Historical Search最新文献

{"title":"WOMEN’S LABOR IN THE INDUSTRY OF THE NATIONAL AUTONOMIES OF THE MIDDLE VOLGA REGION IN THE 1920s – 1930s: MANAGERIAL ASPECT","authors":"Klara S. Idiatullina","doi":"10.47026/2712-9454-2022-3-3-25-37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47026/2712-9454-2022-3-3-25-37","url":null,"abstract":"Involving women in social production during the years of industrialization became the core in solving the women’s issue in the Soviet Union. Examining this problem on the materials of three autonomous republics – the Tatar, the Chuvash and the Mari – gave the opportunity to identify common features and features of using women’s labor in the industry of the national region, to show the dynamics of the process and its problems. The main methodology of the study was the institutional and comparative-historical approaches. The process showing formation of institutions that ensured women’s involvement in industrial production in the region is investigated. Women’s participation in industrial production, on the one hand, testified to their achievement of an equal right status in society. On the other hand, women were considered by the state as a human resource when expanding production, as well as an insurance resource in the event of a war. The growth rates of women’s labor in the region were high: by 1937, the proportion of women in the industry of the TASSR was 49.9%, in the MASSR – 43%, in the ChASSR – 31%. In the USSR as a whole, by the mid-1930s, women made 35.8% of industrial workers.","PeriodicalId":212815,"journal":{"name":"Historical Search","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131852067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ORGANIZATION OF THE ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT BY THE SOVIET SCHOOL IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 1920s – 1930s (on the Example of Educational Institutions of the Chuvash ASSR)","authors":"M. N. Gasanova, L. N. Tokhtieva","doi":"10.47026/2712-9454-2022-3-3-5-17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47026/2712-9454-2022-3-3-5-17","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the analysis of various historical sources, the article examines the issues of organizing the activities carried out by schools of the Chuvash ASSR in the second half of the 1920s – 1930s. The article characterizes the qualification requirements for senior executives of schools, it lists the main powers and duties of school principals and directors of schools, as well as deputy principals (heads of teaching). The process of approving the principle of unity of command in educational institutions in the 1930s is shown. The main claims to the management of schools by the People’s Commissariat for Education of the Chuvash ASSR are marked. The requirements for the teaching staff and classroom teachers are presented. The role of pedagogical and staff meetings, pedagogical councils and methodological bureaus in improving the professional level of teachers is noted, the main directions of work performed by these councils and methodological bureaus are highlighted. The activities of the school council, school assistance committees, parent committees and student organizations are described in detail, their role in ensuring the educational process is emphasized. The authors give specific examples illustrating the importance of these organizations in the life of the school. It is noted that although schools functioning in the republic was de jure under the constant control of the People’s Commissariat for Education of the Chuvash ASSR, municipal and district departments of public education, in reality, the activities of many schools were out of their sight. The article concludes that, despite difficult conditions for the development of school education in the second half of the 1920s – 1930s, during this period a clear structure of a comprehensive school was created, which ensured continuity of education and preserved its main features until the mid-1980s.","PeriodicalId":212815,"journal":{"name":"Historical Search","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128329894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TRANSFORMATION OF LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT IN 1991–1994 (based on the materials of Nizhny Novgorod)","authors":"Alexey A. Halin, A. Kiseleva, Elena V. Kainova, Elvira R. Sukhova","doi":"10.47026/2712-9454-2022-3-3-44-55","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47026/2712-9454-2022-3-3-44-55","url":null,"abstract":"The relevance of the article is to highlight previously unexplored process showing evolvement of local self-government bodies in modern Russia when a new system of public relations was created before the adoption of the country’s Constitution in 1993. The claim that creation of the municipal government system began on the basis of the new Constitution is not substantiated by historical research. The presented article is intended to fill this gap. \u0000 \u0000The material was prepared based on the study of scientific literature and archival materials. The basis of the research is made by documents from the archives of the city of Nizhny Novgorod and the Central Archive of Nizhny Novgorod region. At this, the concrete-historical method, methods of using external and internal criticism of documents, comparative analysis were used. \u0000 \u0000The article reveals the process of local self-government transformation in Nizhny Novgorod in 1991–1994. The attempts to reform local self-government were initiated as early as within the framework of the Soviet political system. However, drastic changes occurred here only after the August Putsch failure and the beginning of the leading communist party officials’ dismantling. \u0000 \u0000Changes in the system of local self-government bodies began with the executive branch. On December 24, 1991 By the Decree of the President B.E. Yeltsin the post of head of the Administration of the city of N. Novgorod was taken up by D.I. Bednyakov. This appointment was perceived by the deputies of Nizhny Novgorod City Council of People’s Deputies as an undemocratic step of the new “democratic” government. From that moment, the powers of the city executive committee of the local Council of People’s Deputies were terminated. \u0000 \u0000Nizhny Novgorod City Council of People’s Deputies functioned until the fall of 1993. After the October events in Moscow, a radical restructuring of the entire system of local self – government began on the basis of the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of October 26 , 1993 “On the Basics of Organizing Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation for the Period of Step-By-Step Constitutional Reform.” In pursuance of this decree, an act was issued by the Head of the Administration dated 29.10.1993, according to which it was prescribed: “to cease the activities of Nizhny Novgorod City Council of People’s Deputies beginning from October 29, 1993.” Preparations began for the election of a new representative body of city self–government – the City Duma of Nizhny Novgorod. Following the results of the elections held on March 27, 1994, the staff of the first convocation of the City Duma was formed. \u0000 \u0000The article argumentatively shows that formation of new local self-government bodies began on the basis of decrees issued by the President of the Russian Federation and resolutions of local authorities even earlier than adoption of the Constitution of 1993. This conclusion has important practical and theoretical significanc","PeriodicalId":212815,"journal":{"name":"Historical Search","volume":"151 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122447568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ON THE FOUNDATION OF NIZHNY NOVGOROD ASCENSION MONASTERY","authors":"Denis V. Krasnoperov","doi":"10.47026/2712-9454-2022-3-3-38-43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47026/2712-9454-2022-3-3-38-43","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with the formation of the Pechersky Ascension Monastery in the city of Nizhny Novgorod in the first half of the XIII century. The role of Saint Dionysius of Suzdal in the creation of the monastery is traced. The time interval during which the monastery could be formed is determined. The hypotheses of researchers regarding the date of the Ascension Monastery’s foundation are analyzed. The issue concerning the personality of the founder – Saint Dionysius, the place where the monastery was originally founded, is investigated. It is concluded that the foundation of the Ascension Monastery is not only an important milestone in the history of Nizhny Novgorod, but also an important stage in the spread of monastic “cenobia” throughout the Northeastern Russia.","PeriodicalId":212815,"journal":{"name":"Historical Search","volume":"211 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116426870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TRANSFORMATION OF NATIONAL POLICY IN THE XX – EARLY XXI CENTURY: RUSSIAN EMPIRE, USSR, RUSSIAN FEDERATION","authors":"E. Mineeva, A. I. Mineev, A. Starostin","doi":"10.47026/2712-9454-2022-3-2-20-29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47026/2712-9454-2022-3-2-20-29","url":null,"abstract":"Russia is a multinational state, the multi-ethnicity of which continues to be one of its main features even in the XXI century. In modern conditions, the problem of interethnic relations is of particular relevance. The multi-ethnicity of the Russian Federation is an objective circumstance, which we have no right not to take into account, especially since the federalism of our country is based on the national-territorial principle. Each state has its own historical past, on which its content and form, internal and external political relations depend. Russia has a rich and instructive history, which not only affects the present, but also largely determines its future. The gathering of East Slavic tribes around the Kyiv center, the collapse of the single Old Russian state during the period of feudal fragmentation, the creation of Muscovy as a single centralized state, the formation of the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union, the demise of the USSR, and the formation of a peculiar post-Soviet history – all these are specific stages of the Russian past. \u0000 \u0000The article presents an overview of the implementation of national policy in the XX – early XXI century within the framework of the existence of the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union, and the Russian Federation. An appeal to the history of national relations in Russia and to the experience of Soviet national policy is very relevant in modern times. The national question naturally acted as one of the main problems in different historical epochs. In modern conditions, Russia is still a multi-ethnic state, uniting peoples of different language groups, cultures and confessions. The ethnic core of the country is the Russian people, constituting more than 80% of its population. At the same time, the territory of Russia remains the historical homeland of many peoples who have retained their ethnic identity and created the foundations of their statehood during the years of the Soviet period.","PeriodicalId":212815,"journal":{"name":"Historical Search","volume":"100 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132078539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HOW IT WAS: RESULTS AND LESSONS OF THE MAIN EVENTS OF 1917 IN THE HISTORY OF RUSSIA","authors":"I. V. Kallin, Valentina I. Sokolova","doi":"10.47026/2712-9454-2022-3-2-5-19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47026/2712-9454-2022-3-2-5-19","url":null,"abstract":"The article considers the main events that occurred in Russia in 1917. In February 1917, a revolutionary crisis arose in the country, which led to the overthrow of the 300-year-old Romanov`s empire. The old state apparatus was broken. At the end of winter of 1917, at a meeting of the State Duma, the Provisional Committee of the State Parliament (Duma) was created. The Provisional Government headed by Duke G.E. Lꞌvov had been formed by March 1. On March 2, Emperor Nicholas II signed the “Manifesto on the abdication of the throne of the Russian state and the resignation of the Supreme power.” As early as February, the Petrograd Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies was created, it being headed by N.S. Chkheidze. Thus, dual power was established in the country. The newly formed government was unable to resolve the most important issues related to the life of the peoples of Russia. In early October 1917, V.I. Lenin began preparing an armed uprising in order to seize power. A course was taken for an armed coup. The conspiracy of the Bolsheviks was a success: the Winter Palace was taken, the ministers of the Provisional Government were arrested. At the II Congress of Soviets, a new government was created – the Council of People’s Commissars. The first decrees were adopted – the Decree on Peace, the Decree on Land, the decree on Power, proclaiming the establishment of the power of the Soviets. There was the only task on the agenda – the retention of power. The Constituent Assembly, for which alternative parties had high hopes, was dispersed by the Bolsheviks in early 1918.","PeriodicalId":212815,"journal":{"name":"Historical Search","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131096101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NORMATIVE FRAMEWORK ON SOCIAL SECURITY FOR WORKING-CLASS AND PEASANT FAMILIES (1917–1936)","authors":"I. Semenova","doi":"10.47026/2712-9454-2022-3-2-30-36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47026/2712-9454-2022-3-2-30-36","url":null,"abstract":"The article provides a brief overview of the main legislative acts that became the normative basis for social security for the families of workers and peasants in post-revolutionary Russia. The most difficult socio-economic situation caused by the social upheavals of the beginning of the 20th century directly affected the everyday life of Soviet residents who had a priority need of food, providing medical treatment and medicines, receiving social benefits in case of tough living situations and other difficulties in the field of state support for large and single parent families, etc. The author focuses on the contribution of public organizations that provided strong assistance to Soviet workers in solving pressing problems in everyday life in the first two decades of the Soviet power. The analysis of the normative framework showed that despite the sufficiently developed social sphere, not all areas of social security had received ample funding, or the State requirements for social assistance measures had not been met. Nevertheless, we can talk about a wide range of social services that could be used by residents of the country, especially children, adolescents, and elderly people. The study provides a general picture of the government policy of the Soviet state on the social security of the family in 1917–1936.","PeriodicalId":212815,"journal":{"name":"Historical Search","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133544895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FUNCTIONAL TRADITIONALISM OF THE RUSSIAN POLICE IN THE LATE XVIII – EARLY XX CENTURIES","authors":"Dmitry A. Yaltaev","doi":"10.47026/2712-9454-2022-3-2-48-58","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47026/2712-9454-2022-3-2-48-58","url":null,"abstract":"During the imperial period of the existence of Russia, traditions were created by Catherine III. They remained until the beginning of the XX century. Many traditions were spelled out in the Charter of the Deanery of 1782. Legislators were guided by the Charter up to modern Russia. This determined the frequent unification of the stages of police development in one period, chronologically coinciding with the imperial period of the history of Russia (XVIII – early XIX century). The activities of the police were based on general moral rules for overseeing any order in the life of the society, performing a wide range of functions: political, law enforcement, fiscal and spiritual. One of the reasons for the traditional authority of the police was the class principle of the existence of society. Power was based on the landowner nobility. The legislation was distinguished by a mixture of moral councils and legal norms, temporary administrative orders and permanent laws. The monarchical supremacy of power over law was often manifested. The material support of the police was poor. This maintained personnel difficulties and elements of corruption. Many top officials of the state from M.M. Speransky to P.A. Stolypin called for changing the principles of the organization and functioning of the police. In the second half of the XIX century, the modern principles of judicial proceedings were implemented and reforms, aimed at dividing the powers of various power structures, were carried out. But the police remained the main administrative unit for the implementation of power in the province. Certain reforms of the beginning of the XX century (the creation of a police guard, separation from the rural police) had only a structural purpose and did not play a crucial role. This determined the conservatism, generalization and partly uncertainty in the activities of the police until the collapse of the empire in 1917.","PeriodicalId":212815,"journal":{"name":"Historical Search","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124764859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"INCOME AND EXPENDITURE BOOKS AS A HISTORICAL SOURCE ON THE SOCIOCULTURAL ACTIVITIES OF THE NUNNERY","authors":"N. Kabytova, E. Eliseeva","doi":"10.47026/2712-9454-2022-3-2-76-84","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47026/2712-9454-2022-3-2-76-84","url":null,"abstract":"The question of the organization of the daily life of nuns often remained on the periphery of humanitarian studies. In this article, we made an attempt to study the income and expenditure books of the Syzran Sretensky Nunnery of the Simbirsk eparchy, and to trace which areas of the monastery’s socio-cultural initiatives are reflected in them. The growth in the number of women’s monasteries and their nuns in the Russian Empire took place in the second half of the 19th century. The abolition of serfdom, lack of land, as well as the desire for ascetic activity contributed to an increase in the number of sisters in the monasteries, who came mainly from the peasant class. But this was a specific, not a mass way of adapting to the new realities of life, chosen by women. With the growing number of monasteries in the empire, there is also an increase in the directions of socio-cultural activities carried out by women’s cloisters. In 1856, the Sretensky community was established in the county center of the Simbirsk province, which was transformed into a convent 2 years later. Enterprising and wise nuns of the Sretensky nunnery, headed by the abbess, used numerous ways and methods of educational, philanthropy, and charitable initiatives, interacting with the urban space. Income and expenditure books were the annual form of the financial report of the monastery, which recorded the monthly deductions of the monastery and the sources of replenishment of its treasury. The treasurer was in charge of the nunnery’s budget. At the end of the report, the cash balance was recorded, which was carried over to the next year and added up with the income amounts. Money was recorded in the report in the form of cash and securities. Total sum taxes and nontaxable sums made up the income items. In the expense items of the Sretensky monastery, one can single out money transfers, which reflected the direction of the social activity of the monastery and the communicative activity of the cloisters with social and cultural facilities, the population, and educational institutions. Thus, an analysis of the structure of income and expenditure books will allow not only to consider the features of the accounting of the Sretensky nunnery, but also to identify various areas of its socio-cultural activities.","PeriodicalId":212815,"journal":{"name":"Historical Search","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133530356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"REFLECTION OF THE INFORMATION VALUE OF CLERics STATEMENTS IN HISTORICAL LITERATURE","authors":"A. Evdokimova","doi":"10.47026/2712-9454-2022-3-2-65-75","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47026/2712-9454-2022-3-2-65-75","url":null,"abstract":"Historical and ecclesiastical issues occupy an increasing place in the mass media and in the life of Russian society, since the Orthodox Church, along with other confessions, acts not only as a social institution, but also as a guardian of the material and spiritual culture of the past. In this regard, the history of the Orthodox confession in the country as a whole and in individual regions is of genuine interest. Various problems of the history of Orthodoxy are increasingly reflected in scientific research. Among the most pressing problems are aspects of the social and mental history of society, which caused the need to study historical sources, which previously, due to their vastness or dryness, had no major significance. The article presents an overview of the historical literature on the clerics statements, which were the material for accounting for the parish clergy and the Orthodox population of the Russian Empire since 1769. Introduced into scientific circulation more recently, the clerics statements are a specific historical source about the parish life of Russia during the imperial period. The article presents a historiographical review of the literature on clerics statements and focuses on works in which researchers, one way or another, using the materials of church records of the population, revealed various aspects of the functioning of an Orthodox parish. In general, historical literature can be divided into several blocks. Among them, scientific publications devoted directly to the social status of the parish clergy, their origin, education, moral character, and the practical activities of clerics occupy a leading position. A number of works reveal the state of the flock, its social structure, attitude towards the church and the Orthodox faith in general. Clerics statements are a unique source about the history of a particular parish, locality, diocese, and church art. Of separate note are the works in which the genesis and further changes in the structure and form of the document are considered. In general, the clerics statements have a huge information potential in the study of social history and confessional policy of the state.","PeriodicalId":212815,"journal":{"name":"Historical Search","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117118712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}