{"title":"The interplay of tissue mechanics and gene regulatory networks in the evolution of morphogenesis","authors":"James DiFrisco, Rashmi Priya","doi":"10.1016/j.semcdb.2025.103654","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.semcdb.2025.103654","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent years have seen the growth of work illuminating the mechanical aspects of morphogenesis, but its relationship to the established ideas and evidence of developmental and evolutionary genetics remains enigmatic. This review aims to re-assess the conceptual relationship between mechanics and genetics in the context of animal morphogenesis. We propose a view in which genetic programs—understood as gene regulatory networks—and processes of physical self-organization are not conflicting models of development, but instead play necessary and complementary causal roles at cellular and supra-cellular length scales, respectively. Current evidence from evolutionary genetics supports the hypothesis that this form of complementarity may be necessary for morphogenesis to be evolvable.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21735,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in cell & developmental biology","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 103654"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145157802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Suhrid Ghosh , Chandrashekar Kuyyamudi , Beatrice L. Steinert , Cassandra G. Extavour
{"title":"Mechanical mechanisms of morphogenesis as potential substrates for evolutionary change","authors":"Suhrid Ghosh , Chandrashekar Kuyyamudi , Beatrice L. Steinert , Cassandra G. Extavour","doi":"10.1016/j.semcdb.2025.103645","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.semcdb.2025.103645","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The first quarter of this century has seen a resurgence of interest in the mechanical and physical mechanisms that drive cellular behaviors in the context of morphogenesis. Far from being a new discovery, the fact that the material properties of cells and the physical forces that they exert and experience must play decisive roles in development, was an important part of the field of experimental embryology well over a century ago. Following the birth of molecular biology, and the development of live imaging approaches that can capture the dynamics of both cellular properties and materials, and the activity of genes and gene products, the current manifestation of this field promises to link mechanical and molecular genetic mechanisms. Here we review recent advances in understanding the relationships between mechanical and molecular genetic mechanisms, and suggest paths forward that could yield answers to the pressing questions of whether and how evolutionary forces act not only on functional morphologies, but also on the mechanical forces that create them.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21735,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in cell & developmental biology","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 103645"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144890493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"How growth-induced stresses guide shape changes during animal morphogenesis: Mechanisms and implications","authors":"A. Erlich , S. Harmansa","doi":"10.1016/j.semcdb.2025.103661","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.semcdb.2025.103661","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Morphogenesis, the process by which an organism develops its shape, is orchestrated by a complex interplay of genetic, biochemical, and mechanical factors. While myosin-driven contractility has been widely acknowledged as a critical driver of tissue shaping, emerging evidence suggests that differential growth (i.e. variations in growth rates within or between tissues) plays an equally vital role. Differential growth generates mechanical stresses that drive deformations at both cellular and tissue scales, shaping functional organ morphologies. This review introduces the core principles of growth mechanics in animal tissues and demonstrates how differential growth contributes to the generation of mechanical stresses that shape organs through processes such as folding, bending, and buckling, especially when different tissue layers or extracellular matrices impose external constraints. Furthermore, because cells can sense and respond to stresses, we highlight how integrating theoretical modelling with experimental data deepens our understanding of the feedback loops by which growth-induced stresses arise and mechanically guide functional shapes. Our aim is to engage developmental biologists by highlighting well-established insights from solid mechanics and plant biology on differential growth as a means to generate stress and shape tissue, complementing and extending the traditional focus on contractility.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21735,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in cell & developmental biology","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 103661"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145313543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Recent insights into atrial chamber formation","authors":"Marga Albu , David Sedmera , Didier Y.R. Stainier","doi":"10.1016/j.semcdb.2025.103664","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.semcdb.2025.103664","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The sinus node, at the venous end of the heart, automatically generates the electrical impulses that initiate each heart beat and set the heart’s rhythm. From the sinus node, these action potentials are transmitted by specialized structures including initially the atrial inner muscle bundles. Congenital malformations of the atrial wall and the corrective procedures used to treat them frequently disrupt atrial physiology, thereby increasing the risk of arrhythmias. Understanding how the atrial inner muscle bundles develop could therefore facilitate therapeutic strategies. Here, we discuss recent findings on the development of the atrial inner wall and contextualize it with the better understood process of ventricular wall development. Atrial wall architecture varies across species, leading to differences in the patterns of action potential propagation and cardiac contractions. More basal vertebrates such as fish and amphibians (e.g., axolotls) display a webbed-like atrial inner myocardium, whereas mammals develop hierarchically patterned atrial inner muscle structures. This architectural evolution may be associated with the higher cardiovascular requirements of homeothermic organisms. Although the complexity of the atrial inner wall appears to be critical for cardiac function, how it emerges has only recently started being investigated. Oriented action potential propagation correlates with the appearance of the first inner muscle bundles in the chick atrium. Recent studies in zebrafish have shown that atrial cardiomyocytes elongate and intercalate to form multilayered inner structures important for optimal cardiac function. Notably, the cellular and molecular mechanisms behind inner wall emergence differ between the atrium and ventricle. Altogether, these findings lay the foundation for future research into atrial morphogenesis and chamber-specific therapies for congenital heart defects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21735,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in cell & developmental biology","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 103664"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145565027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elie N. Farah , Jessyka T. Diaz , Joshua Bloomekatz , Neil C. Chi
{"title":"Charting the cardiac landscape: Advances in spatial transcriptomics for heart biology","authors":"Elie N. Farah , Jessyka T. Diaz , Joshua Bloomekatz , Neil C. Chi","doi":"10.1016/j.semcdb.2025.103648","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.semcdb.2025.103648","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The heart is the first organ to form in the developing embryo. Throughout development, it continues to grow and function to support the maturing fetus by circulating nutrients to all of the developing organs. Defects in the spatial organization of cardiac cells can lead to congenital heart defects (CHD), which affects 1–3 % of all live births, as well as adult heart diseases. Spatial transcriptomics has revolutionized our understanding of cardiac biology by providing high-resolution maps of gene expression within intact tissue, offering insights into cellular interactions and spatial organization across the entire heart. Recent improvements have enabled precise mapping of cellular heterogeneity within developing human hearts, revealing spatially organized populations of cardiomyocytes and non-cardiomyocyte cells and key signaling pathways in cardiac morphogenesis. Studies of adult hearts post-myocardial infarction (MI) using these technologies have unraveled gene expression patterns specific to injury zones. Furthermore, multi-modal approaches combining spatial transcriptomics with epigenetic, proteomic, and functional data have expanded our understanding of cell type-specific responses and molecular mechanisms underpinning cardiac injury responses and fibrosis. Here, we describe the range of spatial transcriptomic technologies currently available and discuss the technical considerations involved in conducting spatial analyses. We further highlight the progression from early spatial mapping techniques to contemporary high-resolution, multi-modal approaches in studying cardiac tissue, underscoring how these advancements provide unprecedented insights into heart development, disease, and regeneration, and discuss future directions for applying spatial transcriptomics to address fundamental questions in cardiovascular biology and therapy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21735,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in cell & developmental biology","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 103648"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144912304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Lessons for cardiac regeneration from non-mammalian model organisms","authors":"Yusuke Watanabe, Kazu Kikuchi","doi":"10.1016/j.semcdb.2025.103653","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.semcdb.2025.103653","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Unlike mammals, certain non-mammalian species — such as amphibians and teleost fish — can regenerate their hearts after severe damage. Investigating non-mammalian heart regeneration could provide strategies to reactivate regenerative mechanisms in adult human hearts, potentially reducing morbidity and mortality related to heart failure. This review offers an overview of key findings from earlier studies using amphibian models and highlights recent advances from teleost fish, with a particular focus on signaling pathways, enhancers, and transcription factors that regulate the endogenous mechanisms of cardiac regeneration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21735,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in cell & developmental biology","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 103653"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145092371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Zebrafish as a model system for studying cilia biology and ciliopathies","authors":"Mengfan Wu , Jiongchen Lin , Chengjie Yu , Chengtian Zhao , Haibo Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.semcdb.2025.103652","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.semcdb.2025.103652","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cilia are highly conserved, microtubule-based, hair-like organelles that project from the surface of most eukaryotic cells. They perform essential functions in signal transduction, cellular motility, and the regulation of fluid flow within tissues. Foundational insights into ciliary biology have largely been derived from invertebrate models such as <em>Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</em> and <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em>, which each possess a relatively uniform cilium type. In contrast, vertebrates display remarkable diversity in ciliary subtypes, with distinct structures and functions tailored to specific tissues. This diversity underlies the broad physiological importance of cilia, and it also explains why defects in ciliary assembly or function result in a wide spectrum of human genetic disorders collectively known as ciliopathies. As a result, vertebrate models have become indispensable for uncovering the roles of cilia in both normal development and disease pathogenesis. Among them, zebrafish has emerged as a particularly versatile and powerful model system. Its unique experimental advantages—including optical transparency during embryogenesis, external fertilization, high fecundity, and compatibility with large-scale genetic and pharmacological screening—make it ideally suited for studying ciliary biology in vivo. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of ciliary function using zebrafish, with particular emphasis on studies of ciliopathy-associated genes and newly uncovered roles of cilia in processes such as spinal development and meiosis. Finally, we discuss current challenges and outline future research directions, highlighting how zebrafish will continue to drive discoveries in cilia biology and ciliopathy research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21735,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in cell & developmental biology","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 103652"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145157803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mechanistic modeling of mitosis: Insights from three collaborative case studies","authors":"Jing Chen , Daniela Cimini","doi":"10.1016/j.semcdb.2025.103643","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.semcdb.2025.103643","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mechanistic mathematical modeling has become an essential tool in modern biological research due to its powerful ability to integrate diverse data, generate hypotheses, and guide experimental design. It is particularly valuable for studying complex cellular mechanisms involving numerous interacting components. While the full dynamics of such systems usually elude direct experimental observation, modeling provides a means to integrate fragmented data with reasonable and/or informed assumptions into coherent mechanistic frameworks, simulate system behavior, and identify promising directions for further experimentation. When closely integrated with experiments, modeling can greatly accelerate progress in cell biology. However, the value of modeling is not automatic—it must be earned through careful model construction, critical interpretation of results, and thoughtful design of follow-up experiments. To demystify this process, we review three of our collaborative projects in mitosis, drawing on our experiences as a modeler and an experimentalist. We describe how the projects were initiated, why specific modeling approaches were chosen, how models were developed and refined, how model predictions guided new experiments, and how integrated modeling and experimentation led to deeper mechanistic insights. Finally, we emphasize that at the heart of every successful collaboration lies human connection. Productive cross-disciplinary communication is fundamental to bridging experimental and modeling perspectives and fully realizing the potential of integrative approaches in modern cell biology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21735,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in cell & developmental biology","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 103643"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144890494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mammalian motile cilia: Structure, formation, organization, and function","authors":"Xueliang Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.semcdb.2025.103651","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.semcdb.2025.103651","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cilia are membrane-covered hair-like organelles built on specialized centrioles and conserved throughout eukaryotic evolution. They are either motile or immotile, serving respectively as versatile signaling antennae or elegant beating nanomachines. Accordingly, their dysfunctions cause a wide variety of developmental and degenerative disorders, which in human are syndromes termed ciliopathies. Motile cilia in mammals reside in epithelial cells. Their rapid, rhythmic beating facilitates reproduction, left-right patterning, and organ homeostasis by propelling directional gamete transport, nodal flow, cerebrospinal fluid circulation, and mucus clearance. They merge mostly as multicilia, with up to hundreds per cell. Multiciliated cells need not only to break the tight cellular control on centriole biogenesis and ensure accurate assemblies of numerous structural components for their formations, but to properly organize and polarize them for their functions as well. This review mainly focuses on the cell biology of mammalian motile cilia, with the mouse as the model organism.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21735,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in cell & developmental biology","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 103651"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145004128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Decoding zebrafish oogenesis: From primordial germ cell development to fertilization","authors":"Laura Hofmann, Carl-Philipp Heisenberg","doi":"10.1016/j.semcdb.2025.103650","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.semcdb.2025.103650","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Oogenesis – the formation and development of an oocyte – is fundamental to reproduction and embryonic development. Due to its accessibility to genetic manipulations and the ability to culture and experimentally manipulate oocytes <em>ex vivo,</em> zebrafish has emerged as a powerful vertebrate model system for studying oogenesis. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of zebrafish oogenesis, from early germ cell formation to oocyte maturation and fertilization. We discuss recent advances in uncovering the molecular and cellular mechanisms driving this complex process and highlight key knowledge gaps that remain to be addressed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21735,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in cell & developmental biology","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 103650"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145004129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}