Reviews in Medical Virology最新文献

{"title":"Sex-Based Differences in Cardiovascular Outcomes Associated With COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Tareq M Abubasheer, Hanan M A Abubasheer, Ramez M Odat, Anas Elgenidy, Ahmed M Afifi","doi":"10.1002/rmv.70022","DOIUrl":"10.1002/rmv.70022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>COVID-19 has emerged as a global health crisis with significant consequences, not only for respiratory health but also for the cardiovascular system. This study aimed to investigate potential sex-based disparities in cardiovascular outcomes among individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 A systematic search was performed in PUBMED/MEDLINE, SCOPUS, and EMBASE, up until January 2024 to identify studies measuring the sex-based differences in cardiovascular outcomes associated with COVID-19. The outcomes of interest included (myocardial infarction, venous thromboembolism, ischemic stroke, major bleeding, mortality, heart failure and hospitalization length). The meta-analysis was performed using the 'Stata' software, version 18. We identified 11 studies involving 31,044 males and 25,917 females in our review. A slightly lower risk of myocardial infarction in females (RR: 1.24; 95% CI [1.03, 1.49]; p = 0.02) contrasted with a substantially increased risk of venous thromboembolic events (RR: 1.43; 95% CI [1.19, 1.71]; p = 0.00) in males. Additionally, males displayed a slightly higher risk of major bleeding (RR: 1.22; 95% CI [1.06, 1.40]; p = 0.00). This trend continued with significantly higher rates of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) utilization (RR: 2.14; 95% CI [1.11, 4.13]; p = 0.02) in males. Moreover, stroke outcomes and overall mortality were demonstrably worse for males (RR: 1.46; p = 0.05 and RR: 1.21; p = 0.00, respectively). Males with COVID-19 face higher risks of myocardial infarction, venous thromboembolism, ischemic stroke, major bleeding, and mortality. Heart failure and hospitalization length show no gender disparity. These findings highlight the crucial role of gender in COVID-19's cardiovascular complications.</p>","PeriodicalId":21180,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Virology","volume":"35 3","pages":"e70022"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143731402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Arbovirus Infections and Epigenetic Mechanisms; a Potential Therapeutic Target.","authors":"Manhong Wang, Kexin Liu, Dan Guo, Youjia Lv, Xin Wang","doi":"10.1002/rmv.70033","DOIUrl":"10.1002/rmv.70033","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Arboviruses are a group of arthropod-borne viral pathogens that pose a significant threat to the public health system. The clinical manifestations associated with these viruses range from self-limiting infections to life-threatening disorders. As a group of systemic viral infections, arboviruses can affect various parts of human organ systems, such as the nervous system. In the nervous system, epigenetic mechanisms are involved in various mechanisms including adult neurogenesis, neuronal-glial differentiation, the regulation of neural behaviour and neural plasticity, as well as other brain functions such as memory, and cognition. Hence, epigenetic deregulation is a key factor in the aetiology of different neurological disorders that highlights the importance of studying the underlying mechanisms and risk factors to introduce effective therapeutic approaches. There is mounting evidence that arboviruses that affect the nervous system take advantage of various mechanisms to modulate epigenetic processes to regulate their life cycles. This phenomenon may affect the nervous system leading to neurotropic arboviral infection-associated neurological disorders. Hence, it is important to understand reciprocal interplays between neurotropic arboviral pathogens and epigenetic processes to better control these disorders. The present review provides an overview of different interactions of arboviruses with epigenetic mechanisms during neurotropic arboviral infections. It uniquely focuses on the interplay between epigenetic modifications and arboviral neurotropism, shedding light on potential therapeutic strategies that have not been comprehensively addressed before. Targeting virus-induced epigenetic alterations, such as miRNA regulation, could lead to novel antiviral therapies aimed at mitigating neuroinflammation and disease severity.</p>","PeriodicalId":21180,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Virology","volume":"35 3","pages":"e70033"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143743082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanisms of Immune Evasion of West Nile Virus.","authors":"Abdullah Alghamdi, Mohammed Alissa, Mohammed A Alshehri","doi":"10.1002/rmv.70042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.70042","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>West Nile virus (WNV), a globally distributed flavivirus, poses a significant public health threat, causing West Nile fever and potentially severe neuroinvasive disease in humans. The absence of specific antiviral treatments and licenced human vaccines underscores the importance of understanding WNV pathogenesis, particularly the mechanisms by which it evades host immune responses. This review comprehensively analyzes the multifaceted immune evasion strategies employed by WNV, encompassing the suppression of interferon (IFN) production and signalling through targeting of STAT proteins, IRF3, and RNA sensors, the modulation of antigen presentation via downregulation of MHC molecules and impairment of proteasome function, and the manipulation of cytokine and chemokine responses to dysregulate inflammation and promote viral persistence. Furthermore, WNV exploits the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to gain access to the central nervous system (CNS), both by disrupting the barrier integrity and utilising \"Trojan horse\" mechanisms. The potential for antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) further complicates the host-virus interaction. Understanding these immune evasion mechanisms is crucial for deciphering WNV pathogenesis and informing the development of effective vaccines and targeted immunotherapies aimed at preventing and treating WNV-related diseases. Future research should focus on translating this knowledge into tangible clinical benefits for at-risk populations, particularly regarding strategies to induce broadly neutralising antibody responses and robust T-cell immunity while mitigating the risk of ADE.</p>","PeriodicalId":21180,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Virology","volume":"35 3","pages":"e70042"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144161760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy, Immune Response, and Safety of Dengue Vaccines in Adolescents: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Ramtin Naderian, Majid Eslami, Sajjad Ahmad, Elham Paraandavaji, Shayan Yaghmayee, Masood Soltanipur, Rayan Naderian, Omid Pajand, Parisa Tajdini, Akram Alizadeh, Samira Sanami","doi":"10.1002/rmv.70035","DOIUrl":"10.1002/rmv.70035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Both health and economic burdens of dengue virus (DENV), as an increasingly prevalent pathogen and global threat, exist in endemic regions. Vaccination is a key strategy in decreasing dengue morbidity and mortality. This systematic review assesses the efficacy, immune response and safety of dengue vaccines (Qdenga (TAK-003) and Dengvaxia (CYD-TDV)) in adolescents against the need for evidence-based data for dengue vaccination strategies. We performed a systematic search of six databases (Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, clinical trials. gov, and MEDLINE) for studies published until October 2024. A total of 482 articles were identified, 32 studies met the inclusion criteria after removing duplicates and title and abstract screening. Immunogenicity and safety profiles for both vaccines. TAK-003 showed high seropositivity rates with all of the four DENV serotypes, especially for DENV-2, with sustained antibody responses 3 years after vaccination. CYD-TDV induced neutralising antibodies with balanced activity, but such an immune response was most efficient in individuals with baseline seropositivity, for whom greater efficacy was observed. Most adverse events were mild to moderate, such as transitory pain at the injection site and headache, while serious adverse events were rare and did not correlate with vaccination. Nonetheless, specific issues regarding serotype-unique efficacy variations and the threat of vaccine-induced immune enhancement in seronegative groups contribute to worry. These findings highlighted the importance of TAK-003 and CYD-TDV in reducing the impact of dengue, especially in endemic regions. Ongoing research is essential to refine vaccine deployment strategies, optimise protection across diverse populations, and address outstanding concerns regarding long-term immunity and safety in seronegative individuals.</p>","PeriodicalId":21180,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Virology","volume":"35 3","pages":"e70035"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143804231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nutritional Status as a Key Consideration in Dengue Vaccine Outcomes for Adolescents.","authors":"Amir Reza Akbari, Benyamin Alam","doi":"10.1002/rmv.70041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.70041","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21180,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Virology","volume":"35 3","pages":"e70041"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144094344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of Angiotensin II in Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis: Narrative Review.","authors":"Adriana Pedreañez, Renata Vargas, Yenddy Carrero, Juan P Hernández-Fonseca, Hugo Hernández-Fonseca, Jesús Mosquera","doi":"10.1002/rmv.70040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.70040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is an alphavirus in the family Togaviridae, transmitted by a mosquito bite and is highly infectious in aerosol form. Inflammation plays a role of antiviral response as well as development of lethal encephalitis. Infection through a mosquito bite is biphasic, beginning with an inflammatory process and viral replication in different organs with subsequent infiltration to the central nervous system (CNS), inducing encephalitis. The direct route is through inhalation of aerosols containing the virus with direct brain infection through the olfactory nerve. Significant damage is due to exacerbated inflammation in the host. Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a molecule with high pro-inflammatory capacity, which has been found to be upregulated in the brain of VEEV-infected rats, suggesting its role in the pathogenesis of this disease. Limited information regarding the association of Ang II expression with VEEV brain infection has been reported. The aim of this review is to highlight published reports indicating a possible association between Ang II expression and VEEV-induced encephalitis. Several studies reflect a possible expression and function of Ang II during VEEV infection. Factors such as the relationship of Ang II with proteins involved in viral replication and entry into the cell (furin, Rab5, Rab7), activation of protein kinase C (necessary for the phosphorylation of VEEV), presence of microRNAs related to viral biology, increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier, and use of transcription pathways common to Ang II and VEEV, may conceivable an association of Ang II with the pathogenesis of VEEV encephalitis.</p>","PeriodicalId":21180,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Virology","volume":"35 3","pages":"e70040"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144046292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emerging Viral Infections (ZIKV, SARS-CoV-2, and MPXV) and Depression: Ketamine and (S, R)-Ketamine as Promising Antidepressants.","authors":"Qianqian Cao, Ning Zhang, Cuibo Leng, Shoushi Wang, Jun Ma","doi":"10.1002/rmv.70036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.70036","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Emerging viral pathogens, newly reported or rapidly evolving viruses, are a significant public health concern worldwide. Beyond their characteristic clinical presentations, emerging viruses, such as monkeypox virus (MPXV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), have been increasingly implicated in the development of various neuropsychiatric complications including depression, mainly due to their ability to induce neuroinflammation, immune dysfunction, and neurotransmitter imbalances. Depression is a common mental health condition characterised by continuous low mood or sadness, pessimism, anxiety, and even a tendency to suicide as the main symptoms. Post viral depression commonly shows significant challenges, as traditional antidepressant agents exhibit suboptimal efficacy and prolonged onset of action. Regarding this, ketamine and its enantiomers, S-ketamine and R-ketamine, have recently received increasing attention as potential options in light of their potent and effective antidepressant properties. The present review describes the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of depression associated with emerging viruses, highlighting the role of neuroinflammation and disturbances inneurotransmitter systems. It also discusses the antidepressant mechanisms of ketamine and its enantiomers, the current clinical evidence demonstrating their effectiveness and safety, especially in the case of treatment-resistant depression, and their growing relevance for mood complications linked to emerging viral infections, including depression. Although preliminary reports propose effectiveness, additional studies are needed to present optimal treatment strategies, long-term safety, and incorporation into clinical practice. Addressing these challenges will be critical for optimising the effectiveness of ketamine- and (S, R)-ketamine-containing therapeutic protocols in treating depression linked to emerging viral infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":21180,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Virology","volume":"35 3","pages":"e70036"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144008504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rethinking Paediatric Respiratory Infections: The Role of Mixed Pathogen Infections.","authors":"Jinjin Wang, Ran Wang, Zhengde Xie","doi":"10.1002/rmv.70021","DOIUrl":"10.1002/rmv.70021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) stand as a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among children worldwide, contributing substantially to paediatric hospitalisation rates. ARIs stem from various pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, among others. With the advent of novel diagnostic techniques like molecular detection methods, the identification rate of multiple pathogens in paediatric ARIs is steadily rising. However, there is currently no consensus on the impact of mixed infections on the severity of respiratory infections in children. This narrative review summarises existing research indicating that the co-detection rate of multiple viruses among paediatric patients with ARIs ranged from 0.07% to 55%. Multi-virus coinfections did not appear to increase the severity of the disease in children because of viral interference, immune modulation, etc. Conversely, mixed infection of virus and bacteria may exacerbate disease severity through many mechanisms, such as synergistic activation of inflammation, diminished repair efficiency, increased transmission and release and so on. The insights provide aim to improve diagnostic precision and treatment strategies for paediatric ARIs, ultimately reducing complications and mortality rates associated with ARIs in children.</p>","PeriodicalId":21180,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Virology","volume":"35 2","pages":"e70021"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143503632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relative Efficacy, Effectiveness and Safety of Newer and/or Enhanced Seasonal Influenza Vaccines for the Prevention of Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza in Individuals Aged 18 years and Over: Update of a Systematic Review.","authors":"Mona Askar, Karam Adel Ali, Madeleine Batke, Timo Brugger, Annika Falman, Anna Hayman Robertson, Jaime Jesús Pérez, Kari Johansen, Jorgen de Jonge, Tyra Grove Krause, Wiebe Külper-Schiek, Joerg J Meerpohl, Angeliki Melidou, Hanna Nohynek, Carmen Olmedo, Kate Olsson, Ioanna Pavlopoulou, Vanessa Piechotta, Johanna Rubin, Johanna Schlaberg, Christine Schmucker, Waldemar Siemens, Jan Stratil, Veronika Učakar, Ole Wichmann, Thomas Harder","doi":"10.1002/rmv.70020","DOIUrl":"10.1002/rmv.70020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We performed an update (last search: 24 July 2023) of a systematic review on relative efficacy/effectiveness (rVE) and safety of newer/enhanced seasonal influenza vaccines in comparison with standard influenza vaccine or in head-to-head comparison. Eligible studies investigated adults aged ≥ 18 years, analysed the MF59-adjuvanted or high-dose or cell-based or recombinant or mRNA-based influenza vaccine and reported rVE or safety in randomised controlled trials (RCT) or non-randomised studies of interventions (NRSI). Of 1561 new entries identified, 17 studies were included. Together with 42 studies identified in the previous primary review they added up to 59 studies, all comparing newer/enhanced with standard seasonal influenza vaccines. Relative VE against laboratory-confirmed influenza was -30% (95%CI: -146% to 31%) to 88% (51%-100%; 7 NRSI) for the MF59-adjuvanted vaccine (low certainty of evidence, CoE); 24.2% (9.7%-36.5%; 1 RCT) and -9% (-158% to 54%) to 19% (-27% to 48%; 1 NRSI) for the high-dose vaccine (moderate CoE); -5.8% (-36.1% to 17.7%) to 21.4% (-7.3% to 42.4%; 2 NRSI) for the cell-based vaccine (low CoE); 30% (10%-47%; 1 RCT) and 3% (-31% to 28%) to 19% (-27% to 48%; 1 NRSI) for the recombinant vaccine (moderate CoE), respectively. Relative VE against laboratory-confirmed influenza-related hospitalisation was 59.2% (14.6%-80.5%; 1 NRSI) for the MF59-adjuvanted (moderate CoE); 27% (-1 to 48%; 1 NRSI) for the high-dose (low CoE); 8.5% (-75.9% to 52.3%; 1 NRSI) for the cell-based (low CoE); -7.3% (-52.1% to 24.4%) to 16.3% (-8.7% to 35.5%; 1 RCT) for the recombinant vaccine. No increased risk of serious adverse events was detected for any vaccine (12 RCT, 7 NRSI; low CoE). While all have a favourable safety profile, evidence on rVE of newer/enhanced vaccines is still limited, warranting further studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":21180,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Virology","volume":"35 2","pages":"e70020"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11850296/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143493142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biological and Pathogenic Blueprint of Chandipura Virus.","authors":"Neha Pandey, Sunit K Singh","doi":"10.1002/rmv.70032","DOIUrl":"10.1002/rmv.70032","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chandipura virus (CHPV) is a single-stranded negative-sense RNA virus of the family Rhabdoviridae. CHPV is transmitted mainly through infected sandflies. CHPV paediatric encephalitis reported in 2003-2004 in central and south-western parts of India had a case fatality rate of ∼70%. CHPV infection leads to high-grade fever, vomiting, altered sensorium, generalised convulsions, decerebrate posture and coma. Neuroinflammation is the hallmark of CHPV infection and has a pronounced effect on cerebral and brainstem regions. Currently, there are no vaccines or treatments available for CHPV infection. Although previous studies have provided insights into the virus's pathology and host-pathogen interactions, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying CHPV pathogenesis are poorly understood. Understanding molecular pathogenesis is crucial for developing efficacious therapies and preventive measures. The review summarises CHPV epidemiology, transmission, genome structure, replication, pathogenesis and the latest antiviral therapies and vaccine developments.</p>","PeriodicalId":21180,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Virology","volume":"35 2","pages":"e70032"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143701392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}