Reviews of Geophysics最新文献

{"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Subsurface Environments: Occurrence, Fate, Transport, and Research Prospect","authors":"Xueyan Lyu,&nbsp;Feng Xiao,&nbsp;Chongyang Shen,&nbsp;Jingjing Chen,&nbsp;Chang Min Park,&nbsp;Yuanyuan Sun,&nbsp;Markus Flury,&nbsp;Dengjun Wang","doi":"10.1029/2021RG000765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2021RG000765","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), also known as “forever chemicals,” are manmade chemicals that have been increasingly detected in various geological settings since the early 2000s. The soil and subsurface environments are the geological media commonly affected by PFAS. We conducted a comprehensive review of peer-reviewed articles published from 2010 through 2022 concerning the fate and transport of PFAS in subsurface environments. This review is organized into different subsections, covering the basics of PFAS properties and how they affect the occurrence, fate, and transport of PFAS, the fundamental processes affecting subsurface transport and fate of PFAS, and mathematical models for describing and predicting PFAS transport behaviors. Mechanisms governing PFAS transport in the subsurface environment, including the sorption of PFAS at the air-water interface, solid-water interface, and nonaqueous phase liquids-water interface, were explored in detail. Challenges and future research priorities are identified to better mitigate the global challenges of PFAS contamination.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"60 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6111513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Achievements and Prospects of Global Broadband Seismographic Networks After 30 Years of Continuous Geophysical Observations","authors":"A. T. Ringler,&nbsp;R. E. Anthony,&nbsp;R. C. Aster,&nbsp;C. J. Ammon,&nbsp;S. Arrowsmith,&nbsp;H. Benz,&nbsp;C. Ebeling,&nbsp;A. Frassetto,&nbsp;W.-Y. Kim,&nbsp;P. Koelemeijer,&nbsp;H. C. P. Lau,&nbsp;V. Leki?,&nbsp;J. P. Montagner,&nbsp;P. G. Richards,&nbsp;D. P. Schaff,&nbsp;M. Vallée,&nbsp;W. Yeck","doi":"10.1029/2021RG000749","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2021RG000749","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Global seismographic networks (GSNs) emerged during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, facilitated by seminal international developments in theory, technology, instrumentation, and data exchange. The mid- to late-twentieth century saw the creation of the World-Wide Standardized Seismographic Network (1961) and International Deployment of Accelerometers (1976), which advanced global geographic coverage as seismometer bandwidth increased greatly allowing for the recording of the Earth's principal seismic spectrum. The modern era of global observations and rapid data access began during the 1980s, and notably included the inception of the GEOSCOPE initiative (1982) and GSN (1988). Through continual improvements, GEOSCOPE and the GSN have realized near-real time recording of ground motion with state-of-art data quality, dynamic range, and timing precision to encompass 180 seismic stations, many in very remote locations. Data from GSNs are increasingly integrated with other geophysical data (e.g., space geodesy, infrasound and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar). Globally distributed seismic data are critical to resolving crust, mantle, and core structure; illuminating features of the plate tectonic and mantle convection system; rapid characterization of earthquakes; identification of potential tsunamis; global nuclear test verification; and provide sensitive proxies for environmental changes. As the global geosciences community continues to advance our understanding of Earth structure and processes controlling elastic wave propagation, GSN infrastructure offers a springboard to realize increasingly multi-instrument geophysical observatories. Here, we review the historical, scientific, and monitoring heritage of GSNs, summarize key discoveries, and discuss future associated opportunities for Earth Science.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"60 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2022-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2021RG000749","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6217877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate Change and Weather Extremes in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East","authors":"G. Zittis,&nbsp;M. Almazroui,&nbsp;P. Alpert,&nbsp;P. Ciais,&nbsp;W. Cramer,&nbsp;Y. Dahdal,&nbsp;M. Fnais,&nbsp;D. Francis,&nbsp;P. Hadjinicolaou,&nbsp;F. Howari,&nbsp;A. Jrrar,&nbsp;D. G. Kaskaoutis,&nbsp;M. Kulmala,&nbsp;G. Lazoglou,&nbsp;N. Mihalopoulos,&nbsp;X. Lin,&nbsp;Y. Rudich,&nbsp;J. Sciare,&nbsp;G. Stenchikov,&nbsp;E. Xoplaki,&nbsp;J. Lelieveld","doi":"10.1029/2021RG000762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2021RG000762","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Observation-based and modeling studies have identified the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East (EMME) region as a prominent climate change hotspot. While several initiatives have addressed the impacts of climate change in parts of the EMME, here we present an updated assessment, covering a wide range of timescales, phenomena and future pathways. Our assessment is based on a revised analysis of recent observations and projections and an extensive overview of the recent scientific literature on the causes and effects of regional climate change. Greenhouse gas emissions in the EMME are growing rapidly, surpassing those of the European Union, hence contributing significantly to climate change. Over the past half-century and especially during recent decades, the EMME has warmed significantly faster than other inhabited regions. At the same time, changes in the hydrological cycle have become evident. The observed recent temperature increase of about 0.45°C per decade is projected to continue, although strong global greenhouse gas emission reductions could moderate this trend. In addition to projected changes in mean climate conditions, we call attention to extreme weather events with potentially disruptive societal impacts. These include the strongly increasing severity and duration of heatwaves, droughts and dust storms, as well as torrential rain events that can trigger flash floods. Our review is complemented by a discussion of atmospheric pollution and land-use change in the region, including urbanization, desertification and forest fires. Finally, we identify sectors that may be critically affected and formulate adaptation and research recommendations toward greater resilience of the EMME region to climate change.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"60 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2021RG000762","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5866287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review on Bank Retreat: Mechanisms, Observations, and Modeling","authors":"Kun Zhao,&nbsp;Giovanni Coco,&nbsp;Zheng Gong,&nbsp;Stephen E. Darby,&nbsp;Stefano Lanzoni,&nbsp;Fan Xu,&nbsp;Kaili Zhang,&nbsp;Ian Townend","doi":"10.1029/2021RG000761","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2021RG000761","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Bank retreat plays a fundamental role in fluvial and estuarine dynamics. It affects the cross-sectional evolution of channels, provides a source of sediment, and modulates the diversity of habitats. Understanding and predicting the geomorphological response of fluvial/tidal channels to external driving forces underpins the robust management of water courses and the protection of wetlands. Here, we review bank retreat with respect to mechanisms, observations, and modeling, covering both rivers and (previously neglected) tidal channels. Our review encompasses both experimental and in situ observations of failure mechanisms and bank retreat rates, modeling approaches and numerical methods to simulate bank erosion. We identify that external forces, despite their distinct characteristics, may have similar effects on bank stability in both river and tidal channels, leading to the same failure mode. We review existing data and empirical functions for bank retreat rate across a range of spatial and temporal scales, and highlight the necessity to account for both hydraulic and geotechnical controls. Based on time scale considerations, we propose a new hierarchy of modeling styles that accounts for bank retreat, leading to clear recommendations for enhancing existing modeling approaches. Finally, we discuss systematically the feedbacks between bank retreat and morphodynamics, and suggest that to move this agenda forward will require a better understanding of multifactor-driven bank retreat across a range of temporal scales, with particular attention to the differences (and similarities) between riverine and estuarine environments, and the role of feedbacks exerted by the collapsed bank soil.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"60 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2021RG000761","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82243539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical Mohometry: Assessing Crustal Thickness of Ancient Orogens Using Geochemical and Isotopic Data","authors":"P. Luffi,&nbsp;M. N. Ducea","doi":"10.1029/2021RG000753","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2021RG000753","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Convergent plate boundaries are key sites for continental crustal formation and recycling. Quantifying the evolution of crustal thickness and paleoelevation along ancient convergent margins represents a major goal in orogenic system analyses. Chemical and in some cases isotopic compositions of igneous rocks formed in modern supra-subduction arcs and collisional belts are sensitive to Moho depths at the location of magmatism, implying that igneous suites from fossil orogens carry information about crustal thickness from the time they formed. Several whole-rock chemical parameters correlate with crustal thickness, some of which were calibrated to serve as “mohometers,” that is, quantitative proxies of paleo-Moho depths. Based on mineral-melt partition coefficients, this concept has been extended to detrital zircons, such that combined chemical and geochronological information extracted from these minerals allows us to reconstruct the crustal thickness evolution using the detrital archive. We discuss here the mohometric potential of a variety of chemical and isotopic parameters and show that their combined usage improves paleocrustal thickness estimates. Using a MATLAB^® app developed for the underlying computations, we present examples from the modern and the deeper time geologic record to illustrate the promises and pitfalls of the technique. Since arcs are in isostatic equilibrium, mohometers are useful in reconstructing orogenic paleoelevation as well. Our analysis suggests that many global-scale correlations between magma composition and crustal thickness used in mohometry originate in the sub-arc mantle; additional effects resulting from intracrustal igneous differentiation depend on the compatible or incompatible behavior of the involved parameters.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"60 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/c4/a1/ROG-60-e2021RG000753.PMC9788079.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10467602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ice-Dynamical Glacier Evolution Modeling—A Review","authors":"H. Zekollari,&nbsp;M. Huss,&nbsp;D. Farinotti,&nbsp;S. Lhermitte","doi":"10.1029/2021RG000754","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2021RG000754","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Glaciers play a crucial role in the Earth System: they are important water suppliers to lower-lying areas during hot and dry periods, and they are major contributors to the observed present-day sea-level rise. Glaciers can also act as a source of natural hazards and have a major touristic value. Given their societal importance, there is large scientific interest in better understanding and accurately simulating the temporal evolution of glaciers, both in the past and in the future. Here, we give an overview of the state of the art of simulating the evolution of individual glaciers over decadal to centennial time scales with ice-dynamical models. We hereby highlight recent advances in the field and emphasize how these go hand-in-hand with an increasing availability of on-site and remotely sensed observations. We also focus on the gap between simplified studies that use parameterizations, typically used for regional and global projections, and detailed assessments for individual glaciers, and explain how recent advances now allow including ice dynamics when modeling glaciers at larger spatial scales. Finally, we provide concrete recommendations concerning the steps and factors to be considered when modeling the evolution of glaciers. We suggest paying particular attention to the model initialization, analyzing how related uncertainties in model input influence the modeled glacier evolution and strongly recommend evaluating the simulated glacier evolution against independent data.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"60 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2022-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2021RG000754","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85552545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Big Data Seismology","authors":"S. J. Arrowsmith,&nbsp;D. T. Trugman,&nbsp;J. MacCarthy,&nbsp;K. J. Bergen,&nbsp;D. Lumley,&nbsp;M. B. Magnani","doi":"10.1029/2021RG000769","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2021RG000769","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The discipline of seismology is based on observations of ground motion that are inherently undersampled in space and time. Our basic understanding of earthquake processes and our ability to resolve 4D Earth structure are fundamentally limited by data volume. Today, Big Data Seismology is an emergent revolution involving the use of large, data-dense inquiries that is providing new opportunities to make fundamental advances in these areas. This article reviews recent scientific advances enabled by Big Data Seismology through the context of three major drivers: the development of new data-dense sensor systems, improvements in computing, and the development of new types of techniques and algorithms. Each driver is explored in the context of both global and exploration seismology, alongside collaborative opportunities that combine the features of long-duration data collections (common to global seismology) with dense networks of sensors (common to exploration seismology). The review explores some of the unique challenges and opportunities that Big Data Seismology presents, drawing on parallels from other fields facing similar issues. Finally, recent scientific findings enabled by dense seismic data sets are discussed, and we assess the opportunities for significant advances made possible with Big Data Seismology. This review is designed to be a primer for seismologists who are interested in getting up-to-speed with how the Big Data revolution is advancing the field of seismology.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"60 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2022-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74114842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thank You to Our 2021 Peer Reviewers","authors":"Fabio Florindo,&nbsp;Annmarie G. Carlton,&nbsp;Paolo D’Odorico,&nbsp;Qingyun Duan,&nbsp;Jasper S. Halekas,&nbsp;Gesine Mollenhauer,&nbsp;Eelco J. Rohling,&nbsp;Robert G. Bingham,&nbsp;Emily E. Brodsky,&nbsp;Michel C. Crucifix,&nbsp;Andrew Gettelman,&nbsp;Alan Robock","doi":"10.1029/2022RG000779","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2022RG000779","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Reviews of Geophysics is the top-rated journal in Geochemistry and Geophysics (ISI Web of Knowledge category) reflecting the many excellent contributions we received. It is an important milestone achieved with the reviewers' investment of time and effort. Their expertise ensures that the papers published in this journal meet the standards that the research community expects. We sincerely appreciate the time the reviewers spent reading and commenting on manuscripts, and we are very grateful for their willingness and readiness to serve in this role.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"60 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2022-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2022RG000779","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83229051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ice-Nucleating Particles That Impact Clouds and Climate: Observational and Modeling Research Needs","authors":"Susannah M. Burrows,&nbsp;Christina S. McCluskey,&nbsp;Gavin Cornwell,&nbsp;Isabelle Steinke,&nbsp;Kai Zhang,&nbsp;Bin Zhao,&nbsp;Maria Zawadowicz,&nbsp;Aishwarya Raman,&nbsp;Gourihar Kulkarni,&nbsp;Swarup China,&nbsp;Alla Zelenyuk,&nbsp;Paul J. DeMott","doi":"10.1029/2021RG000745","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2021RG000745","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Atmospheric ice-nucleating particles (INPs) play a critical role in cloud freezing processes, with important implications for precipitation formation and cloud radiative properties, and thus for weather and climate. Additionally, INP emissions respond to changes in the Earth System and climate, for example, desertification, agricultural practices, and fires, and therefore may introduce climate feedbacks that are still poorly understood. As knowledge of the nature and origins of INPs has advanced, regional and global weather, climate, and Earth system models have increasingly begun to link cloud ice processes to model-simulated aerosol abundance and types. While these recent advances are exciting, coupling cloud processes to simulated aerosol also makes cloud physics simulations increasingly susceptible to uncertainties in simulation of INPs, which are still poorly constrained by observations. Advancing the predictability of INP abundance with reasonable spatiotemporal resolution will require an increased focus on research that bridges the measurement and modeling communities. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge and identifies critical knowledge gaps from both observational and modeling perspectives. In particular, we emphasize needs in two key areas: (a) observational closure between aerosol and INP quantities and (b) skillful simulation of INPs within existing weather and climate models. We discuss the state of knowledge on various INP particle types and briefly discuss the challenges faced in understanding the cloud impacts of INPs with present-day models. Finally, we identify priority research directions for both observations and models to improve understanding of INPs and their interactions with the Earth System.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"60 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2022-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2021RG000745","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90583642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global and Regional Trends and Drivers of Fire Under Climate Change","authors":"Matthew W. Jones,&nbsp;John T. Abatzoglou,&nbsp;Sander Veraverbeke,&nbsp;Niels Andela,&nbsp;Gitta Lasslop,&nbsp;Matthias Forkel,&nbsp;Adam J. P. Smith,&nbsp;Chantelle Burton,&nbsp;Richard A. Betts,&nbsp;Guido R. van der Werf,&nbsp;Stephen Sitch,&nbsp;Josep G. Canadell,&nbsp;Cristina Santín,&nbsp;Crystal Kolden,&nbsp;Stefan H. Doerr,&nbsp;Corinne Le Quéré","doi":"10.1029/2020RG000726","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2020RG000726","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Recent wildfire outbreaks around the world have prompted concern that climate change is increasing fire incidence, threatening human livelihood and biodiversity, and perpetuating climate change. Here, we review current understanding of the impacts of climate change on fire weather (weather conditions conducive to the ignition and spread of wildfires) and the consequences for regional fire activity as mediated by a range of other bioclimatic factors (including vegetation biogeography, productivity and lightning) and human factors (including ignition, suppression, and land use). Through supplemental analyses, we present a stocktake of regional trends in fire weather and burned area (BA) during recent decades, and we examine how fire activity relates to its bioclimatic and human drivers. Fire weather controls the annual timing of fires in most world regions and also drives inter-annual variability in BA in the Mediterranean, the Pacific US and high latitude forests. Increases in the frequency and extremity of fire weather have been globally pervasive due to climate change during 1979–2019, meaning that landscapes are primed to burn more frequently. Correspondingly, increases in BA of ∼50% or higher have been seen in some extratropical forest ecoregions including in the Pacific US and high-latitude forests during 2001–2019, though interannual variability remains large in these regions. Nonetheless, other bioclimatic and human factors can override the relationship between BA and fire weather. For example, BA in savannahs relates more strongly to patterns of fuel production or to the fragmentation of naturally fire-prone landscapes by agriculture. Similarly, BA trends in tropical forests relate more strongly to deforestation rates and forest degradation than to changing fire weather. Overall, BA has reduced by 27% globally in the past two decades, due in large part to a decline in BA in African savannahs. According to climate models, the prevalence and extremity of fire weather has already emerged beyond its pre-industrial variability in the Mediterranean due to climate change, and emergence will become increasingly widespread at additional levels of warming. Moreover, several of the major wildfires experienced in recent years, including the Australian bushfires of 2019/2020, have occurred amidst fire weather conditions that were considerably more likely due to climate change. Current fire models incompletely reproduce the observed spatial patterns of BA based on their existing representations of the relationships between fire and its bioclimatic and human controls, and historical trends in BA also vary considerably across models. Advances in the observation of fire and understanding of its controlling factors are supporting the addition or optimization of a range of processes in models. Overall, climate change is exerting a pervasive upwards pressure on fire globally by increasing the frequency and intensity of fire weather, and this upwards pressu","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"60 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2022-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2020RG000726","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6172077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}