, Hans Schoenfelder, Annette Gaiser, Sebastian Volc, Dominique Lunter","doi":"10.1159/000545234","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000545234","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Emulsifiers are common excipients in dermal products stabilizing formulations such as creams and emulsions. But due to their potential for skin irritation, emulsifiers for pharmaceutical use should be tested regarding their tolerability before introducing them to the skin of patients. In this study, a systematic investigation with six oil in water-emulsifiers was performed on the forearms of 12 healthy human volunteers, six female, and six male.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analyzed the effects of pharmaceutical emulsifiers on the macroscopic skin health parameters measured as trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin hydration and measured the ceramide profile of the treated skin sites using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry in order to assess the skin tolerability of the investigated emulsifiers. In a second step, a Partial Least Squares Regression was employed to investigate relationships between changes in the ceramide profile to changes in the TEWL of skin treated with a nonionic as well as an anionic emulsifier.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Skin health measurements showed that the applied emulsifiers inflicted no significant changes compared to the water-treated sample, demonstrating a remarkable skin tolerability. The employed regression model showed a good fit as well as adequate prediction and identified ceramide species associated with impaired skin barrier function. Furthermore, it was found that the relationship between the ceramide profile and the skin barrier function in emulsifier-induced skin damage shows distinct similarities to the interplay of ceramides and skin barrier function in lesional skin linked to atopic dermatitis, hinting toward a common underlying mechanism and opening up possibilities to simulate disease-related changes to the skin for the development of skin damage models.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In conclusion, these detailed investigations yield insight into possible mechanisms of emulsifier-induced skin damage and show its versatility in the investigation of pharmaceutical emulsifiers for formulation development as well as basic research.</p>","PeriodicalId":21748,"journal":{"name":"Skin Pharmacology and Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143754409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Healing Diabetic Foot Ulcers with Topical Timolol Improves Healed Epithelial Integrity.","authors":"Rawlings E Lyle, Mirabel E Dafinone, Pallas Lim, Anuj Budhiraja, Alisha Mehta, Sara E Dahle, Roslyn Rivkah Isseroff","doi":"10.1159/000545357","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000545357","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a common complication in diabetes, leading to high amputation risk and significant healthcare costs. Given topical timolol's emergence as a potential wound-healing agent, our study explored its impact on epidermal integrity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study was a post hoc analysis conducted as part of a randomized controlled trial at the Veterans Affairs Northern California Health Care System. Twenty patients, who had DFUs healed in the original trial, 10 in the timolol arm, and 10 in the placebo arm, were enrolled in the study. The primary outcome was transepidermal water loss, measured monthly for 3 months of post-healing using a closed-chamber device. The secondary outcome was re-ulceration rates over 1 year.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Transepidermal water loss at 1, 2, and 3 months of post-healing was significantly lower in the timolol group than in the placebo group (p < 0.01). Linear mixed models identified contralateral foot transepidermal water loss as a significant predictor of healed diabetic foot ulcer site transepidermal water loss (estimate = 0.76, p < 0.001). The interaction between timolol treatment and months since healing significantly reduced transepidermal water loss over time (estimate = -2.2, p = 0.002). The use of a wheelchair was also associated with a significant decrease in transepidermal water loss (estimate = -7.7, p = 0.01). Initial transepidermal water loss values were higher in patients who re-ulcerated, but the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.42). There was no difference in re-ulceration rates in this small pilot study.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Topical timolol significantly improved skin barrier function in healed DFUs, reducing transepidermal water loss. Although re-ulceration rates were not significantly different, the trend suggests potential benefits. Further studies with larger sample sizes and longer follow-up are needed to confirm these findings and explore transepidermal water loss's predictive value for re-ulceration.</p>","PeriodicalId":21748,"journal":{"name":"Skin Pharmacology and Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143754413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Two Different Basic Skincare Regimens on Children and Adult Skin Microbiota: An Exploratory Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial.","authors":"Kathrin Hillmann, Tsenka Tomova-Simitchieva, Pauline Sophia Pinta, Zhile Xiong, Annette Moter, Varvara Kanti-Schmidt, Jan Kottner, Ulrike Blume-Peytavi","doi":"10.1159/000545433","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000545433","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Regular use of leave-on skincare products has positive effects on the skin barrier and appears to influence the skin microbiome in atopic dermatitis (AD). However, product-related effects on the skin microbiome are unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate to which extent the application of an emollient plus product differs from a petrolatum-based basic skincare product in terms of skin physiology, skin barrier, and skin microbiome.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In an exploratory study regime, 50 subjects (children and adults) with mild AD were randomized to receive Bepanthen SensiDaily® (BSD) and Basiscreme DAC (DAC) for 3 months in a crossover design. Skin physiological measurements and skin microbiome swabs were taken on the forearm and lower leg before and after each 3-month application period of the respective product.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Improvement of skin physiological parameters after 3 months was observed in both topical leave-on product groups. Statistically significant differences were observed in baseline microbiomes between children and adults (p < 0.001) but not between the product groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Regular application of leave-on products leads to better stratum corneum hydration after 3 months with better effects of BSD on the forearms of children and the lower legs of adults compared to DAC. The application of BSD and DAC did not lead to significant alterations in the overall composition of the skin microbiome. Although there were shifts in the frequency of certain microbial genera, these changes were not consistent between age groups and treatments.</p>","PeriodicalId":21748,"journal":{"name":"Skin Pharmacology and Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12064132/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143701305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}