Royal Society Open Science最新文献

{"title":"Real-time organ perfusion monitoring of human kidney transplants using <i>ex vivo</i> normothermic perfusion and reflectance spectroscopy.","authors":"P Chandak, D P Bennett, B L Phillips, R Uwechue, N Kessaris, B J Hunt, C J Callaghan, A Dorling, W Hayes, N Mamode, J C C Day","doi":"10.1098/rsos.242008","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.242008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Transplantation is the standard treatment for end-stage kidney disease but carries with it a non-trivial risk of post-operative complication. There is a need for a continuous, real-time, not additionally invasive method of monitoring organ perfusion. We present an approach to allograft perfusion monitoring using a human kidney model using <i>ex vivo</i> normothermic perfusion (EVNP) and custom spectroscopic optical reflectance probes. Five discarded human kidneys underwent EVNP, spectroscopic measurement and were subjected to perfusion compromising events (rejection, thrombosis or haemorrhage). Oxygenated and deoxygenated haemoglobin spectra were fitted to the spectra acquired from the kidneys in order to estimate the oxygen saturation. Average oxygen saturations before the perfusion compromising events were estimated to be higher than after (or similar in the control cases). Changes in oxygen saturation estimated from measurements made continuously were synchronized well with changes in renal blood flow index measurements. This proof of concept study proves promising in identifying a technique for continuous monitoring of perfusion and oxygenation of a transplanted kidney <i>in vivo</i> with minimal additional invasiveness.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 3","pages":"242008"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11897824/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143617038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C cycles in narwhal (<i>Monodon monoceros</i>) embedded teeth reveal seasonal variation in ecology and/or physiology.","authors":"Shu-Ting Zhao, Cory J D Matthews, Cortney A Watt","doi":"10.1098/rsos.242237","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.242237","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Monitoring Arctic marine mammals in response to rapid climate change requires reliable longitudinal data. To obtain such data is challenging, but sequential measurements of stable isotopes (SI) from metabolically inert tissues like dentine allow for chronological reconstruction of SI data that can provide insights into whale life history, behaviour and physiology. This study examined dentine samples from narwhal embedded canines to reconstruct individual SI profiles and assess intra-annual variation in δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C. The individual δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C profiles of all 31 narwhals exhibited cyclical oscillations. The majority of δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C oscillations (>50%) occurred within the annual growth layer groups (GLGs), suggesting seasonal variation. The mean magnitude of SI oscillations per individual ranged from 0.4‰ to 2.5‰ for δ¹⁵N and 0.2‰ to 1.1‰ for δ¹³C. Such intra-annual SI oscillations may reflect variability in narwhal ecology related to environmental variation (e.g. seasonal changes in baseline SI and diet associated with narwhal migration) and/or changes in narwhal physiology (e.g. seasonal energetics), highlighting the utility of SI profiles for long-term monitoring of narwhal's ecological and physiological responses to a changing Arctic.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 3","pages":"242237"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11896694/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143617049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eyebrow movements as signals of communicative problems in human face-to-face interaction.","authors":"Paul Hömke, Stephen C Levinson, Alexandra K Emmendorfer, Judith Holler","doi":"10.1098/rsos.241632","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.241632","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Repair is a core building block of human communication, allowing us to address problems of understanding in conversation. Past research has uncovered the basic mechanisms by which interactants signal and solve such problems. However, the focus has been on verbal interaction, neglecting the fact that human communication is inherently multimodal. Here, we focus on a visual signal particularly prevalent in signalling problems of understanding: eyebrow furrows and raises. We present, first, a corpus study showing that differences in eyebrow actions (furrows versus raises) were systematically associated with differences in the format of verbal repair initiations. Second, we present a follow-up study using an avatar that allowed us to test the causal consequences of addressee eyebrow movements, zooming into the effect of eyebrow furrows as signals of trouble in understanding in particular. The results revealed that addressees' eyebrow furrows have a striking effect on speakers' speech, leading speakers to produce answers to questions several seconds longer than when not perceiving addressee eyebrow furrows while speaking. Together, the findings demonstrate that eyebrow movements play a communicative role in initiating repair during conversation rather than being merely epiphenomenal and that their occurrence can critically influence linguistic behaviour. Thus, eyebrow movements should be considered core coordination devices in human conversational interaction.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 3","pages":"241632"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11896710/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143617027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring media representation of the exotic pet trade, with a focus on welfare: taxonomic, framing and language biases in peer-reviewed publications and newspaper articles.","authors":"Jon Bielby, Gail Austen, Kirsten McMillan, Shannen Wafflart","doi":"10.1098/rsos.240952","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.240952","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The trade in non-domesticated animals for pets (exotics) is a global industry with considerable implications for a range of taxa and stakeholders. The scale of the trade means it receives coverage in both popular and scientific media, and some narratives may receive more attention than others. As these media play an important role in shaping public opinion, policy and legislation, we should consider and acknowledge biases and language use when reporting on the exotic pet trade. We use 320 peer-reviewed journal articles, and 191 newspaper articles on the trade between 2001 and 2020 to investigate how the trade is framed, focused and communicated within and between media types, paying particular attention to animal welfare as a framing. Our results suggest consistent variation in reporting of the trade within and between media types, with aspects of welfare being under-represented in peer-reviewed articles, while it was the most common focus of newspaper articles. If the exotic pet trade is to develop into a more ethical, sustainable sector, then reassessing our narratives, addressing knowledge gaps and identifying how communication styles can lead to desired behaviour change will be essential parts of the process.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 3","pages":"240952"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11880843/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143567999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Latitudinal gradient of thermal safety margin in an Australian damselfly: implications for population vulnerability.","authors":"Md Tangigul Haque, Shatabdi Paul, Marie E Herberstein, Md Kawsar Khan","doi":"10.1098/rsos.241765","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.241765","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The thermal tolerance of species may be exceeded by the predicted temperature increases and thus contribute to species extinction. However, the impact of temperature increases is thought to vary between climate regions and across latitudes. Here, we aim to establish the vulnerability of an ectothermic insect to a warming climate by estimating the thermal safety margin in <i>Ischnura heterosticta</i> damselflies. We measured the critical thermal maximum (CTmax) along a latitudinal gradient of 17° from 21 populations along the eastern coast of Australia. Our results showed that damselflies inhabiting tropical regions had higher CTmax than temperate damselflies. CTmax increased with increasing mean temperature and decreasing latitude. We further found a positive correlation between damselfly parasite number and temperature. Body size, body condition and sex had no impact on CTmax. Our projections showed that the damselfly thermal safety margin will be narrower in the tropics compared with temperate regions under a predicted 2.6°C annual mean temperature (future projected - current) increase for the years 2061-2080. Therefore, damselflies in the tropics are likely to be more vulnerable to climate change-driven extinction even though they have a relatively higher CTmax. Nevertheless, behaviour, temperature adaptation and thermal plasticity might mitigate predicted vulnerability.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 3","pages":"241765"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11879627/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143568004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Benchmarking the high conductive two-dimensional layered structured NbS₂, ZrS₂, ReS₂ and NbSe₂ materials with zero energy bandgap (<i>E</i> _g) for photocatalytic application: a DFT study.","authors":"Muhammad Hasnain Jameel, Aqeela Yasin, Alaa Nihad Tuama, Abdullah Hasan Jabbar, Samreen Kousar, Mohd Zul Hilmi Mayzan, Muhammad Sufi Roslan, Arman Nawaz, Khaled Althubeiti, Mohammed Aljohani","doi":"10.1098/rsos.241560","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.241560","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Two-dimensional materials are among the most scientifically accessible materials in material science at the beginning of the twenty-first century. There has been interest in the monolayer transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) family because of its large active site surface area for UV photons of light for wastewater treatment. In the present work, density functional theory (DFT) is utilized to model the optical, structural and electrical properties of TMDCs such as NbS₂, ZrS₂, ReS₂ and NbSe₂ using the GGA-PBE simulation approximation. Based on DFT calculations, it is determined that NbS₂, ZrS₂, ReS₂ and NbSe₂ have zero energy bandgap (<i>E</i> _g). The additional gamma-active states that are generated in NbS₂, ZrS₂, ReS₂ and NbSe₂ materials aid in the construction of the conduction and valence bands, resulting in a zero <i>E</i> _g. In the ultraviolet (UV) spectrum, the increase in optical conductance peaks from 4.5 to 15.7 suggests that the material exhibits stronger absorption or interaction with UV light due to the excitation of electronic transitions or inter-band transitions. The highest optical conductivity and absorbance of two-dimensional TMDCs NbS₂, ZrS₂, NbSe₂ and ReS₂ show 2.4 × 10⁵, 2.5 × 10⁵, 2.8 × 10⁵ and 7 × 10⁵ <math> <mstyle> <mrow><msup><mi>Ω</mi> <mrow><mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn></mrow> </msup> <mspace></mspace> <mi>c</mi> <msup><mi>m</mi> <mrow><mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn></mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </math> , respectively. The TMDC family, including two-dimensional TMDCs NbS₂, ZrS₂, NbSe₂ and ReS₂, is known for its unique electronic and optical properties. Their layered structure and high surface area make them excellent candidates for applications involving light absorption and photodetection. These materials reduce photon recombination and improve charge transport, making them suitable for photocatalytic and photoanode applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 3","pages":"241560"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11888576/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143586509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Life on the edge: mineral incrustations colonized by fungal communities in the sulfur fumarole on Sierra Negra volcano (Galápagos Archipelago).","authors":"Maria Landolfi, Raphael Tiziani, Sahra Riviere, Fabio Trevisan, Mariagioia Petraretti, Heinke Jäger, Stefano Cesco, Martin H Gerzabek, Katharina Keiblinger, Franz Zehetner, Federica Villa, Tanja Mimmo, Luigimaria Borruso","doi":"10.1098/rsos.250010","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.250010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite the extensive studies on plant and animal endemism in the Galápagos Islands, fungal diversity remains largely unexplored, particularly in fumarole environments. Here, we explore the fungal diversity in two gypsum incrustations within an active fumarole of Sierra Negra volcano (Isabela Island). We hypothesize that minor differences in the chemical and mineralogical characteristics of these substrates, despite similar environmental conditions, lead to distinct fungal communities with substrate-specialized taxa. Alpha diversity indices showed no significant differences, but beta diversity analysis revealed two distinct fungal communities (PERMANOVA <i>p</i> < 0.01), with only 3.31% of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) shared between incrustations and 37.75 and 14.57% uniquely associated with each incrustation. A strong correlation was found between beta diversity and most measured chemical parameters (Mg, S, Fe, Na, Al, Mn, Zn, K, P, Cu). Our findings indicate that even minor differences in the mineral and chemical composition of closely located incrustations significantly influence fungal communities, emphasizing these deterministic factors as key drivers in shaping fungal diversity.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 3","pages":"250010"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11879618/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143568006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biot-Savart law in the geometrical theory of dislocations.","authors":"Shunsuke Kobayashi, Ryuichi Tarumi","doi":"10.1098/rsos.241568","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.241568","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Universal mechanical principles may exist behind seemingly unrelated physical phenomena, providing novel insights into their underlying mechanisms. This study sheds light on the geometrical theory of dislocations through an analogy with electromagnetics. In this theory, solving Cartan's first structure equation is essential for connecting the dislocation density to the plastic deformation field of the dislocations. The additional constraint of a divergence-free condition, derived from the Helmholtz decomposition, forms the governing equations that mirror Ampère's and Gauss's law in electromagnetics. This allows for the analytical integration of the equations using the Biot-Savart law. The plastic deformation fields of screw and edge dislocations obtained through this process form both a vortex and an orthogonal coordinate system on the cross-section perpendicular to the dislocation line. This orthogonality is rooted in the conformal property of the corresponding complex function that satisfies the Cauchy-Riemann equations, leading to the complex potential of plastic deformation. We validate the results by comparing them with the classical dislocation theory. The incompatibility tensor is crucial in the generation of the mechanical field. These findings reveal a profound unification of dislocation theories, electromagnetics and complex functions through their underlying mathematical parallels.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 3","pages":"241568"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11884331/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143573195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bonobos and chimpanzees overlap in sexual behaviour patterns during social tension.","authors":"Jake S Brooker, Christine E Webb, Edwin J C van Leeuwen, Stephanie Kordon, Frans B M de Waal, Zanna Clay","doi":"10.1098/rsos.242031","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.242031","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sexual behaviour during tense social situations is extensively documented in various animals. Bonobos, our closest living relatives alongside chimpanzees, habitually perform genital contacts during social tension, which is thought to enhance cooperation and conflict management. While chimpanzees also engage in genital contacts during these contexts, the two sister species have yet to be compared systematically, which may have led to inaccurate assumptions. To address this, we directly compared genital and non-genital affiliation among sanctuary-living bonobos and chimpanzees during two socially tense contexts-post-conflict and pre-feeding. Following conflicts, we observed triadic affiliation between bystander-victim pairs and reconciliation between aggressor-victim pairs. Additionally, we experimentally induced a pre-feeding context to examine affiliative contact between group members. During post-conflict contexts, bonobos used genital contacts more than chimpanzees. However, both species used genital contacts comparably during pre-feeding affiliation, although female bonobos and male chimpanzees were most likely to initiate them. In addition, we found group-level variation indicating an influence of demographic factors. Our results indicate that chimpanzees and bonobos overlap significantly in their use of genital contacts during periods of social tension. Given similar evidence in humans, our results support the notion that this was a trait probably also present in our last common ancestor.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 3","pages":"242031"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11879624/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143567995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conspecific alarm calls, but not food-associated calls, elicit affect-based and object-based mental representations in a bonobo (<i>Pan paniscus</i>).","authors":"Nicole J Lahiff, Zanna Clay, Amanda J Epping, Jared P Taglialatela, Simon W Townsend, Katie E Slocombe","doi":"10.1098/rsos.241901","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.241901","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Non-human vocalizations carrying information regarding external events have been likened to referential words and are thus integral for exploring the origins of linguistic reference. Previous research suggests receivers decode this referential information and some studies have indicated that such calls can, like in humans, evoke mental representations of the referent in receivers. However, the nature of these representations remains ambiguous. Specifically, whether calls elicit affect-based representations (e.g. signaller fear after alarm calls) or object-based representations (e.g. threats encountered by signallers after alarm calls), or both, in listeners remains untested. To investigate this, we conducted a match-to-sample task with a language-competent bonobo (Kanzi) asking him to match playbacks of conspecific alarm and food-associated calls to lexigrams representing either affect-based ('scare', 'surprise') or object-based ('snake', 'food') content. Kanzi matched alarm calls to 'scare' and 'snake' lexigrams at above chance levels regardless of caller familiarity but did not match food-associated calls to either 'surprise' or 'food' targets. We propose environmental cues are required to interpret food-associated calls that occur across a variety of contexts. These findings suggest bonobo alarm calls evoke object- and affect-based representations for Kanzi, indicating the mechanisms underlying the perception of non-human vocalizations may be more similar to those in language than previously thought.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 3","pages":"241901"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11879614/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143567997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}