{"title":"Modelling adult stem cells and their niche in health and disease with epithelial organoids","authors":"Lili Szabó , Anna C. Seubert , Kai Kretzschmar","doi":"10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.09.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.09.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Adult stem cells<span> are responsible for homoeostasis<span> and regeneration of epithelial tissues. Stem cell function is regulated by both cell autonomous mechanisms as well as the niche. Deregulated stem cell function contributes to diseases such as cancer. Epithelial organoid cultures generated from tissue-resident adult stem cells have allowed unprecedented insights into the biology of epithelial tissues. The subsequent adaptation of organoid technology enabled the modelling of the communication of stem cells with their cellular and non-cellular niche as well as diseases. Starting from its first model described in 2009, the murine small intestinal organoid, we discuss here how epithelial organoid cultures have been become a prime in vitro research tool for cell and developmental biology, bioengineering, and biomedicine in the last decade.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":21735,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in cell & developmental biology","volume":"144 ","pages":"Pages 20-30"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9200929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bo Liu , Huan Yang , Yong-Seok Song , Christine M. Sorenson , Nader Sheibani
{"title":"Thrombospondin-1 in vascular development, vascular function, and vascular disease","authors":"Bo Liu , Huan Yang , Yong-Seok Song , Christine M. Sorenson , Nader Sheibani","doi":"10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.07.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.07.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Angiogenesis is vital to developmental, regenerative and repair processes. It is normally regulated by a balanced production of pro- and anti-angiogenic factors. Alterations in this balance under pathological conditions are generally mediated through up-regulation of pro-angiogenic and/or downregulation of anti-angiogenic factors, leading to growth of new and abnormal blood vessels. The pathological manifestation of many diseases including cancer, ocular and vascular diseases are dependent on the growth of these new and abnormal blood vessels. Thrompospondin-1 (TSP1) was the first endogenous angiogenesis inhibitor identified and its anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory activities have been the subject of many studies. Studies examining the role TSP1 plays in pathogenesis of various ocular diseases and vascular dysfunctions are limited. Here we will discuss the recent studies focused on delineating the role TSP1 plays in ocular vascular development and homeostasis, and pathophysiology of various ocular and vascular diseases with a significant clinical relevance to human health.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":21735,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in cell & developmental biology","volume":"155 ","pages":"Pages 32-44"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9951001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tatiana C. Coverdell , Stephen B.G. Abbott , John N. Campbell
{"title":"Molecular cell types as functional units of the efferent vagus nerve","authors":"Tatiana C. Coverdell , Stephen B.G. Abbott , John N. Campbell","doi":"10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.07.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.07.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>The vagus nerve vitally connects the brain and body to coordinate digestive, cardiorespiratory, and immune functions. Its efferent neurons, which project their axons from the brainstem to the viscera, are thought to comprise “functional units” - neuron populations dedicated to the control of specific </span>vagal reflexes<span> or organ functions. Previous research indicates that these functional units differ from one another anatomically, neurochemically, and physiologically but have yet to define their identity in an experimentally tractable way. However, recent work with genetic technology and single-cell genomics suggests that genetically distinct subtypes of neurons may be the functional units of the efferent vagus. Here we review how these approaches are revealing the organizational principles of the efferent vagus in unprecedented detail.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":21735,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in cell & developmental biology","volume":"156 ","pages":"Pages 210-218"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9888172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Vagal pathways for systemic regulation of glucose metabolism","authors":"Diba Borgmann , Henning Fenselau","doi":"10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.07.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.07.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Maintaining blood glucose at an appropriate physiological level requires precise coordination of multiple organs and tissues. The vagus nerve bidirectionally connects the central nervous system with peripheral organs crucial to glucose mobilization, nutrient storage, and food absorption, thereby presenting a key pathway for the central control of blood </span>glucose levels<span>. However, the precise mechanisms by which vagal populations that target discrete tissues participate in glucoregulation are much less clear. Here we review recent advances unraveling the cellular identity, neuroanatomical organization, and functional contributions of both vagal efferents and vagal afferents in the control of systemic glucose metabolism<span>. We focus on their involvement in relaying glucoregulatory cues from the brain to peripheral tissues, particularly the pancreatic islet, and by sensing and transmitting incoming signals from ingested food to the brain. These recent findings - largely driven by advances in viral approaches, RNA sequencing, and cell-type selective manipulations and tracings - have begun to clarify the precise vagal neuron populations involved in the central coordination of glucose levels, and raise interesting new possibilities for the treatment of glucose metabolism disorders such as diabetes.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":21735,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in cell & developmental biology","volume":"156 ","pages":"Pages 244-252"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9885651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Blood endothelium transition and phenotypic plasticity: A key regulator of integrity/permeability in response to ischemia","authors":"Nicolas Bréchot , Alexandre Rutault , Iris Marangon , Stéphane Germain","doi":"10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.07.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.07.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the human body, the 10<sup>13</sup> blood endothelial cells (ECs) which cover a surface of 500–700 m<sup>2</sup> (Mai et al., 2013) are key players of tissue homeostasis, remodeling and regeneration. Blood vessel ECs play a major role in the regulation of metabolic and gaz exchanges, cell trafficking, blood coagulation, vascular tone, blood flow and fluid extravasation (also referred to as blood vascular permeability). ECs are heterogeneous in various capillary beds and have the exquisite capacity to cope with environmental changes by regulating their gene expression. Ischemia has major detrimental effects on the endothelium and ischemia-induced regulation of vascular integrity is of paramount importance for human health, as small amounts of fluid accumulation in the interstitium may be responsible for major effects on organ functions and patients outcome. In this review, we will here focus on the stimuli and the molecular mechanisms that control blood endothelium maintenance and phenotypic plasticity/transition involved in controlling blood capillary leakage that might open new avenues for therapeutic applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":21735,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in cell & developmental biology","volume":"155 ","pages":"Pages 16-22"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9905386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Death and survival from executioner caspase activation","authors":"Gongping Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.07.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.07.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Executioner caspases<span> are evolutionarily conserved regulators of cell death under apoptotic stress. Activated executioner caspases drive apoptotic cell death through cleavage of diverse protein substrates or pyroptotic cell death in the presence of gasdermin E. On the other hand, activation of executioner caspases can also trigger pro-survival and pro-proliferation signals. In recent years, a growing body of studies have demonstrated that cells can survive from executioner caspase activation in response to stress and that the survivors undergo molecular and phenotypic alterations. This review focuses on death and survival from executioner caspase activation, summarizing the role of executioner caspases in apoptotic and pyroptotic cell death and discussing the potential mechanism and consequences of survival from stress-induced executioner caspase activation.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":21735,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in cell & developmental biology","volume":"156 ","pages":"Pages 66-73"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10195802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brendon J. Gurd , Eveline Soares Menezes , Benjamin B. Arhen , Hashim Islam
{"title":"Impacts of altered exercise volume, intensity, and duration on the activation of AMPK and CaMKII and increases in PGC-1α mRNA","authors":"Brendon J. Gurd , Eveline Soares Menezes , Benjamin B. Arhen , Hashim Islam","doi":"10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.05.016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.05.016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>The purpose of this review is to explore and discuss the impacts of augmented training volume, intensity, and duration on the phosphorylation/activation of key signaling protein – AMPK, CaMKII and PGC-1α - involved in the initiation of </span>mitochondrial biogenesis. Specifically, we explore the impacts of augmented exercise protocols on AMP/ADP and Ca</span><sup>2+</sup> signaling and changes in post exercise PGC − 1α gene expression. Although AMP/ADP concentrations appear to increase with increasing intensity and during extended durations of higher intensity exercise AMPK activation results are varied with some results supporting and intensity/duration effect and others not. Similarly, CaMKII activation and signaling results following exercise of different intensities and durations are inconsistent. The PGC-1α literature is equally inconsistent with only some studies demonstrating an effect of intensity on post exercise mRNA expression. We present a novel meta-analysis that suggests that the inconsistency in the PGC-1α literature may be due to sample size and statistical power limitations owing to the effect of intensity on PGC-1α expression being small. There is little data available regarding the impact of exercise duration on PGC-1α expression. We highlight the need for future well designed, adequately statistically powered, studies to clarify our understanding of the effects of volume, intensity, and duration on the induction of mitochondrial biogenesis by exercise.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":21735,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in cell & developmental biology","volume":"143 ","pages":"Pages 17-27"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9189286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anna Picca , Flora Guerra , Riccardo Calvani , Roberta Romano , Hélio José Coelho-Junior , Cecilia Bucci , Christiaan Leeuwenburgh , Emanuele Marzetti
{"title":"Mitochondrial-derived vesicles in skeletal muscle remodeling and adaptation","authors":"Anna Picca , Flora Guerra , Riccardo Calvani , Roberta Romano , Hélio José Coelho-Junior , Cecilia Bucci , Christiaan Leeuwenburgh , Emanuele Marzetti","doi":"10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.03.023","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.03.023","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>Mitochondrial remodeling is crucial to meet the bioenergetic demand to support muscle contractile activity during daily tasks and </span>muscle regeneration following injury. A set of mitochondrial quality control (MQC) processes, including </span>mitochondrial biogenesis<span>, dynamics, and mitophagy<span>, are in place to maintain a well-functioning mitochondrial network and support muscle regeneration. Alterations in any of these pathways compromises mitochondrial quality and may potentially lead to impaired myogenesis, defective muscle regeneration, and ultimately loss of muscle function.</span></span></p><p>Among MQC processes, mitophagy has gained special attention for its implication in the clearance of dysfunctional mitochondria via crosstalk with the endo-lysosomal system, a major cell degradative route. Along this pathway, additional opportunities for mitochondrial disposal have been identified that may also signal at the systemic level. This communication occurs via inclusion of mitochondrial components within membranous shuttles named mitochondrial-derived vesicles (MDVs).</p><p>Here, we discuss MDV generation and release as a mitophagy-complementing route for the maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis in skeletal myocytes. We also illustrate the possible role of muscle-derived MDVs in immune signaling during muscle remodeling and adaptation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":21735,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in cell & developmental biology","volume":"143 ","pages":"Pages 37-45"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9248063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jessica R. Dent , Ben Stocks , Dean G. Campelj , Andrew Philp
{"title":"Transient changes to metabolic homeostasis initiate mitochondrial adaptation to endurance exercise","authors":"Jessica R. Dent , Ben Stocks , Dean G. Campelj , Andrew Philp","doi":"10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.03.022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.03.022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Endurance exercise is well established to increase mitochondrial content and function in skeletal muscle, a process termed </span>mitochondrial biogenesis<span><span>. Current understanding is that exercise initiates skeletal muscle mitochondrial remodeling via modulation of cellular nutrient, energetic and contractile stress pathways. These subtle changes in the cellular milieu are sensed by numerous transduction pathways that serve to initiate and coordinate an increase in mitochondrial gene transcription and translation. The result of these acute signaling events is the promotion of growth and assembly of mitochondria, coupled to a greater capacity for aerobic ATP provision in skeletal muscle. The aim of this review is to highlight the acute metabolic events induced by endurance exercise and the subsequent molecular pathways that sense this transient change in cellular </span>homeostasis to drive mitochondrial adaptation and remodeling.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":21735,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in cell & developmental biology","volume":"143 ","pages":"Pages 3-16"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9563145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}