Reviews in Medical Virology最新文献

{"title":"Tissue Reservoirs of HIV: The Hidden Protective Role of Lymphoid and Myeloid Cells.","authors":"Shan He, Akmal Zubair, Ahmed Al-Emam","doi":"10.1002/rmv.70159","DOIUrl":"10.1002/rmv.70159","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), has recently emerged as a significant global health concern. Latently infected lymphocytes, particularly CD4+ T lymphocytes and macrophages, together with organs that house these cells, serve as reservoirs for HIV. Despite the effectiveness of contemporary antiretroviral therapy (ART) in reducing circulating viral levels, these reservoirs may impede ART access, thereby deactivating latency-reversing agents and antibodies. A detailed comprehension of HIV reservoir sites in tissues is essential, as antiretroviral treatment can reduce the viral load in circulation to undetectable levels. This review analysed the body's primary systems that serve as safe harbour sites for HIV, including the Monocyte/Macrophage, lymphatic system, nervous system, respiratory system, reproductive system, and urinary system. Various databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Medline, Scopus, Science Direct, Clinical Trials, and UNAIDS were searched for literature related to the HIV reservoir in the human body. The fundamental principle of future treatments will be to identify these similarities to understand the differences. Developing personalised therapeutic protocols tailored to the unique characteristics of HIV in different tissues is vital for effective AIDS management.</p>","PeriodicalId":21180,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Virology","volume":"36 3","pages":"e70159"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147779910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human Cytomegalovirus Infection in Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients and CAR T Cell Recipients - PART 1: Risk Factors, Clinical Impact and Immune Response.","authors":"Danya Kaplan, Emily Blyth, Gaurav Sutrave, Michelle K Yong, David J Gottlieb, Allison Abendroth, Barry Slobedman, Lauren Stern","doi":"10.1002/rmv.70142","DOIUrl":"10.1002/rmv.70142","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is one of the most important opportunistic pathogens in immunocompromised individuals, including allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant (allo-HSCT) recipients. In allo-HSCT, HCMV seropositivity of the recipient and donor is associated with inferior survival outcomes, and post-transplant HCMV reactivation is a frequent complication, necessitating close viral monitoring and pre-emptive and prophylactic antiviral therapies. We present a review in two parts that focuses on the risk factors, immunological responses and treatment strategies for HCMV infection in allo-HSCT recipients, and also explores current evidence surrounding HCMV reactivation in recipients of chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR T) therapies. In the current article (Part 1), the impact of HCMV infection in allo-HSCT and CAR T cell recipients is investigated. HCMV reactivation in allo-HSCT recipients is associated with increased mortality, graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) and other microbial infections. Prominent alterations in T cell and natural killer (NK) cell recovery represent distinct immune reconstitution features associated with HCMV reactivation. Immunological biomarkers to predict HCMV complications have been proposed and their adoption in future immune monitoring strategies may allow individualised risk assessment to guide antiviral treatment decisions. The clinical significance of HCMV reactivation after CAR T cell infusion is yet to be fully determined. Continued viral surveillance and investigation of viral dynamics with correlative studies of immune function are needed in this patient population. Current and emerging strategies for treatment and prevention of HCMV complications in allo-HSCT, including use of letermovir prophylaxis and adoptive HCMV-specific T cell therapies, are explored in the following article (Part 2).</p>","PeriodicalId":21180,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Virology","volume":"36 3","pages":"e70142"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13080285/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147691927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Updates on Trichodysplasia Spinulosa Disease.","authors":"Luke Moore, Peter Rady, Stephen Tyring","doi":"10.1002/rmv.70148","DOIUrl":"10.1002/rmv.70148","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Trichodysplasia spinulosa (TS) is a rare disorder that only appears in patients who have undergone immunosuppression. TS presents with keratin spines protruding from hair follicle openings, which are called spicules. TS often progresses to alopecia and a leonine face if untreated. To date, fewer than 100 cases have been reported in the literature and are primarily in patients who underwent solid organ transplant. The infection pathway of the human polyomavirus causing TS, Trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus (TSPyV), remains unclear. Roughly 75% of adults have IgG antibodies to TSPyV, and the virus can be transiently detected in about 1% of the population at any given time. This review article summarises the updates in TS over the last 5 years. We discuss articles on seroepidemiology, insights into the mechanism of proliferation, and treatment options of TSPyV.</p>","PeriodicalId":21180,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Virology","volume":"36 3","pages":"e70148"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147663026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Post-Viral Aspergillosis: A Systematic Review of Incidence, Clinical Manifestations, and Outcomes.","authors":"Mandana Akhavan, Sadegh Khodavaisy, Saba Akbarzadeh, Seyedeh Sabereh Mojtahedi, Jianping Xu, Farzad Aala, Maryam Shafaati, Mohammadreza Salehi","doi":"10.1002/rmv.70163","DOIUrl":"10.1002/rmv.70163","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Invasive aspergillosis (IA) has traditionally been associated with immunocompromised individuals. Post-viral aspergillosis (PVA) has emerged as a significant secondary complication among patients with viral infections, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. This systematic review aimed to summarise the patients' clinical characteristics, diagnostic approaches, treatment options, and outcomes of PVA across various respiratory viral infections. This study was registered in PROSPERO (No. CRD420250652078) and followed the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science for publications without a time limitation up to the end of May 2025 reporting clinical data on PVA in patients following infections by respiratory viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), metapneumovirus, parainfluenza, rhinovirus, adenovirus, and cytomegalovirus (CMV). Overall, the reports highlighted PVA occurrence after infections by SARS-CoV-2, influenza, and CMV. Our analyses revealed that PVA is a clinically heterogeneous but frequently deadly infection in patients who are critically ill, immunocompromised patients, or those receiving corticosteroids, following respiratory viral infections. Among critically ill patients, PVA is a clinically important complication of respiratory viral infections, and timely diagnosis and early initiation of appropriate antifungal therapy- considering that Aspergillus is an aerobic fungus requiring specific culture conditions-play a key role in improving patient outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":21180,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Virology","volume":"36 3","pages":"e70163"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148138842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"LRP-1 as Target of Broad-Specific Antivirals: Benefits, Risks and Challenges.","authors":"Daniela Isabel Maldonado-Bauzá, Luis Gabriel González-Lodeiro, Li Wen, Vivian Huerta Galindo","doi":"10.1002/rmv.70136","DOIUrl":"10.1002/rmv.70136","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP-1) is a highly pleiotropic protein involved in the regulation of numerous signalling pathways and interacts with more than 70 different ligands, including viral particles. Recent studies have shown that LRP-1 is the receptor for a spectrum of viruses of great relevance to human and animal health. Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), Oropouche virus (OROV), Severe fever with thrombocytopaenia syndrome virus (SFTSV), Dengue virus (DENV), Sicilian sandfly fever virus (SFSV), La Crosse virus (LACV), Jamestown Canyon virus (JCV), and Chandipura virus (CHPV) interact with LRP-1 for their infection in mammalian hosts cells. They are included in the arbovirus group, provoke acute disease with significant health implications and present a high risk of transmission from their endemic regions. Currently, none of these viruses have a specific antiviral or vaccine for the treatment of the disease, therefore the development of an antiviral blocking LRP-1 functions would have great scope and potential. In this review, we searched for the current evidence of the validation of LRP-1 as a cellular target for a wide range of RNA genome viruses, highlighting common features of these viruses and the regulation of LRP-1 mediated intracellular signalling in different cell types. In addition, the advantages of an antiviral using LRP-1 as molecular target are discussed, along with the risks and challenges involved in blocking its activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":21180,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Virology","volume":"36 3","pages":"e70136"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147942994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"USP10 Dysregulation in Oncogenic Virus-Driven Tumourigenesis and Immune Evasion.","authors":"Zike Li, Dongjing Zhang, Siqi Chen, Xin Zhang, Zhihong Wang, Changsheng Huang, Qi Wu, Anyi Liu, Kangdi Li, Ziran Wei, Junbo Hu","doi":"10.1002/rmv.70145","DOIUrl":"10.1002/rmv.70145","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ubiquitination is a critical post-translational modification that regulates protein stability, signalling pathways, and cellular homoeostasis. Increasing evidence shows that oncogenic viruses exploit the host ubiquitin system to promote viral persistence, immune evasion, and malignant transformation. Among the various host factors targeted, deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) play a pivotal role because they reverse ubiquitination, thereby regulating the stability, localization, and activity of key signalling proteins. Ubiquitin-specific peptidase 10 (USP10) has emerged as a particularly critical DUB in the context of viral tumourigenesis, functioning as a molecular rheostat that balances tumour suppression and oncogenic progression. The dysregulation of USP10 by viral oncoproteins facilitates a dual assault on the host: the subversion of innate immune sensors, specifically the RIG-I, MAVS, and cGAS-STING pathways, and the evasion of adaptive immune surveillance through the stabilisation of immune checkpoints, such as PD-L1, and the disruption of MHC-I antigen presentation. This comprehensive analysis explores the biochemical architecture of USP10, its paradoxical roles in cancer, and the specific mechanisms through which oncogenic viruses exploit this enzyme to drive malignancy and immune escape.</p>","PeriodicalId":21180,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Virology","volume":"36 3","pages":"e70145"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147699644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vertical Transmission of Type B Coxsackieviruses: A Systematic Review Emphasising Clinical Evidence and Seriousness of a Neglected Issue.","authors":"Aymen Halouani, Hela Jaidane","doi":"10.1002/rmv.70144","DOIUrl":"10.1002/rmv.70144","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Group B Coxsackieviruses (CV-B), like other enteroviruses, are essentially transmitted from person to person through the faecal-oral route. However, vertical transmission from mother to infant, through transplacental passage or inhalation of contaminated cervical swabs during delivery, can also occur. This underestimated route of CV-B transmission has been associated with serious consequences, mainly abortion, stillbirth, congenital malformations, as well as serious morbidity and mortality in the newborns. Based on a systematic review of clinical observations, this paper explains the mechanisms of CV-B vertical transmission and its diverse consequences, with a special focus on associated diseases. Preventive measures, therapeutic strategies, and recommendations are also addressed.</p>","PeriodicalId":21180,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Virology","volume":"36 3","pages":"e70144"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147616572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comprehensive Review of Vaccine Technologies for Pandemic Preparedness Against Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza.","authors":"Muzamil Ahmad Rather, Muttahir Aman, Amreena Hassan, Parvaiz A Koul, Varsha Potdar, Nazir Ahmad Ganai, Nadeem Shabir","doi":"10.1002/rmv.70161","DOIUrl":"10.1002/rmv.70161","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (HPAIV) poses a serious threat to the poultry industry and public health due to its global spread to avian and non-avian hosts. To combat the spread of HPAIVs in poultry and reduce the risk of zoonotic transmission, the World Health Organization underscores the importance of strategic surveillance and advancements in vaccination strategies. For the prevention of avian influenza outbreaks in poultry and their transmission to humans and cattle, vaccination would be a critical tool. We critically review the limitations of current vaccine platforms and highlight innovative vaccine strategies against HPAIV that are essential for addressing future pandemic threats. The aim is to clarify the progress and challenges in AIV vaccine development and offer insights into recent technological advancements shaping future vaccination strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":21180,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Virology","volume":"36 3","pages":"e70161"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147820278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Congenital CMV and Hearing Loss-How Does it Happen and How to Prevent it.","authors":"Karen B Fowler","doi":"10.1002/rmv.70156","DOIUrl":"10.1002/rmv.70156","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) is found worldwide and significantly contributes to permanent childhood hearing loss. CMV has been known to cause sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) for more than half a century, and CMV-related hearing loss has consistently been present in all childhood populations where infants with cCMV have been identified and followed in the first years of life. CMV-related hearing loss has a variable onset, with some cases of hearing loss occurring at birth and others developing within the first 5 years of life. Further deterioration of hearing loss may occur in children with CMV-related hearing loss. In contrast, other children experience improvements or fluctuating hearing loss. SNHL due to CMV is likely to involve both direct viral-mediated damage that occurs when the virus infects cells within the cochlea and immune or inflammatory responses in the inner ear. The studies in animal models and human temporal bones support that virus infection and host inflammatory responses may lead to both virus-mediated and virus and host-derived damage to the auditory system. As more children are being tested for CMV by newborn screening, SNHL is being identified more often. Current recommendations are for valganciclovir treatment in children with cCMV infection and SNHL; however, research gaps exist regarding the long-term effectiveness of valganciclovir. Without a licenced CMV vaccine, CMV behavioural preventative measures that minimise maternal saliva and urine exposures from young children is the only primary intervention available to reduce CMV infections and, therefore, CMV-related SNHL. Lack of CMV awareness and knowledge of the CMV disease burden in the population limits this approach, and more CMV education is needed. Data gaps exist in estimating the public health burden and lifetime economic burden of CMV. Without this data, it is not possible to accurately evaluate the cost-effectiveness of any CMV intervention or prevention strategy. Even after decades of attempting to identify which children with cCMV will have SNHL, further progression of loss, or late-onset loss, the need remains to identify the children with cCMV at increased risk of SNHL to provide timely detection and intervention for possible hearing loss.</p>","PeriodicalId":21180,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Virology","volume":"36 3","pages":"e70156"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13110109/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147779794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oncovirus-Driven Endothelial Plasticity: Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition as a Hijacked Pathway in Oncoviral Cardiovascular Pathogenesis.","authors":"Ming Li, Zhibo Li, Zhuo Zhao, Ziyuan Guo","doi":"10.1002/rmv.70143","DOIUrl":"10.1002/rmv.70143","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Oncoviruses utilise various molecular strategies to modulate host cells and induce microenvironments that favour viral persistence, immune evasion, and disease progression. Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) has recently emerged as a critical, yet underrecognized, pathway hijacked by oncoviral pathogens to modulate endothelial plasticity within the cardiovascular system. Accumulating evidence indicates that Oncogenic and non-oncogenic viruses, including Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV-8), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and other endothelial-tropic viruses, directly manipulate host signalling networks, such as TGF-β, Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, and NF-κB, to induce partial or complete EndMT. This virus-driven EndMT contributes to vascular remodelling, chronic inflammation, aberrant angiogenesis, and the development of oncoviral-associated cardiovascular pathology and vascular tumours. The present review integrates current virological and mechanistic insights into EndMT as a hijacked host process, highlighting its role at the virus-host interface and discussing emerging antiviral and pathway-targeted strategies aimed at limiting oncovirus-mediated endothelial dysfunction.</p>","PeriodicalId":21180,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Virology","volume":"36 3","pages":"e70143"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147663085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}