Reviews of Geophysics最新文献

{"title":"The Magnetic and Color Reflectance Properties of Hematite: From Earth to Mars","authors":"Zhaoxia Jiang,&nbsp;Qingsong Liu,&nbsp;Andrew P. Roberts,&nbsp;Mark J. Dekkers,&nbsp;Vidal Barrón,&nbsp;José Torrent,&nbsp;Sanzhong Li","doi":"10.1029/2020RG000698","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2020RG000698","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Hematite is a canted antiferromagnet with reddish color that occurs widely on Earth and Mars. Identification and quantification of hematite is conveniently achieved through its magnetic and color properties. Hematite characteristics and content are indispensable ingredients in studies of the iron cycle, paleoenvironmental evolution, paleogeographic reconstructions, and comparative planetology (e.g., Mars). However, the existing magnetic and color reflectance property framework for hematite is based largely on stoichiometric hematite and tends to neglect the effects of cation substitution, which occurs widely in natural hematite and influences the physical properties of hematite. Thus, magnetic parameters for stoichiometric hematite are insufficient for complete analysis of many natural hematite occurrences and can lead to ambiguous geological interpretations. Remagnetization, which occurs pervasively in red beds, is another ticklish problem involving hematite. Understanding red bed remagnetization requires investigation of hematite's formation and remanence recording mechanisms. We elaborate on the influence of cation substitution on the magnetic and color spectral properties of hematite, and on identifying hematite and quantifying its content in soils and sediments. Studies of remagnetization mechanisms are discussed, and we summarize methods to discriminate between primary and secondary remanences carried by hematite in natural samples to aid primary remanence extraction in partially remagnetized red beds. Although there remain unknown properties and unresolved issues that require future work, recognition of the properties of cation-substituted hematite and remagnetization mechanisms for hematite will aid identification and interpretation of the magnetic signals that it carries, which is environmentally important and responsible for magnetic signals on Earth and Mars.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5865224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nordic Seas Heat Loss, Atlantic Inflow, and Arctic Sea Ice Cover Over the Last Century","authors":"Lars H. Smedsrud,&nbsp;Morven Muilwijk,&nbsp;Ailin Brakstad,&nbsp;Erica Madonna,&nbsp;Siv K. Lauvset,&nbsp;Clemens Spensberger,&nbsp;Andreas Born,&nbsp;Tor Eldevik,&nbsp;Helge Drange,&nbsp;Emil Jeansson,&nbsp;Camille Li,&nbsp;Are Olsen,&nbsp;?ystein Skagseth,&nbsp;Donald A. Slater,&nbsp;Fiamma Straneo,&nbsp;Kjetil V?ge,&nbsp;Marius ?rthun","doi":"10.1029/2020RG000725","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2020RG000725","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Poleward ocean heat transport is a key process in the earth system. We detail and review the northward Atlantic Water (AW) flow, Arctic Ocean heat transport, and heat loss to the atmosphere since 1900 in relation to sea ice cover. Our synthesis is largely based on a sea ice-ocean model forced by a reanalysis atmosphere (1900–2018) corroborated by a comprehensive hydrographic database (1950–), AW inflow observations (1996–), and other long-term time series of sea ice extent (1900–), glacier retreat (1984–), and Barents Sea hydrography (1900–). The Arctic Ocean, including the Nordic and Barents Seas, has warmed since the 1970s. This warming is congruent with increased ocean heat transport and sea ice loss and has contributed to the retreat of marine-terminating glaciers on Greenland. Heat loss to the atmosphere is largest in the Nordic Seas (60% of total) with large variability linked to the frequency of Cold Air Outbreaks and cyclones in the region, but there is no long-term statistically significant trend. Heat loss from the Barents Sea (∼30%) and Arctic seas farther north (∼10%) is overall smaller, but exhibit large positive trends. The AW inflow, total heat loss to the atmosphere, and dense outflow have all increased since 1900. These are consistently related through theoretical scaling, but the AW inflow increase is also wind-driven. The Arctic Ocean CO₂ uptake has increased by ∼30% over the last century—consistent with Arctic sea ice loss allowing stronger air-sea interaction and is ∼8% of the global uptake.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2021-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2020RG000725","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6142320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polar Vortices in Planetary Atmospheres","authors":"Dann M. Mitchell,&nbsp;Richard K. Scott,&nbsp;William J. M. Seviour,&nbsp;Stephen I. Thomson,&nbsp;Darryn W. Waugh,&nbsp;Nicholas A. Teanby,&nbsp;Emily R. Ball","doi":"10.1029/2020RG000723","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2020RG000723","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Among the great diversity of atmospheric circulation patterns observed throughout the solar system, polar vortices stand out as a nearly ubiquitous planetary-scale phenomenon. In recent years, there have been significant advances in the observation of planetary polar vortices, culminating in the fascinating discovery of Jupiter's polar vortex clusters during the Juno mission. Alongside these observational advances has been a major effort to understand polar vortex dynamics using theory, idealized and comprehensive numerical models, and laboratory experiments. Here, we review our current knowledge of planetary polar vortices, highlighting both the diversity of their structures, as well as fundamental dynamical similarities. We propose a new convention of vortex classification, which adequately captures all those observed in our solar system, and demonstrates the key role of polar vortices in the global circulation, transport, and climate of all planets. We discuss where knowledge gaps remain, and the observational, experimental, and theoretical advances needed to address them. In particular, as the diversity of both solar system and exoplanetary data increases exponentially, there is now a unique opportunity to unify our understanding of polar vortices under a single dynamical framework.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"59 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2020RG000723","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6034705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Amazon Hydrology From Space: Scientific Advances and Future Challenges","authors":"A. Fassoni-Andrade, A. Fleischmann, F. Papa, R. Paiva, Sly C. Wongchuig, J. Melack, Adriana Aparecida Moreira, A. Paris, A. Ruhoff, C. Barbosa, D. Maciel, E. Novo, F. Durand, F. Frappart, F. Aires, G. Abrahão, Jefferson Ferreira-Ferreira, J. Espinoza, L. Laipelt, M. H. Costa, R. Espinoza-Villar, S. Calmant, V. Pellet","doi":"10.1002/essoar.10506527.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/essoar.10506527.1","url":null,"abstract":"As the largest river basin on Earth, the Amazon is of major importance to the world's climate and water resources. Over the past decades, advances in satellite‐based remote sensing (RS) have brought our understanding of its terrestrial water cycle and the associated hydrological processes to a new era. Here, we review major studies and the various techniques using satellite RS in the Amazon. We show how RS played a major role in supporting new research and key findings regarding the Amazon water cycle, and how the region became a laboratory for groundbreaking investigations of new satellite retrievals and analyses. At the basin‐scale, the understanding of several hydrological processes was only possible with the advent of RS observations, such as the characterization of \"rainfall hotspots\" in the Andes‐Amazon transition, evapotranspiration rates, and variations of surface waters and groundwater storage. These results strongly contribute to the recent advances of hydrological models and to our new understanding of the Amazon water budget and aquatic environments. In the context of upcoming hydrology‐oriented satellite missions, which will offer the opportunity for new synergies and new observations with finer space‐time resolution, this review aims to guide future research agenda toward integrated monitoring and understanding of the Amazon water from space. Integrated multidisciplinary studies, fostered by international collaborations, set up future directions to tackle the great challenges the Amazon is currently facing, from climate change to increased anthropogenic pressure.","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2021-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81371744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Amazon Hydrology From Space: Scientific Advances and Future Challenges","authors":"Alice César Fassoni-Andrade,&nbsp;Ayan Santos Fleischmann,&nbsp;Fabrice Papa,&nbsp;Rodrigo Cauduro Dias de Paiva,&nbsp;Sly Wongchuig,&nbsp;John M. Melack,&nbsp;Adriana Aparecida Moreira,&nbsp;Adrien Paris,&nbsp;Anderson Ruhoff,&nbsp;Claudio Barbosa,&nbsp;Daniel Andrade Maciel,&nbsp;Evlyn Novo,&nbsp;Fabien Durand,&nbsp;Frédéric Frappart,&nbsp;Filipe Aires,&nbsp;Gabriel Medeiros Abrah?o,&nbsp;Jefferson Ferreira-Ferreira,&nbsp;Jhan Carlo Espinoza,&nbsp;Leonardo Laipelt,&nbsp;Marcos Heil Costa,&nbsp;Raul Espinoza-Villar,&nbsp;Stéphane Calmant,&nbsp;Victor Pellet","doi":"10.1029/2020RG000728","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2020RG000728","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As the largest river basin on Earth, the Amazon is of major importance to the world's climate and water resources. Over the past decades, advances in satellite-based remote sensing (RS) have brought our understanding of its terrestrial water cycle and the associated hydrological processes to a new era. Here, we review major studies and the various techniques using satellite RS in the Amazon. We show how RS played a major role in supporting new research and key findings regarding the Amazon water cycle, and how the region became a laboratory for groundbreaking investigations of new satellite retrievals and analyses. At the basin-scale, the understanding of several hydrological processes was only possible with the advent of RS observations, such as the characterization of \"rainfall hotspots\" in the Andes-Amazon transition, evapotranspiration rates, and variations of surface waters and groundwater storage. These results strongly contribute to the recent advances of hydrological models and to our new understanding of the Amazon water budget and aquatic environments. In the context of upcoming hydrology-oriented satellite missions, which will offer the opportunity for new synergies and new observations with finer space-time resolution, this review aims to guide future research agenda toward integrated monitoring and understanding of the Amazon water from space. Integrated multidisciplinary studies, fostered by international collaborations, set up future directions to tackle the great challenges the Amazon is currently facing, from climate change to increased anthropogenic pressure.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"59 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2021-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2020RG000728","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6202859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Late Quaternary Abrupt Climate Change in the Tropics and Sub-Tropics: The Continental Signal of Tropical Hydroclimatic Events (THEs)","authors":"Raymond S. Bradley,&nbsp;Henry F. Diaz","doi":"10.1029/2020RG000732","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2020RG000732","url":null,"abstract":"<p><b>Tropical hydroclimatic events</b>, characterized by extreme regional rainfall anomalies, were a recurrent feature of marine isotope stages 2–4 and involved some of the most abrupt and dramatic climatic changes in the late Quaternary. These anomalies were pervasive throughout the tropics and resulted from the southward displacement of the Hadley circulation and the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and its associated convective rainfall, modulated by regional factors. Lake sediments, stalagmites, and offshore marine sediments that integrate inland continental conditions provide a comprehensive record of these changes over the past ∼70,000 yr. Vast areas experienced severe drought while other areas recorded greatly increased rainfall. Within the uncertainties of dating, these tropical rainfall anomalies occurred very close in time (±10²–10³ yr) to the deposition of North Atlantic ice-rafted debris (IRD) that defines Heinrich events (HEs). The IRD record is a good proxy for the amount and distribution of additional freshwater forcing which was necessary to bring about a drastic reduction in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) strength during each HE. As a consequence of this reduction in AMOC and an abrupt expansion in the area of sea-ice, cooling of the North Atlantic and adjacent continents took place, with a rapid atmospheric response involving the southward displacement of the ITCZ and associated rainfall belts. The climatic consequences of this large-scale change in the Hadley circulation, modulated by regional factors, is clearly recorded throughout the tropics as a series of abrupt and extreme hydroclimatic events. Some of the physical mechanisms that may have played a role in those changes are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"59 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2021-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2020RG000732","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6072902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Origin, Accretion, and Reworking of Continents","authors":"Rixiang Zhu,&nbsp;Guochun Zhao,&nbsp;Wenjiao Xiao,&nbsp;Ling Chen,&nbsp;Yanjie Tang","doi":"10.1029/2019RG000689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2019RG000689","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The continental crust is unique to the Earth in the solar system, and controversies remain regarding its origin, accretion and reworking of continents. The plate tectonics theory has been significantly challenged in explaining the origin of Archean (especially pre-3.0 Ga) continents as they rarely preserve hallmarks of plate tectonics. In contrast, growing evidence emerges to support oceanic plateau models that better explain characteristics of Archean continents, including the bimodal volcanics and nearly coeval emplacement of tonalite-trondjhemite-granodiorite (TTG) rocks, presence of ∼1600°C komatiites and dominant dome structures, and lack of ultra-high-pressure rocks, paired metamorphic belts and ophiolites. On the other hand, the theory of plate tectonics has been successfully applied to interpret the accretion of continents along subduction zones since the late Archean (3.0–2.5 Ga). During subduction processes, the new mafic crust is generated at the base of continents through partial melting of mantle wedge with the addition of H₂O-dominant fluids from subducted oceanic slabs and partial melting of the juvenile mafic crust results in the generation of new felsic crusts. This eventually leads to the outgrowth of continents. Subduction processes also cause softening, thinning, and recycling of continental lithosphere due to the vigorous infiltration of volatile-rich fluids and melts, especially along weak belts/layers, leading to widespread continental reworking and even craton destruction. Reworking of continents also occurs in continental interiors due to either plate boundary processes or plume-lithosphere interactions. The effects of plumes have proven to be less significant and cause lower degrees of lithospheric modification than subduction-induced craton destruction.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"59 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2021-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2019RG000689","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5677212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reanalysis in Earth System Science: Toward Terrestrial Ecosystem Reanalysis","authors":"R. Baatz,&nbsp;H. J. Hendricks Franssen,&nbsp;E. Euskirchen,&nbsp;D. Sihi,&nbsp;M. Dietze,&nbsp;S. Ciavatta,&nbsp;K. Fennel,&nbsp;H. Beck,&nbsp;G. De Lannoy,&nbsp;V. R. N. Pauwels,&nbsp;A. Raiho,&nbsp;C. Montzka,&nbsp;M. Williams,&nbsp;U. Mishra,&nbsp;C. Poppe,&nbsp;S. Zacharias,&nbsp;A. Lausch,&nbsp;L. Samaniego,&nbsp;K. Van Looy,&nbsp;H. Bogena,&nbsp;M. Adamescu,&nbsp;M. Mirtl,&nbsp;A. Fox,&nbsp;K. Goergen,&nbsp;B. S. Naz,&nbsp;Y. Zeng,&nbsp;H. Vereecken","doi":"10.1029/2020RG000715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2020RG000715","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A reanalysis is a physically consistent set of optimally merged simulated model states and historical observational data, using data assimilation. High computational costs for modeled processes and assimilation algorithms has led to Earth system specific reanalysis products for the atmosphere, the ocean and the land separately. Recent developments include the advanced uncertainty quantification and the generation of biogeochemical reanalysis for land and ocean. Here, we review atmospheric and oceanic reanalyzes, and more in detail biogeochemical ocean and terrestrial reanalyzes. In particular, we identify land surface, hydrologic and carbon cycle reanalyzes which are nowadays produced in targeted projects for very specific purposes. Although a future joint reanalysis of land surface, hydrologic, and carbon processes represents an analysis of important ecosystem variables, biotic ecosystem variables are assimilated only to a very limited extent. Continuous data sets of ecosystem variables are needed to explore biotic-abiotic interactions and the response of ecosystems to global change. Based on the review of existing achievements, we identify five major steps required to develop terrestrial ecosystem reanalysis to deliver continuous data streams on ecosystem dynamics.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"59 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2020RG000715","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6109191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structures and Deformation in Glaciers and Ice Sheets","authors":"Stephen J. A. Jennings,&nbsp;Michael J. Hambrey","doi":"10.1029/2021RG000743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2021RG000743","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The aims of this review are to: (a) describe and interpret structures in valley glaciers in relation to strain history; and (b) to explore how these structures inform our understanding of the kinematics of large ice masses, and a wide range of other aspects of glaciology. Structures in glaciers give insight as to how ice deforms at the macroscopic and larger scale. Structures also provide information concerning the deformation history of ice masses over centuries and millennia. From a geological perspective, glaciers can be considered to be models of rock deformation, but with rates of change that are measurable on a human time-scale. However, structural assemblages in glaciers are commonly complex, and unraveling them to determine the deformation history is challenging; it thus requires the approach of the structural geologist. A wide range of structures are present in valley glaciers: (a) primary structures include sedimentary stratification and various veins; (b) secondary structures that are the result of brittle and ductile deformation include crevasses, faults, crevasse traces, foliation, folds, and boudinage structures. Some of these structures, notably crevasses, relate well to measured strain-rates, but to explain ductile structures analysis of cumulative strain is required. Some structures occur in all glaciers irrespective of size, and they are therefore recognizable in ice streams and ice shelves. Structural approaches have wide (but as yet under-developed potential) application to other sub-disciplines of glaciology, notably glacier hydrology, debris entrainment and transfer, landform development, microbiological investigations, and in the interpretation of glacier-like features on Mars.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"59 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2021RG000743","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5822648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep Learning for Geophysics: Current and Future Trends","authors":"Siwei Yu,&nbsp;Jianwei Ma","doi":"10.1029/2021RG000742","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2021RG000742","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Recently deep learning (DL), as a new data-driven technique compared to conventional approaches, has attracted increasing attention in geophysical community, resulting in many opportunities and challenges. DL was proven to have the potential to predict complex system states accurately and relieve the “curse of dimensionality” in large temporal and spatial geophysical applications. We address the basic concepts, state-of-the-art literature, and future trends by reviewing DL approaches in various geosciences scenarios. Exploration geophysics, earthquakes, and remote sensing are the main focuses. More applications, including Earth structure, water resources, atmospheric science, and space science, are also reviewed. Additionally, the difficulties of applying DL in the geophysical community are discussed. The trends of DL in geophysics in recent years are analyzed. Several promising directions are provided for future research involving DL in geophysics, such as unsupervised learning, transfer learning, multimodal DL, federated learning, uncertainty estimation, and active learning. A coding tutorial and a summary of tips for rapidly exploring DL are presented for beginners and interested readers of geophysics.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"59 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2021RG000742","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5683520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}