Reviews in Medical Virology最新文献

{"title":"Human Cytomegalovirus Genetic Diversity, Clinical Relevance, and Emerging Insights.","authors":"Hajar Y AlQahtani, Fadilah Sfouq Aleanizy, Fulwah Yahya Alqahtani","doi":"10.1002/rmv.70197","DOIUrl":"10.1002/rmv.70197","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a globally prevalent virus that poses a significant public health concern, especially for newborns and immunocompromised patients, causing a wide range of infections. Clinical outcomes associated with HCMV infection include congenital disease, graft rejection in transplant recipients, and life-threatening systemic infections with significant morbidity and mortality. HCMV is a member of the Beta-herpesvirinae subfamily. Distinguishing characteristics of HCMV, in particular, and herpesviruses in general are their ubiquitous presence in nature and the initial infection that often results in lifelong latency. Over the past 40 years, the genetics of HCMV have been explored, leading to the isolation of various genotypes, including those of glycoprotein B, glycoprotein N, and UL144. Despite operational obstacles in isolating HCMV genotypes due to heterogeneity in the technologies used for genotyping the virus, studies have been able to describe their clinical implications across a variety of human hosts. This review summarises the genotypic variation of HCMV and discusses its clinical relevance and impact on antiviral resistance and vaccine development. Understanding the genetic diversity of HCMV genotypes is crucial for advancing drug development to combat resistant strains and for developing new vaccines and treatment modalities.</p>","PeriodicalId":21180,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Virology","volume":"36 5","pages":"e70197"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13524432/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148851450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Appraisal of the Potential Downstream Benefits of RSV Vaccination in Older Adults.","authors":"Piotr Rzymski","doi":"10.1002/rmv.70198","DOIUrl":"10.1002/rmv.70198","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has long been underrecognized as a significant pathogen in older adults, despite accumulating evidence of its substantial morbidity and mortality burden in this population. While RSV vaccination is now well established as an effective intervention for preventing lower respiratory tract disease, this narrative review examines whether its public health value may extend beyond these primary clinical endpoints. A targeted search of Scopus and Web of Science from database inception to May 2026 was conducted to identify biological, epidemiological, observational, interventional, and modelling evidence relevant to potential downstream vaccine effects. The available evidence potentially supports hypotheses concerning possible reductions in cardiovascular complications and secondary bacterial infections, possible decreases in transmission to younger household contacts, and potential preservation of functional status and independence. However, the strength of evidence varies substantially across these outcomes. Cardiovascular protection has not been independently demonstrated in randomized trials, bacterial and antimicrobial-use outcomes have rarely been prespecified, real-world household transmission studies are unavailable, and functional trajectories may be strongly modified by baseline frailty and pre-existing disability. RSV vaccination in older adults therefore remains a well-validated strategy for preventing acute respiratory disease, whereas its proposed broader effects should be regarded as biologically plausible but incompletely demonstrated benefits. Future studies should incorporate prespecified cardiovascular, bacterial, transmission, geriatric, and functional outcomes, with particular attention to frailty, antimicrobial use, and longer-term follow-up.</p>","PeriodicalId":21180,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Virology","volume":"36 5","pages":"e70198"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13532495/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148866049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CRISPR-Engineered CAR-T Cell Therapy for Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Review of Emerging Therapeutic Prospects.","authors":"Noor Allehyani, Mohammed Alissa, Abdullah Alghamdi, Mohammed A Alshehri, Ghadah S Abusalim, Alaa S Alhegaili, Tawfiq N Juraybi, Meshari A Alsuwat","doi":"10.1002/rmv.70199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.70199","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remains a clinically challenging malignancy, particularly in recurrent or metastatic disease where durable responses to chemoradiotherapy and immune checkpoint blockade are limited. The viral aetiology of NPC provides a strong biological rationale for immune-based treatment; however, translation of chimaeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy into this solid tumour setting is constrained by poor tumour trafficking, antigen heterogeneity, limited surface accessibility of EBV latent antigens, T-cell exhaustion, and an immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment. This review critically evaluates the emerging therapeutic prospects of CRISPR-engineered CAR-T cell therapy for EBV-associated NPC. It synthesises evidence on EBV latency biology, NPC immune evasion, solid-tumour CAR-T limitations, and genome-engineering strategies including conventional CRISPR-Cas9, base editing, prime editing, and double-strand-break-sparing targeted integration. Particular attention is given to genotoxicity, chromosomal rearrangements, chromosome loss, bystander and off-target editing, manufacturing heterogeneity, and the regulatory and biological barriers that currently separate technical feasibility from NPC-specific clinical implementation. Available clinical evidence from checkpoint blockade, EBV-specific adoptive T-cell therapy, base-edited CAR-T cells in haematologic malignancy, and early CRISPR-edited T-cell trials supports the feasibility of immune and genetic redirection but does not establish efficacy of a clinically validated CRISPR-engineered CAR-T platform for NPC. Future development should prioritise surface-accessible antigen validation, fit-for-purpose selection of editing technology, genomic safety, scalable manufacturing, and biomarker-driven early-phase trials.</p>","PeriodicalId":21180,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Virology","volume":"36 5","pages":"e70199"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148897820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oncogenic Viruses and Inhaled Microplastics: A Double Hit Hypothesis for Asthma Progression and Lung Cancer Development.","authors":"Jiacheng Yin, Muzhe Su, Minhao Xu, Ruiyan Hua, Qian Fu, Wenhui Xu, Sumin Hu, An Wang","doi":"10.1002/rmv.70181","DOIUrl":"10.1002/rmv.70181","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Oncogenic viruses have emerged as potential contributors to chronic airway disease and lung carcinogenesis through mechanisms involving viral persistence, immune evasion, genomic instability, and sustained inflammation. Increasing evidence suggests that environmental factors may critically influence these virus-host interactions. Among such factors, airborne microplastics (MPs) have gained attention because of their ability to accumulate within the respiratory tract, disrupt epithelial barrier integrity, impair antiviral immune responses, and induce chronic oxidative and inflammatory stress. This review suggests a 'double-hit' hypothesis in which inhaled MPs act as environmental cofactors that enhance susceptibility to oncogenic viruses and facilitate virus-associated pulmonary pathology. MPs may affect viral adsorption, airway deposition, epithelial infectivity, and long-term persistence while simultaneously weakening mucosal immune surveillance and interferon-mediated antiviral defenses. These effects may create a permissive pulmonary microenvironment that supports persistent infection by candidate oncogenic viruses, including human papillomavirus (HPV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), and other potentially tumour-promoting viruses. Convergent activation of pathways related to oxidative stress, NF-κB signalling, inflammasome activation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and defective tissue repair may amplify chronic airway inflammation, accelerate asthma progression, and promote malignant transformation. Although direct clinical evidence remains limited, accumulating mechanistic and experimental findings support a biologically plausible interaction between airborne microplastics and oncogenic viruses. We highlight key knowledge gaps regarding viral persistence, MP-mediated modulation of antiviral immunity, virus-particle interactions, and biomarkers of environmentally driven viral carcinogenesis. Improved understanding of these interactions may provide new insights into the virological basis of chronic airway disease and lung cancer development.</p>","PeriodicalId":21180,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Virology","volume":"36 4","pages":"e70181"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148397594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immune Reprogramming by EBV and KSHV in the Tumour Microenvironment: From Mechanisms of Immune Escape to Immunotherapy.","authors":"Yang Yu, Taihu Wan","doi":"10.1002/rmv.70170","DOIUrl":"10.1002/rmv.70170","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Oncogenic gamma herpesviruses in humans, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), can persist in the host for a long time by establishing persistent latent infection and by dynamic reshaping of the immune system that eventually can lead to virus-related malignancies. The focus of this narrative review is on the immune reprogramming of these viruses, which goes beyond mere immune evasion. Unlike immune escape, which is largely a passive process based on reduced antigen visibility or masking, immune reprogramming is an active and virus-directed remodelling of host immunity towards tolerance and tumour-supportive functions. Immune system rewiring, or functional rewiring, is essentially a multi-layered modulation of the innate and adaptive immune systems. By targeting similar and virus-specific pathways, these viruses can induce changes in the tumour microenvironment (TME) and alter the conditions in favour of their survival through the establishment and survival of tumour cells. Comparing the convergences and differences of the virus-specific consequences can help to understand how these viruses perform immune rewiring and highlight the challenges of therapeutic pathways and therapeutic resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":21180,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Virology","volume":"36 4","pages":"e70170"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148043563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hantavirus: A Comprehensive Narrative Review of Virology, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnostics, and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies.","authors":"Muhammad Kamran, Muhammad Bilal Habib, Adeel Shahid, Muhammad Ans Ahmar","doi":"10.1002/rmv.70190","DOIUrl":"10.1002/rmv.70190","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hantaviruses are a genus of negative-sense, single-stranded, tri-segmented RNA viruses that are distributed worldwide. They cause two severe zoonotic diseases in humans: haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), also known as hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS). Hantaviruses are primarily spread by inhaling aerosolised excreta from infected rodent reservoirs. Over 50 rodent species on six continents have been found to carry hantaviruses, with only one reported case of human-to-human transmission, involving the Andes virus (ANDV) in South America. HFRS is estimated to cause 100,000-150,000 cases worldwide annually, mainly in Asia and Europe. HPS/HCPS is far less common, with case fatality rates of 25%-40%, predominantly in the Americas. The pathogenesis of hantaviral disease is characterised by viral infection of endothelial cells, dysregulation of vascular permeability, and dysregulated innate and adaptive immune responses, leading to cytokine storm physiology. Diagnosis relies on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based serology and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Strain characterisation and outbreak investigations are increasingly being performed using next-generation sequencing. No hantavirus species has a licenced vaccine outside of HTNV and SEOV, for which inactivated rodent-brain-derived vaccines remain in limited regional use in Korea and China. Regulatory-agency-approved antiviral therapy is similarly lacking worldwide, and management remains largely supportive. Ribavirin has shown benefit in reducing mortality and renal morbidity in HFRS when initiated early, but has not demonstrated efficacy in HPS/HCPS in controlled trials. Recent advancements include the development of monoclonal antibodies, candidate mRNA and subunit vaccines, and an improved understanding of the mechanisms of immune evasion. This review synthesises the latest information on hantavirus biology, clinical medicine and public health. This highlights the critical gaps that must be addressed to counter the growing threat posed by this pathogen in an era of climate change and global ecological transformation.</p>","PeriodicalId":21180,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Virology","volume":"36 4","pages":"e70190"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13401096/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148585143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"John Cunningham Virus and Colorectal Carcinogenesis: Current Evidence, Molecular Mechanisms, and Unresolved Controversies.","authors":"Ziqing Zhou, Ziqi Wang, Liman Xi, Niping Song","doi":"10.1002/rmv.70187","DOIUrl":"10.1002/rmv.70187","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, prompting ongoing research into infectious agents that may contribute to colorectal carcinogenesis. Among candidate oncogenic viruses, JC polyomavirus (JCPyV), a ubiquitous human polyomavirus, has attracted considerable attention due to its potential involvement in tumour initiation and progression. Although several studies have reported the presence of JCPyV viral DNA, transcripts, and proteins in colorectal adenomas and carcinomas, the prevalence and clinical significance of these findings vary considerably across populations and diagnostic methods. Mechanistically, the viral Large T Antigen (TAg) is implicated in several oncogenic processes through its interactions with key cellular regulators, including p53, retinoblastoma protein (pRb), and components of the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway. These interactions may cause genomic instability, aberrant cell cycle progression, impaired DNA repair, and aberrant cell proliferation, thereby creating an environment conducive to malignant transformation. In addition, emerging evidence suggests that JCPyV may contribute to chromosomal instability and epigenetic changes that facilitate tumour progression. Despite these observations, the causal role of JCPyV in colorectal cancer remains controversial. Inconsistent epidemiological data, discrepancies in virus detection, geographic variation, and the inability to confirm direct causation of carcinogenesis have generated ongoing debates about the involvement of JCPyV as a stimulator factor or cofactor in colorectal tumourigenesis. This review critically evaluates the current evidence linking JCPyV to colorectal cancer, summarises the proposed molecular mechanisms of viral carcinogenesis, and highlights key unresolved questions that need to be addressed to clarify the biological and clinical significance of JCPyV in colorectal carcinogenesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":21180,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Virology","volume":"36 4","pages":"e70187"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13393137/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148562927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human Sapovirus in the Post-Rotavirus Vaccine Era: From an Overlooked Gastroenteritis Pathogen to a Target for Precision Surveillance.","authors":"Chunhua Wang, Yanfei Tong, Jiali Sun, Wenqi Chai, Jianzhong Zhao, Lijuan Yin, Yang Yang, Liang Shen, Wenjie Tan, Ji Zhang","doi":"10.1002/rmv.70188","DOIUrl":"10.1002/rmv.70188","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human sapovirus (HuSaV) has long occupied a peripheral position in etiological research on acute gastroenteritis. However, in the context of widespread rotavirus vaccination, the pathogen spectrum of childhood diarrhoea has been reshaped; molecular diagnostics have continued to evolve; and evidence from birth cohorts and environmental surveillance has accumulated. Together, these developments have prompted a systematic reassessment of the public health significance of HuSaV in childhood diarrhoea, outbreaks in childcare facilities and schools, asymptomatic infection, and persistent infection in immunocompromised hosts. Here, we review key advances in HuSaV research across disease burden and epidemiological patterns, genome organization and evolution, natural history and immune responses, experimental models and host interactions, complex clinical phenotypes, and surveillance-to-public-health translation. We further propose priority directions for the next 5 years, including the establishment of standardized antigen panels and reference strain repositories, integration of serological and genotyping data within longitudinal cohorts, elucidation of viral receptor recognition, cell entry and immune-evasion mechanisms, and the development of closed-loop linkages between experimental-model research and population-level surveillance systems. Overall, HuSaV has evolved from a historically underestimated pathogen associated with acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children into a key enteric viral pathogen that requires dedicated surveillance, mechanistic investigation and translational intervention strategies in the post-rotavirus vaccine era. The research paradigm is likewise shifting from descriptive epidemiology towards an integrated framework that combines disease burden, host immunity, experimental systems and transmission surveillance.</p>","PeriodicalId":21180,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Virology","volume":"36 4","pages":"e70188"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13387511/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148550213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Norovirus to Andes Hantavirus: Indirect Viral Transmission and Emerging Prevention Strategies for Cruise Ship and Confined Environments.","authors":"Umme Laila Urmi, Mark D P Willcox","doi":"10.1002/rmv.70180","DOIUrl":"10.1002/rmv.70180","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cruise ships and other confined travel settings remain highly vulnerable to infectious disease outbreaks. During 2025-2026, multiple norovirus outbreaks and the rare Andes hantavirus outbreak associated with the MV Hondius cruise highlighted the continuing public health challenges posed by both highly transmissible enteric viruses and emerging zoonotic pathogens. This review summarises recent cruise-associated viral outbreaks with particular emphasis on indirect transmission pathways, environmental persistence, and the limitations of conventional outbreak-control strategies. Norovirus outbreaks continued to occur despite implementation of enhanced sanitation and infection-control measures, highlighting the difficulty of interrupting transmission in environments where contaminated surfaces, aerosolised particles, and shared spaces may contribute to viral spread. In contrast, the Andes virus outbreak emphasised the additional risks associated with expedition-style travel, delayed symptom onset, zoonotic exposure, and complex international surveillance requirements. Current outbreak responses remain largely dependent on reactive measures such as cleaning, disinfection, passenger isolation, and contact tracing. However, the repeated occurrence of these outbreaks suggests that these approaches alone may be insufficient for long-term prevention in highly interconnected environments. Emerging environmental intervention strategies, including advanced air decontamination systems, antiviral surface coatings, self-disinfecting smart materials, and peptide-based antiviral technologies, have demonstrated promising antiviral activity against a range of respiratory and enteric viruses. These technologies may offer complementary passive protection approaches capable of reducing environmental contamination and minimising indirect viral transmission. Collectively, this review highlights the need to move beyond conventional reactive sanitation measures towards integrated and multidisciplinary preparedness strategies for future outbreak prevention in cruise ships and other crowded, closed, and interconnected settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":21180,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Virology","volume":"36 4","pages":"e70180"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13316973/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148353466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Cross-Country Evaluation of Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Human Metapneumovirus Surveillance Systems: Identifying Gaps and Best Practices for Improved Disease Monitoring.","authors":"Oliver Martyn, Jill Devos, Pierre Bourron, Dina AbouElwafa, Olivier Vitoux, Thierry Rigoine de Fougerolles","doi":"10.1002/rmv.70175","DOIUrl":"10.1002/rmv.70175","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) are seasonal respiratory viruses that can cause severe outcomes, particularly in older adults; however, their burden remains under-captured. The World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends expanding surveillance over pathogens, such as RSV and hMPV, through the Mosaic Respiratory Surveillance Framework. Although COVID-19 accelerated RSV surveillance, similar advancements for hMPV are lacking. This study evaluated and compared RSV and hMPV surveillance across multiple countries. A comparative qualitative analysis of RSV and hMPV surveillance was conducted in France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States using a framework based on the WHO guidance. Surveillance systems were mapped across seven modules: non-medically attended community, virological, community, outbreak, primary care, hospital, and mortality surveillance. Each was assessed using five criteria: granularity, timing, representativeness, sampling strategy, and communication. Sources included public health institution webpages, surveillance subsystems, and peer-reviewed publications. Most countries have dedicated RSV surveillance frameworks, with the United States and Spain having the most comprehensive systems. Key areas for potential improvement included limited adult-centric data and severe outcome reporting. No country had robust surveillance for hMPV (Germany reported hMPV-specific hospital data, whereas France, Germany, and the United Kingdom published sentinel positivity rates), and detection was mainly through influenza or COVID-19 virological surveillance. The absence of hMPV reporting from active sentinel surveillance, year-round monitoring, demographic and severity data, and restricted public information dissemination are common limitations. Significant limitations persist in RSV and particularly hMPV surveillance, highlighting the need for more robust, comprehensive systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":21180,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Virology","volume":"36 4","pages":"e70175"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13270497/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148259539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}