Sensors International最新文献

{"title":"Review of surface acoustic wave-based gas sensors","authors":"Qiming Yang ,&nbsp;Baile Cui ,&nbsp;Jing Jin ,&nbsp;Lina Cheng ,&nbsp;Xufeng Xue ,&nbsp;Yining Yin ,&nbsp;Wen Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.sintl.2025.100348","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sintl.2025.100348","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Surface acoustic wave (SAW) gas-based sensors have attracted significant attention as an emerging sensing technology due to their unique micro/nano-scale acoustic sensing structures and multi-physical field coupling mechanisms, which feature high sensitivity, rapid response, wide detection range, and lightweight. This paper systematically reviews the SAW gas sensing effect and mechanisms, sensing device design and fabrication, signal acquisition and processing circuits. Potential applications in fields such as renewable energy, aerospace, defense, industrial control, and intelligent manufacturing are also discussed, followed by an outlook on future development trends.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21733,"journal":{"name":"Sensors International","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100348"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144713108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel universal naked-eye fluorescent sensor for Fe3+ detection in fertilizer water, dietary supplements, and living cells","authors":"Punrada Thadatontichok ,&nbsp;Raveewan Kittiyaphong ,&nbsp;Nisarat Charoenchit ,&nbsp;Nirawit Kaewnok ,&nbsp;Anyanee Kamkaew ,&nbsp;Jitnapa Sirirak ,&nbsp;Natdhera Sanmanee ,&nbsp;Nantanit Wanichacheva ,&nbsp;Krit Setthakarn","doi":"10.1016/j.sintl.2026.100385","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sintl.2026.100385","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The global trend toward health consciousness has led many people to focus on wellness and nutrition, driving the rapid growth of dietary supplements. Fe³⁺ is one of the most common ingredients used to support individuals at risk of Fe deficiency. It is also used in the form of fertilizers to improve crop yield. However, the deficiency and excess of iron can be harmful to the human health and plants. Therefore, reliable methods for qualitative and quantitative iron detection must be developed. This study successfully synthesized a new sensor (<strong>Rox</strong>) using rhodamine B, which serves as a fluorescent dye and an ion-binding site. In addition, an oxime group was incorporated into the structure to improve its hydrophilic properties. <strong>Rox</strong> exhibited excellent sensitivity and selectivity toward Fe³⁺ over other competing metal ions and operated through a turn-on fluorescence mechanism. The sensor exhibited a rapid response: it detected Fe³⁺ within 1 min with a detection limit of 3.54 ppb. Moreover, Fe³⁺ could be visually detected by the naked eye through a distinct color change from colorless to pink in a CH₃CN:H₂O (3:7, v/v) solvent system. <strong>Rox</strong> demonstrated promising performance in detecting Fe³⁺ in various water samples and living cells. It shows potential for application in portable paper-based qualitative assays. Thus, this study presents a straightforward approach for iron detection in fertilizer samples and pharmaceutical products, enabling safety and quality control and contributing to progress toward the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21733,"journal":{"name":"Sensors International","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100385"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147849533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nano skeletal nickel-reduced graphene oxide hybrid composite for nonenzymatic glucose sensing","authors":"Anusith Thanapimmetha,&nbsp;Penjit Srinophakun,&nbsp;Khemmathin Lueangwattanapong,&nbsp;Nutchapon Chiarasumran,&nbsp;Teerapat Hasakul,&nbsp;Artitaya Srisakunchan,&nbsp;Maythee Saisriyoot","doi":"10.1016/j.sintl.2026.100395","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sintl.2026.100395","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A hybrid composite based on Urushibara nickel-A and reduced graphene oxide (U-Ni-A/rGO) was developed for nonenzymatic glucose sensing in alkaline media. The composite combines skeletal nickel with a conductive rGO framework, giving an rGO-supported Ni interface with improved dispersion and lower interfacial resistance than U-Ni-A under identical conditions. The electrochemical response was examined by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CA). CV was used to probe concentration-dependent behavior across 0.01–6000 μM, yielding a concentration-specific CV-derived slope of 5,666,475 μA mM⁻¹ cm⁻² in the 0.01–0.1 μM window. Quantitative sensing performance was evaluated by CA at 480 mV vs SCE, giving a linear response from 1 to 6000 μM with a sensitivity of 1000 μA mM⁻¹ cm⁻² and a response time of less than 2 s. The hybrid sensor also exhibited cycling durability and short-term shelf stability under the tested protocol, and strong selectivity toward glucose, with minimal interference from uric acid, ascorbic acid, dopamine, major cations, and various structurally related sugars under the tested 10:1 glucose-to-interferent screening conditions. These results support U-Ni-A/rGO as a potential platform for nonenzymatic glucose sensing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21733,"journal":{"name":"Sensors International","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100395"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148737123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A portable easy-to-use triboelectric sensor for arteriovenous fistula monitoring in dialysis patients","authors":"Salvatore A. Pullano ,&nbsp;Giuseppe Oliva ,&nbsp;Pierangela Presta ,&nbsp;Nazareno Carullo ,&nbsp;Michela Musolino ,&nbsp;Michele Andreucci ,&nbsp;Davide Bolignano ,&nbsp;Antonino S. Fiorillo ,&nbsp;Giuseppe Coppolino","doi":"10.1016/j.sintl.2024.100309","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sintl.2024.100309","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hemodialysis is the primary treatment for patients with total loss of renal function and is performed through a vascular access called an arteriovenous fistula (AVF). AVF can be associated with several complications, such as stenosis, thrombosis, and aneurysms. While digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is the gold standard for AVF monitoring, its limited availability, invasiveness, and harmfulness has enabled Doppler ultrasound (DUS) as alternative technique. Herein, the development of a portable device based on a triboelectric sensor for AVF monitoring that exploits the concept of impedance cardiography (ICG) is presented. The triboelectric sensor consists of a thin polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) layer placed close to the AVF to evaluate the triboelectric ICG signal (T-ICG), thus avoiding the need for standard multiple-electrode equipment. Electrocardiographic (ECG) dry electrodes based on a composite of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were fabricated. Concept validation was performed in a cohort of hemodialysis patients with and without AVF stenosis. The results demonstrated a linear dependence between blood flow and the maximum deviation (dZ/dt_max) of the T-ICG pattern. Patients with stenosis showed a statistically significant change in morphology at the B-point. The extent of stenosis was evaluated by analyzing the temporal slope of the ICG pattern in the B- and C-point regions, evidencing a linear trend for stenosis from 20 % up to 60 %. The proposed device represents an innovative approach compared with the gold clinical standards for the continuous monitoring of AVF in hemodialysis patients.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21733,"journal":{"name":"Sensors International","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100309"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analytical model for DG-AlGaN/GaN MOS-HEMT for sensitive analysis of pH analytes and charged biomolecules","authors":"P. Sriramani ,&nbsp;N. Mohankumar ,&nbsp;Lignesh Durai ,&nbsp;Y. Prasamsha ,&nbsp;Nitin Rakesh","doi":"10.1016/j.sintl.2024.100312","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sintl.2024.100312","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article introduces an analytical model for double-gate AlGaN/GaN MOS-HEMT biosensors to accurately detect pH analytes and charged biomolecules. The device incorporates nanocavities and operates on the concept of dielectric modulation, presuming the presence of a native oxide layer on the surface of the AlGaN layer. The pH of the analyte is represented as the interface charge. Numerical simulations evaluate the biosensor's effectiveness by analyzing its sensitivity to drain ON current (S_I) and threshold voltage (S_V). The device exhibited a peak S_V of 586.5 mV, a value tenfold more significant than the Nernst limit for pH analyte. The maximum S_I, computed at the peak transconductance, was determined to be 135.5 mA/mm/pH at V_G = −2V and V_D = 5V. The biosensor response to a charged biomolecule is assessed by considering the dielectric constant and charge density (ρ). The biosensor exhibited a maximum S_I of 0.225 at V_D = 5V and V_G = −1V and S_V of 1.488V for charged biomolecule at ρ = 1 × 10¹²/cm². The impact of the bias voltages, ion molar concentration of pH analyte, AlGaN layer thickness and cavity length on the S_I of the device is explored in detail. The S_I for pH analytes is unaffected by the AlGaN layer thickness but enhanced with ion molar concentration and cavity length. However, for charged biomolecules, S_I decreased with increased AlGaN layer thickness and improved with cavity length.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21733,"journal":{"name":"Sensors International","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100312"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142723833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-healing graphene-based composite hydrogels for motion Sensing: Source, fabrication, and applications in assistive technologies – A review","authors":"Munasir ,&nbsp;Aditya Prapanca ,&nbsp;Mohamad Fikri Aliansah ,&nbsp;Frizky Audis Paramudhita ,&nbsp;Nuhaa Faaizatunnisa ,&nbsp;Muhammad Naufal Ariesta ,&nbsp;Ahmad Taufiq","doi":"10.1016/j.sintl.2025.100338","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sintl.2025.100338","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Graphene-based self-healing hydrogels represent a significant advancement in motion sensing technologies, particularly for assistive applications aimed at improving the quality of life for individuals with disabilities. The use of renewable biomass as a feedstock for graphene production addresses environmental concerns related to traditional fossil fuel-derived methods, promoting sustainability. Unlike previous reviews that focus on general graphene or hydrogel sensors, this review specifically explores self-healing graphene-based hydrogels for wearable strain sensing in assistive technologies, with an emphasis on structure–property–performance relationships and design considerations. The review examines the conductive properties of graphene and compares production techniques, highlighting their influence on sensor performance. The role of hydrogel polymers as substrates is also discussed, with a focus on how their chemical composition and physical properties affect graphene integration and the self-healing capabilities of the composites. Fabrication and characterization methodologies are contrasted to assess their impact on material performance and sensor efficacy. Practical applications are evaluated based on sensitivity, response time, durability, and long-term stability. The review concludes with a discussion on ongoing challenges and future research directions, aiming to further advance the development of biomass-derived graphene-based motion sensing technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21733,"journal":{"name":"Sensors International","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100338"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143886592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the sensing and adsorption performance of the synthesized emeraldine salt polyaniline for CO2 elimination","authors":"Hadiseh Masoumi,&nbsp;Amirsoheil Foroughi,&nbsp;Ahad Ghaemi,&nbsp;Hasan Farrokhzad","doi":"10.1016/j.sintl.2025.100340","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sintl.2025.100340","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>One of the paramount challenges confronting global communities is the precise measurement and effective mitigation of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, a primary contributor to global warming and its far-reaching impacts. This study focuses on the synthesis and characterization of polyaniline for CO₂ capture applications. Through experimentation conducted within a temperature range of 25–65 <span><math><mrow><mo>°C</mo></mrow></math></span> and a pressure range of 1–9 bar, the adsorption behavior of these polymers was comprehensively evaluated. Notably, polyaniline exhibited an impressive CO₂ adsorption capacity of 10.153 mmol/g under optimal conditions. Further analysis revealed the cyclic stability of these polymers, with polyaniline displaying a 96 % adsorption rate in the fifth cycle. Additionally, thin films of this polymer were synthesized to assess their sensing capabilities, with the thin polyaniline film exhibiting a 51.35 % response to pure CO₂. Polyaniline demonstrated a linear response trend to varying CO₂ concentrations. Moreover, the optimal operating temperatures for the thin film sensors were determined to be 35 <span><math><mrow><mo>°C</mo></mrow></math></span>. The rapid response and recovery times for this sensor underscore their potential efficacy in real-world CO₂ sensing applications. In summary, the findings highlight the promising performance of polyaniline as a versatile material for CO₂ adsorption and sensing, offering significant implications for the development of sustainable solutions to address the pressing challenges of carbon emissions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21733,"journal":{"name":"Sensors International","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100340"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144230412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blue luminescent carbon quantum dots derived from diverse banana peels for selective sensing of Fe(III) ions","authors":"Noona Shahada Kunnath Parambil ,&nbsp;Arish Dasan ,&nbsp;Amrutha Thaivalappil Premkumar ,&nbsp;Neeroli Kizhakayil Renuka ,&nbsp;Selwin Joseyphus Raphael","doi":"10.1016/j.sintl.2024.100301","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sintl.2024.100301","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The eco-friendly production of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) from natural resources remains appealing owing to their superior optical properties. This work presents the synthesis of highly fluorescent CQDs from peels of different varieties of Musa (yellow, green, and red) through a straightforward one-step hydrothermal process, without needing a bit of metal salt or oxidizing agent. The proposed method resulted in quantum yields (QY) of 18.06 %, and 13.06 %, for CQDs from normal yellow banana and green banana, respectively compared to other CQDs derived from natural sources. The QY for the CQDs extracted from the small yellow banana was 7.72 %, while the red banana had a much lower value of 2.6 %. The optical properties of CQDs of different banana peels are also compared. All the CQDs produced a blue color upon exposure to 360 nm UV radiation, and the fluorescence was excitation-dependent. Moreover, each of the four types of CQDs is proven to be an efficient fluorescent probe capable of selectively detecting Fe³⁺ ions. The linear variation of fluorescence with the analyte amount allowed quantification of ions, with a limit of the detection value of 6 μM, across a concentration range of 37–277 μM. Above all, the real-world applications aimed at sensing Fe³⁺ ions in tap water achieved excellent recoveries ranging from 96 to 100 %. Therefore, these tuneable CQDs with good optical properties present an auspicious avenue for developing nano-sensors in real-time applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":21733,"journal":{"name":"Sensors International","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100301"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666351124000238/pdfft?md5=048be3cb09037da0abdfa379b16ba763&pid=1-s2.0-S2666351124000238-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142163401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis of varied oleic acid-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles using the co-precipitation technique for biosensor applications","authors":"Helendra ,&nbsp;Nurul Imani Istiqomah ,&nbsp;Harsojo Sabarman ,&nbsp;Edi Suharyadi","doi":"10.1016/j.sintl.2024.100295","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sintl.2024.100295","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study successfully synthesized oleic acid (OA)-coated Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles using the coprecipitation method for the needs of biosensor applications, as shown through the characterization of structure and morphology using XRD and TEM. This observation used 0.75 ml of OA (Fe₃O₄-OA(0.75)) and 1.25 ml of OA (Fe₃O₄-OA(1.25). A decrease in particle size distribution from 18.55 nm to 16.30 nm was observed, which means a reduction in agglomeration and increased dispersibility. Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) observations showed that the saturation magnetization of Fe₃O₄ particles modified with OA decreased from 47.71 emu/g to 45.90 emu/g at Fe₃O₄-OA(0.75) and decreased again to 42.29 emu/g at Fe₃O₄-OA(1.25). But they all show soft ferromagnetic properties with very low coercivity, making them suitable for Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR) biosensor applications. A series of concentrations in ethanol solution were performed to evaluate the detection sensitivity of GMR for these pure and oleic acid-modified Fe₃O₄ samples. Concentrations of 2, 5, 10, 15, 25, and 35 mg/ml were integrated at 2 μL each onto the surface of the GMR chip. A decrease in sensitivity was observed due to the change in saturation. Pure Fe₃O₄ with a sensitivity of 5.07 mV (mg/ml) decreased to 4.49 mV (mg/ml) and 3.35 mV (mg/ml) after oleic acid coating. Thus, although adding a proportional amount of oleic acid can slightly decrease the saturation magnetization, it can be a valuable method for applications such as GMR biosensors that demand high dispersibility and sensitivity that remains strong.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21733,"journal":{"name":"Sensors International","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100295"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666351124000172/pdfft?md5=27f840d98140cf4ee2740134943de20e&pid=1-s2.0-S2666351124000172-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142312633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GA-mADAM-IIoT: A new lightweight threats detection in the industrial IoT via genetic algorithm with attention mechanism and LSTM on multivariate time series sensor data","authors":"Yakub Kayode Saheed ,&nbsp;Adekunle Isaac Omole ,&nbsp;Musa Odunayo Sabit","doi":"10.1016/j.sintl.2024.100297","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sintl.2024.100297","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is undergoing rapid development, and as a result, security threats have emerged as a significant concern. IIoT networks, while enhancing service quality, are particularly susceptible to security risks because of their intrinsic interconnectedness and the use of low-power devices. The data produced by millions of sensors in the IIoT is highly dynamic, diverse, and of massive magnitude. The risk of dangers to IoT gadgets in a nuclear plant or a petroleum refinery is significantly greater when compared to that of home appliances. Often connected to the internet, IIoT devices and systems lack robust security measures, rendering them susceptible to cyberattacks. A breach in IIoT security could result in data theft, equipment damage, or even physical harm. To mitigate these risks, IIoT systems require secure authentication and encryption protocols, regular software updates, and proactive monitoring and response capabilities. These methods' primary disadvantages are their difficulty in implementation and inability to ensure effective security. Hence, a second line of protection, such as intrusion threat detection in IIoT, is required. In this research, we propose a new threat intrusion detection model in the IIoT through a genetic algorithm with attention mechanism and modified Adam optimized LSTM (GA-mADAM-IIoT). The GA-mADAM-IIoT consists of six modules: the activity receiver, communication module (CM), attention module (AM), intrusion detection module, mitigation module, and alert module. The GA was designed for feature dimensionality and selection trained on network flow data via a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network. The adaptive moment estimation (Adam) optimizer was modified in order to optimize the LSTM (mADAM-LSTM) networks. To enhance the performance of our model, the categorical cross-entropy (CCE) cost function was used to calculate the difference between the predicted output and the actual output. Additionally, the CCE cost function optimized the model's parameters to minimize the difference between predicted and actual values in terms of probability distributions. The Modified Adam (mADAM) optimization algorithm updates the weights and biases of the LSTM to minimize the cost function. Due to the limited availability of real-world datasets containing accurately labelled anomalies, particularly for industrial facilities and manufacturing facilities, we have utilized two sensor datasets derived from physical test-bed systems for water treatment: Secure Water Treatment (SWaT) and Water Distribution (WADI). In these datasets, operators have simulated attack scenarios that occur in real-world water treatment plants and have recorded these instances as the ground truth anomalies. A regularization parameter was added to the cost function to prevent LSTM from overfitting. In order to improve the model's performance, the AM integrates a succinct yet effective attention mechanism that enhances signif","PeriodicalId":21733,"journal":{"name":"Sensors International","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100297"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666351124000196/pdfft?md5=0f668b7a84f563684bd248606646127e&pid=1-s2.0-S2666351124000196-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142150759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}