Reviews in Medical Virology最新文献

{"title":"Virus-Like Nanoparticles for Vaccine Development and Drug Delivery.","authors":"De-Feng Li, Mei-Feng Yang, Ning-Ning Yue, Long-Bin Huang, Chen Kong, Yuan Zhang, Cheng-Mei Tian, Hai-Lan Zhao, Qian-Jun Luo, Hua-Lin Ma, Jian-Yao Wang, Dao-Ru Wei, Li-Sheng Wang, Jian-Ping Lu, Yu-Jie Liang, Jun Yao","doi":"10.1002/rmv.70139","DOIUrl":"10.1002/rmv.70139","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Virus-like nanoparticles (VLPs) are naturally occurring polymeric nanomaterials formed by the self-assembly of one or more viral capsid proteins (CPs). VLPs have garnered significant attention in a wide range of nanotechnology-based diagnostics and therapies, including immunotherapy and drug delivery. VLPs are Exhibiting high biocompatibility and biodegradability, alone with uniform structure and controlled assembly, VLPs represent a complex and versatile therapeutic platform. This review provides an overview of the fundamental aspects of VLPs, including their types, structures, immune mechanisms, as well as expression and purification method. Recent advances in the development and application of engineered VLPs for drug delivery, gene therapy, immunology studies and multifunctional therapeutics are discussed. This paper also summarised research advances in the use of virus-like particles as chimaeric vectors and highlights their potential as efficient delivery vehicles. Finally, we present several successful examples of VLPs-based drug delivery system and provide a comprehensive analysis of VLPs that takes advantage of both viral and non-viral delivery methods for efficient theranostic application.</p>","PeriodicalId":21180,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Virology","volume":"36 3","pages":"e70139"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147779186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Expanding Organ Tropism of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1.","authors":"Areli J Navarro, Ignacio A Pasten, Dayesi López-Hernández, Susan M Bueno, Alexis M Kalergis, Pablo A González","doi":"10.1002/rmv.70155","DOIUrl":"10.1002/rmv.70155","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection is highly prevalent, with more than 70% of the global population seropositive. HSV-1 commonly infects the skin, eyes, and neurons, as well as immune cells such as dendritic cells; however, an expanding tissue tropism is observed, suggesting that its clinical impact may be vastly underestimated. This calls for a critical reappraisal of the risks posed by this ubiquitous virus. Here, we discuss current findings linking HSV-1 to a broad spectrum of organs, including the heart, lungs, intestines, and liver, as well as several clinical effects and diseases, which demand an in-depth analysis of HSV-1 pathogenesis with a critical focus on its pressing clinical implications. Recognising the broad disease spectrum of HSV-1 could help better guide diagnosis and treatment, given the availability of antiviral treatments for this virus.</p>","PeriodicalId":21180,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Virology","volume":"36 3","pages":"e70155"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147779903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mpox Clinical Outcomes in People With and Without HIV Treated With Tecovirimat: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Santenna Chenchula, Krishna Chaitanya Amerneni, Padmavathi Rajakarunakaran, Anitha Kuttiappan, Sunil Kumar Gupta, Satya Prakash, Sri Varshini Talagampala, Mohan Krishna Ghanta, Madhavrao Chavan","doi":"10.1002/rmv.70152","DOIUrl":"10.1002/rmv.70152","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mpox poses heightened risks for immunocompromised individuals, particularly people with HIV (PWH), yet evidence on clinical outcomes and antiviral treatment remains limited. We conducted a systematic review in accordance with PRISMA guidelines, searching MEDLINE, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library from inception through October 2025. Fourteen studies comprising 8867 patients were included. A recently published randomized controlled trial evaluating tecovirimat for mpox was also considered to contextualise the findings. Owing to substantial clinical and methodological heterogeneity, data were synthesised narratively using the Synthesis Without Meta-analysis (SWiM) framework. Across studies, mpox severity followed a clear CD4-dependent gradient. People without HIV (PWoH) and PWH with relatively preserved immune function (generally CD4 ≥ 200 cells/μL) typically experienced milder, self-limiting disease, with treatment failure rates below 5%. In contrast, PWH with CD4 counts < 200 cells/μL, particularly those < 100 cells/μL, demonstrated substantially higher rates of necrotic lesions, proctitis, hospitalisation, delayed viral clearance, and mortality. Treatment failure in this subgroup ranged from 15% to 30%, and all confirmed cases of tecovirimat resistance (3 of 18 tested) occurred in patients with CD4 counts < 100 cells/μL. Observational studies suggested that earlier initiation of tecovirimat (≤ 7 days from symptom onset) was associated with more favourable clinical trajectories. However, randomised controlled trial evidence has not demonstrated a clear efficacy signal, and prolonged treatment courses (21-28 days) were frequently required in patients with advanced HIV, reflecting persistent disease rather than established antiviral benefit. Tecovirimat was generally well tolerated, with mild adverse events reported in approximately 20%-25% of patients and no serious adverse events definitively attributed to therapy across the included studies. Overall, immunological status rather than HIV serostatus alone appeared to be the principal determinant of mpox severity and clinical outcomes, underscoring the importance of CD4-guided management strategies and targeted resistance surveillance in immunocompromised populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":21180,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Virology","volume":"36 3","pages":"e70152"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147699621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiological Changes in Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infections in Children and Adolescents Before and After COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Hao Gou, Yiman Zhai, Qinyue Yu, Yan Liu, Hongyun Zhou, Qiong Zhao","doi":"10.1002/rmv.70151","DOIUrl":"10.1002/rmv.70151","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae) is a major cause of respiratory tract infections in children and adolescents, yet its epidemiological burden before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic remains unclear. This meta-analysis, which searched Web of Science, Embase, PubMed, and Cochrane Library for reports published up to December 25, 2025, aimed to evaluate trends in the prevalence of M. pneumoniae infections across these three periods to guide clinical practice and public health responses. A total of 70 studies were included, and methodological quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute criteria. The pooled prevalence of M. pneumoniae infections before, during, and after COVID-19 was calculated in R 4.5.0, with Freeman-Tukey double arcsine transformation for extreme proportions. The prevalence of M. pneumoniae infections before COVID-19, during COVID-19, and after COVID-19 was 21.72% (95% CI: 17.09, 26.73), 10.73% (95% CI: 7.57, 14.35), and 28.64% (95% CI: 22.74, 34.93), respectively. Age-stratified analysis revealed the highest prevalence consistently in children > 6 years (pre-pandemic: 46.35%; during-pandemic: 27.32%; post-pandemic: 41.36%) and the lowest in infants < 1 year (8.21%, 4.87%, and 7.81%, respectively). Seasonally, pre-pandemic prevalence peaked in summer (33.34%) and autumn (31.00%). During the pandemic, overall rates declined but remained highest in autumn (15.51%). Post-pandemic, prevalence rebounded broadly, peaking in autumn (37.97%). In conclusion, this study summarises M. pneumoniae trends in children and adolescents before and after COVID-19, indicating a delayed resurgence following the pandemic, and highlights the need for further research to explain these patterns and improve future pandemic preparedness.</p>","PeriodicalId":21180,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Virology","volume":"36 3","pages":"e70151"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147691957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enterovirus D68 and Acute Neurologic Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2010-2025).","authors":"Asif Naeem, Muhammad Masroor Alam, Musaed Alharbi, Maymunah Hakami, Nabeel Alzahrani, Seena Thomas, Sameera Aljohani, Mohammad Bosaeed","doi":"10.1002/rmv.70147","DOIUrl":"10.1002/rmv.70147","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) has been implicated in clusters of acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) and severe respiratory illness; however, the magnitude and consistency of association across settings and over time remain uncertain. We quantified the association between EV-D68 detection and acute neurologic outcomes (particularly AFM) and explored design- and time-related heterogeneity. Following PRISMA 2020 and MOOSE guidance, we systematically identified observational studies reporting associations between EV-D68 detection and neurologic outcomes. Random effects meta-analysis was performed using REML with Knapp-Hartung adjustment; heterogeneity was summarised with τ² and I². Prespecified moderators were examined with meta-regression. Small-study effects were evaluated using contour-enhanced funnel plots, Egger and Peters tests, and PET-PEESE bias-adjusted models. PROSPERO registration: 1152300. Across 98 studies, the pooled odds ratio (OR) was 1.39 (95% CI 1.14-1.69), with high heterogeneity (I² = 98.9%; prediction interval 0.24-8.15). By design, respiratory surveillance studies showed stronger association (OR 1.59, 95% CI 1.35-1.86, k = 78) whereas AFM case-control studies did not (OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.40-1.86, k = 20). In multivariable meta-regression, study design and calendar year explained about 47% of inter-study variance. Predicted ORs declined from 2014 to 2022 across regions. Funnel asymmetry and small-study effects were suggested; PET-PEESE bias-adjusted estimates remained above the null. The EV-D68 outcome association is context-dependent and time-varying. Surveillance datasets enriched during outbreak waves drive the pooled signal, while AFM case-control designs yield attenuated estimates after adjustment. Standardising diagnostics and integrating design-specific surveillance will improve risk estimation and AFM preparedness.</p>","PeriodicalId":21180,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Virology","volume":"36 3","pages":"e70147"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147820287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tissue Reservoirs of HIV: The Hidden Protective Role of Lymphoid and Myeloid Cells.","authors":"Shan He, Akmal Zubair, Ahmed Al-Emam","doi":"10.1002/rmv.70159","DOIUrl":"10.1002/rmv.70159","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), has recently emerged as a significant global health concern. Latently infected lymphocytes, particularly CD4+ T lymphocytes and macrophages, together with organs that house these cells, serve as reservoirs for HIV. Despite the effectiveness of contemporary antiretroviral therapy (ART) in reducing circulating viral levels, these reservoirs may impede ART access, thereby deactivating latency-reversing agents and antibodies. A detailed comprehension of HIV reservoir sites in tissues is essential, as antiretroviral treatment can reduce the viral load in circulation to undetectable levels. This review analysed the body's primary systems that serve as safe harbour sites for HIV, including the Monocyte/Macrophage, lymphatic system, nervous system, respiratory system, reproductive system, and urinary system. Various databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Medline, Scopus, Science Direct, Clinical Trials, and UNAIDS were searched for literature related to the HIV reservoir in the human body. The fundamental principle of future treatments will be to identify these similarities to understand the differences. Developing personalised therapeutic protocols tailored to the unique characteristics of HIV in different tissues is vital for effective AIDS management.</p>","PeriodicalId":21180,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Virology","volume":"36 3","pages":"e70159"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147779910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human Cytomegalovirus Infection in Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients and CAR T Cell Recipients - PART 1: Risk Factors, Clinical Impact and Immune Response.","authors":"Danya Kaplan, Emily Blyth, Gaurav Sutrave, Michelle K Yong, David J Gottlieb, Allison Abendroth, Barry Slobedman, Lauren Stern","doi":"10.1002/rmv.70142","DOIUrl":"10.1002/rmv.70142","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is one of the most important opportunistic pathogens in immunocompromised individuals, including allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant (allo-HSCT) recipients. In allo-HSCT, HCMV seropositivity of the recipient and donor is associated with inferior survival outcomes, and post-transplant HCMV reactivation is a frequent complication, necessitating close viral monitoring and pre-emptive and prophylactic antiviral therapies. We present a review in two parts that focuses on the risk factors, immunological responses and treatment strategies for HCMV infection in allo-HSCT recipients, and also explores current evidence surrounding HCMV reactivation in recipients of chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR T) therapies. In the current article (Part 1), the impact of HCMV infection in allo-HSCT and CAR T cell recipients is investigated. HCMV reactivation in allo-HSCT recipients is associated with increased mortality, graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) and other microbial infections. Prominent alterations in T cell and natural killer (NK) cell recovery represent distinct immune reconstitution features associated with HCMV reactivation. Immunological biomarkers to predict HCMV complications have been proposed and their adoption in future immune monitoring strategies may allow individualised risk assessment to guide antiviral treatment decisions. The clinical significance of HCMV reactivation after CAR T cell infusion is yet to be fully determined. Continued viral surveillance and investigation of viral dynamics with correlative studies of immune function are needed in this patient population. Current and emerging strategies for treatment and prevention of HCMV complications in allo-HSCT, including use of letermovir prophylaxis and adoptive HCMV-specific T cell therapies, are explored in the following article (Part 2).</p>","PeriodicalId":21180,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Virology","volume":"36 3","pages":"e70142"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13080285/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147691927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Updates on Trichodysplasia Spinulosa Disease.","authors":"Luke Moore, Peter Rady, Stephen Tyring","doi":"10.1002/rmv.70148","DOIUrl":"10.1002/rmv.70148","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Trichodysplasia spinulosa (TS) is a rare disorder that only appears in patients who have undergone immunosuppression. TS presents with keratin spines protruding from hair follicle openings, which are called spicules. TS often progresses to alopecia and a leonine face if untreated. To date, fewer than 100 cases have been reported in the literature and are primarily in patients who underwent solid organ transplant. The infection pathway of the human polyomavirus causing TS, Trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus (TSPyV), remains unclear. Roughly 75% of adults have IgG antibodies to TSPyV, and the virus can be transiently detected in about 1% of the population at any given time. This review article summarises the updates in TS over the last 5 years. We discuss articles on seroepidemiology, insights into the mechanism of proliferation, and treatment options of TSPyV.</p>","PeriodicalId":21180,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Virology","volume":"36 3","pages":"e70148"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147663026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Post-Viral Aspergillosis: A Systematic Review of Incidence, Clinical Manifestations, and Outcomes.","authors":"Mandana Akhavan, Sadegh Khodavaisy, Saba Akbarzadeh, Seyedeh Sabereh Mojtahedi, Jianping Xu, Farzad Aala, Maryam Shafaati, Mohammadreza Salehi","doi":"10.1002/rmv.70163","DOIUrl":"10.1002/rmv.70163","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Invasive aspergillosis (IA) has traditionally been associated with immunocompromised individuals. Post-viral aspergillosis (PVA) has emerged as a significant secondary complication among patients with viral infections, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. This systematic review aimed to summarise the patients' clinical characteristics, diagnostic approaches, treatment options, and outcomes of PVA across various respiratory viral infections. This study was registered in PROSPERO (No. CRD420250652078) and followed the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science for publications without a time limitation up to the end of May 2025 reporting clinical data on PVA in patients following infections by respiratory viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), metapneumovirus, parainfluenza, rhinovirus, adenovirus, and cytomegalovirus (CMV). Overall, the reports highlighted PVA occurrence after infections by SARS-CoV-2, influenza, and CMV. Our analyses revealed that PVA is a clinically heterogeneous but frequently deadly infection in patients who are critically ill, immunocompromised patients, or those receiving corticosteroids, following respiratory viral infections. Among critically ill patients, PVA is a clinically important complication of respiratory viral infections, and timely diagnosis and early initiation of appropriate antifungal therapy- considering that Aspergillus is an aerobic fungus requiring specific culture conditions-play a key role in improving patient outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":21180,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Virology","volume":"36 3","pages":"e70163"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148138842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"LRP-1 as Target of Broad-Specific Antivirals: Benefits, Risks and Challenges.","authors":"Daniela Isabel Maldonado-Bauzá, Luis Gabriel González-Lodeiro, Li Wen, Vivian Huerta Galindo","doi":"10.1002/rmv.70136","DOIUrl":"10.1002/rmv.70136","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP-1) is a highly pleiotropic protein involved in the regulation of numerous signalling pathways and interacts with more than 70 different ligands, including viral particles. Recent studies have shown that LRP-1 is the receptor for a spectrum of viruses of great relevance to human and animal health. Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), Oropouche virus (OROV), Severe fever with thrombocytopaenia syndrome virus (SFTSV), Dengue virus (DENV), Sicilian sandfly fever virus (SFSV), La Crosse virus (LACV), Jamestown Canyon virus (JCV), and Chandipura virus (CHPV) interact with LRP-1 for their infection in mammalian hosts cells. They are included in the arbovirus group, provoke acute disease with significant health implications and present a high risk of transmission from their endemic regions. Currently, none of these viruses have a specific antiviral or vaccine for the treatment of the disease, therefore the development of an antiviral blocking LRP-1 functions would have great scope and potential. In this review, we searched for the current evidence of the validation of LRP-1 as a cellular target for a wide range of RNA genome viruses, highlighting common features of these viruses and the regulation of LRP-1 mediated intracellular signalling in different cell types. In addition, the advantages of an antiviral using LRP-1 as molecular target are discussed, along with the risks and challenges involved in blocking its activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":21180,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Virology","volume":"36 3","pages":"e70136"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147942994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}