{"title":"","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":37.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148104820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":37.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148072257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Campo, P. Tamagnone, S. Choy, T. D. Tran, G. J.-P. Schumann, Y. Kuleshov
{"title":"Monitoring Flood Inundation Dynamics From Space","authors":"C. Campo, P. Tamagnone, S. Choy, T. D. Tran, G. J.-P. Schumann, Y. Kuleshov","doi":"10.1029/2025RG000885","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2025RG000885","url":null,"abstract":"<p>With the increasing intensity and frequency of flood events worldwide, the need for accurate and timely inundation mapping has never been more critical. Large-scale flood extent estimations are vital for coordinating effective disaster response, facilitating recovery, and building future resilience. Traditional ground-based and aerial monitoring methods are often impractical during major floods, limited by cost, safety, and their inability to capture the full scope of an event. Satellite-based remote sensing provides the necessary large-scale perspective with a unique vantage point to monitor extreme inundation events. This review assesses the potential of public satellite sensors to capture flood events using a novel analysis of the Dartmouth Flood Observatory (DFO) global flood database. Our analysis quantifies the major performance gaps between these sensors, demonstrating that no single instrument is sufficient for complete and continuous flood monitoring. Passive microwave radiometers are capable of capturing >95% of flood events, albeit at a coarse spatial resolution that may be unsuitable for detailed mapping or local risk assessment. In contrast, popular multispectral sensors such as Landsat and Sentinel-2 capture no more than 30% of flood events. The number of sensors capable of capturing flood events doubled between 2015 and 2020, signaling immense potential for multi-sensor integration. We examine how combining observations from multiple sensors can improve temporal coverage of flood events, however noting that temporal sampling along does not guarantee successful flood detection and how the rapid, dynamic nature of floods compounds the challenges inherent to satellite-based monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":37.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025RG000885","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147330236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":37.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148130177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":37.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148063829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Birgit Hassler, Forrest M. Hoffman, Rebecca Beadling, Ed Blockley, Bo Huang, Jiwoo Lee, Valerio Lembo, Jared Lewis, Jianhua Lu, Luke Madaus, Elizaveta Malinina, Brian Medeiros, Wilfried Pokam, Enrico Scoccimarro, Ranjini Swaminathan
{"title":"Systematic Benchmarking of Climate Models: Methodologies, Applications, and New Directions","authors":"Birgit Hassler, Forrest M. Hoffman, Rebecca Beadling, Ed Blockley, Bo Huang, Jiwoo Lee, Valerio Lembo, Jared Lewis, Jianhua Lu, Luke Madaus, Elizaveta Malinina, Brian Medeiros, Wilfried Pokam, Enrico Scoccimarro, Ranjini Swaminathan","doi":"10.1029/2025RG000891","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2025RG000891","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As climate models become increasingly complex, there is a growing need to comprehensively and systematically assess model performance with respect to observations. Given the increasing number and diversity of climate model simulations in use, the community has moved beyond simple model intercomparison and toward developing methods capable of benchmarking a large number of simulations against a suite of climate metrics. Here, we present a detailed review of evaluation and benchmarking methods and approaches developed in the last decade, focusing primarily on scientific implications for Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) simulations and CMIP6 results that contributed to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Sixth Assessment Report (AR6). Based on this review, we explain the resulting contemporary philosophy of model benchmarking, and provide clear distinctions and definitions of the terms model verification, process validation, evaluation, and benchmarking. While significant progress has been made in model development based on systematic evaluation and benchmarking efforts, some climate system biases still remain. The development of open-source community software packages has played a fundamental role in identifying areas of significant model improvement and bias reduction. We review the key features of several software packages that have been commonly used over the past decade to evaluate and benchmark global and regional climate models. Additionally, we discuss best practices for the selection of evaluation and benchmarking metrics and for interpreting the obtained results, the importance of selecting suitable sources of reference data and accurate uncertainty quantification.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":37.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025RG000891","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146153370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":37.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148134975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":37.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148070211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Impact of ENSO on Meiyu-Baiu-Changma Rains: Processes, Mechanisms, Modeling, and Future Challenges","authors":"Bo Sun, Hua Li, Huijun Wang, Yihui Ding, Masahiro Watanabe, Joong-Bae Ahn, Yuhei Takaya, Yanju Liu, Shaobo Qiao, Yanyan Huang","doi":"10.1029/2025RG000890","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2025RG000890","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Meiyu-Baiu-Changma (MBC) is a critical rainy season in East Asia. The MBC rainfall is a vital water source but also causes devastating flooding, profoundly impacting agriculture, water resource management, and socio-economy across East Asia. The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) plays a critical role in modulating the interannual variability of MBC. The response of MBC to ENSO is, however, complex, nonlinear, and stochastic, influenced by various ENSO characteristics including the phase, intensity, location, and decay pace. This review synthesizes recent advances in understanding the ENSO–MBC linkage, by incorporating existing literature and our new analyses, to elucidate the underlying mechanisms, model performance, and future projections regarding ENSO's impacts on the MBC under climate change. In this review, an increased correlation between ENSO and MBC over past decades is revealed. The two main paths of ENSO impacting the MBC via modulating the anomalous western North Pacific anticyclone, and the changes in the influence of these paths under climate change, are synthesized and analyzed. Seasonal prediction of ENSO-driven MBC anomalies remains challenging, despite the advances of climate models in simulating and predicting the ENSO-related large-scale ocean and atmospheric circulation anomalies. In the future, intensified global warming may lead to a further strengthened impact of ENSO on MBC and increased ENSO-driven MBC extremes. Exploring greenhouse gas forcing's influence, improving high-resolution coupled models, refining representation of key dynamic processes, and utilizing artificial intelligence techniques are essential to advance understanding, simulation, prediction, and climate adaptation strategies related to ENSO-MBC connection.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":37.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146021893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":37.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148088726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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