Reviews in Medical Virology最新文献

{"title":"Virus-Like Nanoparticles for Vaccine Development and Drug Delivery.","authors":"De-Feng Li, Mei-Feng Yang, Ning-Ning Yue, Long-Bin Huang, Chen Kong, Yuan Zhang, Cheng-Mei Tian, Hai-Lan Zhao, Qian-Jun Luo, Hua-Lin Ma, Jian-Yao Wang, Dao-Ru Wei, Li-Sheng Wang, Jian-Ping Lu, Yu-Jie Liang, Jun Yao","doi":"10.1002/rmv.70139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.70139","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Virus-like nanoparticles (VLPs) are naturally occurring polymeric nanomaterials formed by the self-assembly of one or more viral capsid proteins (CPs). VLPs have garnered significant attention in a wide range of nanotechnology-based diagnostics and therapies, including immunotherapy and drug delivery. VLPs are Exhibiting high biocompatibility and biodegradability, alone with uniform structure and controlled assembly, VLPs represent a complex and versatile therapeutic platform. This review provides an overview of the fundamental aspects of VLPs, including their types, structures, immune mechanisms, as well as expression and purification method. Recent advances in the development and application of engineered VLPs for drug delivery, gene therapy, immunology studies and multifunctional therapeutics are discussed. This paper also summarised research advances in the use of virus-like particles as chimaeric vectors and highlights their potential as efficient delivery vehicles. Finally, we present several successful examples of VLPs-based drug delivery system and provide a comprehensive analysis of VLPs that takes advantage of both viral and non-viral delivery methods for efficient theranostic application.</p>","PeriodicalId":21180,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Virology","volume":"36 3","pages":"e70139"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147779186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Expanding Organ Tropism of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1.","authors":"Areli J Navarro, Ignacio A Pasten, Dayesi López-Hernández, Susan M Bueno, Alexis M Kalergis, Pablo A González","doi":"10.1002/rmv.70155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.70155","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection is highly prevalent, with more than 70% of the global population seropositive. HSV-1 commonly infects the skin, eyes, and neurons, as well as immune cells such as dendritic cells; however, an expanding tissue tropism is observed, suggesting that its clinical impact may be vastly underestimated. This calls for a critical reappraisal of the risks posed by this ubiquitous virus. Here, we discuss current findings linking HSV-1 to a broad spectrum of organs, including the heart, lungs, intestines, and liver, as well as several clinical effects and diseases, which demand an in-depth analysis of HSV-1 pathogenesis with a critical focus on its pressing clinical implications. Recognising the broad disease spectrum of HSV-1 could help better guide diagnosis and treatment, given the availability of antiviral treatments for this virus.</p>","PeriodicalId":21180,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Virology","volume":"36 3","pages":"e70155"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147779903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enterovirus D68 and Acute Neurologic Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2010-2025).","authors":"Asif Naeem, Muhammad Masroor Alam, Musaed Alharbi, Maymunah Hakami, Nabeel Alzahrani, Seena Thomas, Sameera Aljohani, Mohammad Bosaeed","doi":"10.1002/rmv.70147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.70147","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) has been implicated in clusters of acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) and severe respiratory illness; however, the magnitude and consistency of association across settings and over time remain uncertain. We quantified the association between EV-D68 detection and acute neurologic outcomes (particularly AFM) and explored design- and time-related heterogeneity. Following PRISMA 2020 and MOOSE guidance, we systematically identified observational studies reporting associations between EV-D68 detection and neurologic outcomes. Random effects meta-analysis was performed using REML with Knapp-Hartung adjustment; heterogeneity was summarised with τ² and I². Prespecified moderators were examined with meta-regression. Small-study effects were evaluated using contour-enhanced funnel plots, Egger and Peters tests, and PET-PEESE bias-adjusted models. PROSPERO registration: 1152300. Across 98 studies, the pooled odds ratio (OR) was 1.39 (95% CI 1.14-1.69), with high heterogeneity (I² = 98.9%; prediction interval 0.24-8.15). By design, respiratory surveillance studies showed stronger association (OR 1.59, 95% CI 1.35-1.86, k = 78) whereas AFM case-control studies did not (OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.40-1.86, k = 20). In multivariable meta-regression, study design and calendar year explained about 47% of inter-study variance. Predicted ORs declined from 2014 to 2022 across regions. Funnel asymmetry and small-study effects were suggested; PET-PEESE bias-adjusted estimates remained above the null. The EV-D68 outcome association is context-dependent and time-varying. Surveillance datasets enriched during outbreak waves drive the pooled signal, while AFM case-control designs yield attenuated estimates after adjustment. Standardising diagnostics and integrating design-specific surveillance will improve risk estimation and AFM preparedness.</p>","PeriodicalId":21180,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Virology","volume":"36 3","pages":"e70147"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147820287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tissue Reservoirs of HIV: The Hidden Protective Role of Lymphoid and Myeloid Cells.","authors":"Shan He, Akmal Zubair, Ahmed Al-Emam","doi":"10.1002/rmv.70159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.70159","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), has recently emerged as a significant global health concern. Latently infected lymphocytes, particularly CD4+ T lymphocytes and macrophages, together with organs that house these cells, serve as reservoirs for HIV. Despite the effectiveness of contemporary antiretroviral therapy (ART) in reducing circulating viral levels, these reservoirs may impede ART access, thereby deactivating latency-reversing agents and antibodies. A detailed comprehension of HIV reservoir sites in tissues is essential, as antiretroviral treatment can reduce the viral load in circulation to undetectable levels. This review analysed the body's primary systems that serve as safe harbour sites for HIV, including the Monocyte/Macrophage, lymphatic system, nervous system, respiratory system, reproductive system, and urinary system. Various databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Medline, Scopus, Science Direct, Clinical Trials, and UNAIDS were searched for literature related to the HIV reservoir in the human body. The fundamental principle of future treatments will be to identify these similarities to understand the differences. Developing personalised therapeutic protocols tailored to the unique characteristics of HIV in different tissues is vital for effective AIDS management.</p>","PeriodicalId":21180,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Virology","volume":"36 3","pages":"e70159"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147779910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Congenital CMV and Hearing Loss-How Does it Happen and How to Prevent it.","authors":"Karen B Fowler","doi":"10.1002/rmv.70156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.70156","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) is found worldwide and significantly contributes to permanent childhood hearing loss. CMV has been known to cause sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) for more than half a century, and CMV-related hearing loss has consistently been present in all childhood populations where infants with cCMV have been identified and followed in the first years of life. CMV-related hearing loss has a variable onset, with some cases of hearing loss occurring at birth and others developing within the first 5 years of life. Further deterioration of hearing loss may occur in children with CMV-related hearing loss. In contrast, other children experience improvements or fluctuating hearing loss. SNHL due to CMV is likely to involve both direct viral-mediated damage that occurs when the virus infects cells within the cochlea and immune or inflammatory responses in the inner ear. The studies in animal models and human temporal bones support that virus infection and host inflammatory responses may lead to both virus-mediated and virus and host-derived damage to the auditory system. As more children are being tested for CMV by newborn screening, SNHL is being identified more often. Current recommendations are for valganciclovir treatment in children with cCMV infection and SNHL; however, research gaps exist regarding the long-term effectiveness of valganciclovir. Without a licenced CMV vaccine, CMV behavioural preventative measures that minimise maternal saliva and urine exposures from young children is the only primary intervention available to reduce CMV infections and, therefore, CMV-related SNHL. Lack of CMV awareness and knowledge of the CMV disease burden in the population limits this approach, and more CMV education is needed. Data gaps exist in estimating the public health burden and lifetime economic burden of CMV. Without this data, it is not possible to accurately evaluate the cost-effectiveness of any CMV intervention or prevention strategy. Even after decades of attempting to identify which children with cCMV will have SNHL, further progression of loss, or late-onset loss, the need remains to identify the children with cCMV at increased risk of SNHL to provide timely detection and intervention for possible hearing loss.</p>","PeriodicalId":21180,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Virology","volume":"36 3","pages":"e70156"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13110109/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147779794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comprehensive Review of Vaccine Technologies for Pandemic Preparedness Against Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza.","authors":"Muzamil Ahmad Rather, Muttahir Aman, Amreena Hassan, Parvaiz A Koul, Varsha Potdar, Nazir Ahmad Ganai, Nadeem Shabir","doi":"10.1002/rmv.70161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.70161","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (HPAIV) poses a serious threat to the poultry industry and public health due to its global spread to avian and non-avian hosts. To combat the spread of HPAIVs in poultry and reduce the risk of zoonotic transmission, the World Health Organization underscores the importance of strategic surveillance and advancements in vaccination strategies. For the prevention of avian influenza outbreaks in poultry and their transmission to humans and cattle, vaccination would be a critical tool. We critically review the limitations of current vaccine platforms and highlight innovative vaccine strategies against HPAIV that are essential for addressing future pandemic threats. The aim is to clarify the progress and challenges in AIV vaccine development and offer insights into recent technological advancements shaping future vaccination strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":21180,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Virology","volume":"36 3","pages":"e70161"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147820278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Immune Evasion: Mapping the Future of Vaccine Design.","authors":"Fatih Uzer, Fulya Erendor, Salih Sanlioglu","doi":"10.1002/rmv.70157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.70157","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The evolutionary trajectory of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has progressed through several distinct phases since its zoonotic emergence, transitioning from initial human adaptation to an era of rapid antigenic drift and complex immune evasion. As of early 2026, the global landscape is dominated by highly evolved sublineages of the Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant, including the JN.1-descendent subvariants NB.1.8.1 and XFG. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the molecular mechanisms driving viral fitness, with a primary focus on the structural transformations within the spike (S) protein's receptor-binding domain (RBD), N-terminal domain (NTD), and S2 subunit. We examine the biophysical impacts of pivotal mutations, such as E484 K, K417 N, and F486P, alongside the phenomenon of convergent evolution and epistatic compensation. Furthermore, we provide an integrated analysis of current knowledge regarding the evolving dynamics of humoral and cellular immunity, exploring the challenges posed by immune imprinting and the decline of neutralizing antibody titers against antigenically distant strains. A comparative discussion of SARS-CoV-2 and seasonal influenza highlights divergent evolutionary paces but converging regulatory frameworks for annual vaccine updates. Finally, the current status of next-generation vaccine platforms is evaluated, specifically mosaic nanoparticles and mucosal delivery systems, which aim to provide pan-sarbecovirus protection and interrupt transmission. These insights are integrated into a policy framework focused on annual strain selection and enhanced genomic surveillance for sustainable long-term pandemic management.</p>","PeriodicalId":21180,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Virology","volume":"36 3","pages":"e70157"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13122575/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147779783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond the Usual Suspects: Emerging Associations Between Epstein-Barr Virus Infection/Infectious Mononucleosis and Cancers.","authors":"Marisa D Muckian, Graham S Taylor, John Diaz-Decaro, Enejda Senko, Helen R Stagg","doi":"10.1002/rmv.70153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.70153","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous herpesvirus and a causal factor for Burkitt Lymphoma (BL), Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL), gastric carcinoma (GC) and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Whether EBV contributes to a wider spectrum of cancers remains uncertain. We reviewed MEDLINE, Embase and Web of Science on 30^th July 2024 to identify observational studies that examined the association between EBV infection or EBV-infectious mononucleosis (IM) and cancers beyond BL, HL, GC and NPC. Evidence was appraised using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) framework. For cancers meeting minimum thresholds we assessed etiologic fractions (EFs), biological plausibility, epidemiological burden, latency after IM, and predictive biomarkers. Thirty-three eligible studies were identified, yielding 13 hypotheses (i.e., specific potential reported associations between EBV infection or IM and individual cancer types) that advanced through GRADE. Breast cancer and NHL had the greatest weight of biological plausibility, cervical and prostate the least. Despite an array of tests, testicular cancer studies provided limited evidence. EFs ranged between 12.3% (IM-breast) and 85.1% (EBV infection-NHL). Breast and prostate cancers had the highest global incidence. Only one study (for NHL) provided data on time from IM to cancer onset, and prostate-specific antigen was the only biomarker identified. In this review, we highlight eight cancers across six cancer groups (breast, cervical, leukaemia/other haematologic, NHL, prostate, testicular) with some evidence of EBV involvement. These results reinforce the potential long-term value of EBV vaccine development, while emphasising the need for high-quality prospective studies with robust methods of viral detection to establish causality.</p>","PeriodicalId":21180,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Virology","volume":"36 3","pages":"e70153"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13109813/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147779815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Management of Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection in an Era of Universal Newborn CMV Screening.","authors":"Emily R Harrison, W Charles Huskins, Mark R Schleiss","doi":"10.1002/rmv.70132","DOIUrl":"10.1002/rmv.70132","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The most common infectious disease responsible for paediatric developmental disability is congenital infection with human cytomegalovirus (cCMV). Many serious sequelae are caused by cCMV, including microcephaly, intracranial calcifications, neuronal migration defects, seizure disorders, developmental delay, and sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). Although long-term neurodevelopmental impairment is clearly more common in newborns with clinically apparent disease at birth, more knowledge is needed about management in the era of universal cCMV screening, since screening identifies infants that, in the past, would not have been discovered during routine newborn care-infants that we reference in this review as having clinically inapparent cCMV (CICMV) infections. For newborns identified with CICMV infections by universal cCMV screening, longitudinal audiologic assessment is needed, but other necessary laboratory and neuroimaging studies, as well as indications for antiviral therapy, are uncertain. This review summarises current concepts about the approach to cCMV infections identified by universal screening, with emphasis on the CICMV infant. We identify areas for future research that should inform and direct future evaluation and management of these infants.</p>","PeriodicalId":21180,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Virology","volume":"36 3","pages":"e70132"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13036300/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147582313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HTLV-1-Driven Clonal Evolution and Immune Escape in Adult T-Cell Leukaemia: From Viral Persistence to Therapeutic Failure.","authors":"Zuhair M Mohammedsaleh, Abdullah F Shater","doi":"10.1002/rmv.70162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.70162","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma (ATL) is an aggressive CD4 +T-cell malignancy caused by the human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1). Approximately 3%-5% of infected individuals develop ATL after a prolonged latency of 30-50 years, during which a complex interplay between viral oncoproteins and host genomic alterations drives the transition from viral persistence to overt malignancy. This transformation is orchestrated by the viral transactivator Tax, which initiates cellular transformation, and the HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper factor (HBZ), which maintains the malignant phenotype and promotes survival through immune evasion. Genomic profiling has revealed that over 90% of ATL cases harbour activating mutations in the T-cell receptor (TCR)-NF-κB signalling pathway, enabling the malignant clone to bypass viral dependency. Furthermore, ATL cells survive host immunosurveillance through sophisticated escape mechanisms, including the loss of MHC class I presentation and programed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) overexpression via 3'-untranslated region (UTR) disruption. Despite the use of antiviral therapies and targeted monoclonal antibodies, therapeutic failure is common due to genomic instability-specifically TP53 mutations compromising Zidovudine/Interferon efficacy and CCR4 antigenic variations leading to mogamulizumab resistance. This review delineates the multi-step journey of HTLV-1-driven clonal evolution and evaluates the molecular barriers to effective clinical management.</p>","PeriodicalId":21180,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Virology","volume":"36 3","pages":"e70162"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147820262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}