Results in Optics最新文献

{"title":"Array beam-driven computational imaging through thin scattering layer","authors":"Francis Gracy Arockiaraj,&nbsp;Shivasubramanian Gopinath,&nbsp;Andra Naresh Kumar Reddy,&nbsp;Joseph Rosen,&nbsp;Vijayakumar Anand","doi":"10.1016/j.rio.2026.101109","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rio.2026.101109","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Imaging through scattering remains a fundamental challenge in optical systems, with applications in atmospheric and astronomical imaging. We present Array Beam-Driven Computational Imaging through Thin Scattering Layer (ABD-CI-TSL), an experimental method using temporally coherent and spatially incoherent array beams to image through thin scattering layers. Object information is encoded onto the array beam, propagated through the scatterer, and recovered via deconvolution of the recorded point spread function. The method is evaluated across varying scattering conditions and axial locations. Results demonstrate that array beams preserve object spatial features under scattering, though reconstruction fidelity degrades with increasing scattering strength, highlighting ABD-CI-TSL's potential for scattering media applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21151,"journal":{"name":"Results in Optics","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 101109"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148737314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quad-tuned dual-wideband hybrid circular-Koch fractal antenna for diverse wireless and microwave infrastructures","authors":"Atul Varshney,&nbsp;Deepti Gupta,&nbsp;Deepak Sharma,&nbsp;Nurhayati Nurhayati,&nbsp;Anuj Kumar Sharma,&nbsp;Anupma Gupta,&nbsp;Ammar Armghan,&nbsp;A.M. Kassim,&nbsp;A.J.A. Al-Gburi","doi":"10.1016/j.rio.2026.101110","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rio.2026.101110","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents the design and analysis of a high-performance Quad-tuned dual-wideband fractal antenna designed for diverse wireless and microwave infrastructures. By integrating a Circular Patch geometry with Koch Fractal boundary edges, the radiator exploits the principle of self-similarity to achieve a significantly miniaturized footprint of 47.92 × 47.92 mm². The fractal geometry establishes multiple current paths, facilitating the merging of discrete resonances into two continuous, wide operational bands. Thus, the antenna is effectively a dual-wideband radiator. The lower band (2.13–4.65 GHz) provides comprehensive coverage for 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi/Bluetooth, 4G LTE (Bands 7, 38, 40, 41), and 5G Sub-6 GHz (n77, n78) standards, while supporting safety-critical Aeronautical Radio Altimeters (4.2–4.4 GHz). The upper band (5.50–8.34 GHz) addresses high-speed data demands through Wi-Fi5/6E/7 and V2X/DSRC vehicular communications, alongside specialized C-band and X-band Military Satellite Communications. Experimental results highlight critical performance peaks at 2.46 GHz, 4.28 GHz, 5.99 and 6.0 GHz, with a remarkable near-perfect impedance match of −43.93 dB at 7.53 GHz. The proposed design offers a robust, high-gain solution for real-world devices requiring seamless switching between legacy, current, and next-generation communication protocols. Finally, the equivalent circuit of the proposed antenna is modeled and validated through the Advanced Design System circuit simulator, and reflection coefficient plots show excellent agreement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21151,"journal":{"name":"Results in Optics","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 101110"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148737320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A reciprocity-aware GUM assessment of mode-selective back-reflection suppression in mid-infrared laser power measurement using a bulk-Dirac-semimetal photonic spin Hall multilayer","authors":"Akmaljon Mamatov","doi":"10.1016/j.rio.2026.101088","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rio.2026.101088","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A reciprocity-aware theoretical assessment is presented for using a bulk-Dirac-semimetal (BDS) photonic spin Hall effect (PSHE) multilayer in a mid-infrared laser-power measurement chain. The revision does not treat the passive asymmetric multilayer as a strict two-port optical isolator. Instead, the device is analysed as one element of a mode-selective return-light rejection architecture that also contains relay optics, a centred spatial-mode collector and a rejected-light dump. The distinction is essential: a horizontally polarised beam is decomposed into left- and right-circular components that acquire opposite transverse shifts, while the total beam centroid remains unchanged in the equal-weight model. Lorentz reciprocity further requires zero isolation for a specular time-reversed field in the matched input–output mode. Conditional suppression is therefore evaluated only for mode-converted return fields that populate a different spatial or polarisation state.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Using the published shift bounds &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;δ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;low&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;≤&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1.20&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mi&gt;λ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; and &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;δ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;high&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;14.36&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mi&gt;λ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; at &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;λ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;8.9&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;&lt;mi&gt;μ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;m&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, an illustrative &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;6&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;×&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; relay and a Gaussian collector radius of 200 &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mi&gt;μ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;m yield a conditional mode-rejection ratio of 63 dB under ideal alignment. The ratio remains 50 dB at a lateral collector offset of &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;±&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0.10&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;&lt;mi&gt;mm&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. A common angular mismatch of &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;±&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0.20&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;°&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; reduces desired-mode coupling by 0.71 dB but does not change the ratio in the symmetric Gaussian-overlap model. Monte Carlo vibration analysis gives a 95% lower rejection bound of 62 dB for 10 &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mi&gt;μ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;m rms lateral jitter and 0.02° rms pointing jitter. The Cd&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;As&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; conductivity case at &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;F&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;11.1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; meV is explicitly classified as cryogenic; room-temperature operation requires a finite-temperature conductivity model and experimental re-optimisation.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A parametric GUM model replaces the unsupported assumption that back-reflection is universally 2%–5% of incident power. For a baseline standard uncertainty of 1.5%, a bounded coherent perturbation exceeding approximately 2.3% makes an expanded-uncertainty design target of 4% unattainable at &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;k&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mat","PeriodicalId":21151,"journal":{"name":"Results in Optics","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 101088"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148641401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and numerical analysis of a high-sensitivity gold-coated D-shaped PCF-based SPR sensor for biomedical sensing applications","authors":"Anindya Chanda Tirtha,&nbsp;Md Raisul Islam Ratul,&nbsp;K.M. Mustafizur Rahman","doi":"10.1016/j.rio.2026.101095","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rio.2026.101095","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, a D-shaped photonic crystal fiber (PCF)-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor is numerically designed and analyzed using the full-vector finite element method (FEM). The proposed structure employs a simple 23-hole symmetric lattice with a reduction of the topmost air hole positioned directly above the fiber core center along the axis normal to the polished sensing plane, enabling enhanced core–plasmon coupling using only an externally deposited thin gold (Au) film and eliminating the need for analyte infiltration. The sequential, physics-guided design approach allows efficient tuning of the guided-field distribution while maintaining fabrication feasibility. After optimizing the lattice pitch, air-hole diameters, and Au layer thickness, the sensor achieves an ultra-high maximum wavelength sensitivity (WS) of 63,000 nm/RIU with an average sensitivity of 14,000 nm/RIU over the RI range of 1.35–1.41. The optimized configuration further exhibits strong amplitude sensitivity (AS) (up to 989.28 RIU⁻¹), a minimum sensor resolution (SR) of 1.59 × 10⁻⁶ RIU, and a high figure of merit (FOM) of 1422.12 RIU⁻¹. The sensing capability is additionally evaluated for cancer cell discrimination by modeling normal and cancerous cells as effective RI perturbations, yielding resolvable resonance shifts (∼70–110 nm) across six representative cell types (Blood (Jurkat), PC12, HeLa, Skin (Basal), Breast (MDA-MB-231), and Breast (MCF-7)). Owing to its high sensitivity, compact geometry, and compatibility with standard stack-and-draw fabrication, side polishing, and Au coating techniques, the proposed D-shaped PCF–SPR sensor offers a promising platform for high-precision biochemical and biomedical sensing applications, including cancer cell discrimination screening.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21151,"journal":{"name":"Results in Optics","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 101095"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148641396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sum-frequency generation with modified anomalous vortex beams","authors":"Bikash K. Das,&nbsp;Camilo Granados,&nbsp;Wenlong Gao,&nbsp;Stephan Fritzsche","doi":"10.1016/j.rio.2026.101086","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rio.2026.101086","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Light beams carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) provide an additional degree of freedom to control and manipulate light-matter interactions across different energy regimes. Precise control over the beam and dark-core sizes, while maintaining a high value of the topological charge (TC) is crucial for their applications in optical tweezing, optical communication, and microscopy. While perfect optical vortices were engineered to feature TC-independent intensity distribution, their generation method typically involves bulky experimental setup. Furthermore, their detection is non-trivial, as they are not propagation eigenmodes and thus do not maintain their perfect vortex structure during propagation. A more sophisticated beam configuration is the modified anomalous vortex (MAV) beam — a novel class of anomalous vortex beam engineered with controlled self-focusing characteristics. MAV beams are typically characterized by their TC, beam order, and a so-called modification parameter. For extremely high beam order and a unity modification parameter, the beam and dark-core sizes of MAV beams remain nearly independent of the TC. Despite such novel beam properties, their role in driving nonlinear optical phenomena remains largely untested. In this work, we investigate the sum-frequency generation driven by MAV beams. For this nonlinear process, we derive an analytical expression for the complex field amplitude of the sum-frequency beam at the waist plane. Furthermore, we study the evolution of the generated sum-frequency beam in free-space. We thoroughly discuss the underlying OAM selection rule, and analyze how different parameters of the input MAV beams, such as their TC, beam order, modification parameter, and wavelength affect the sum-frequency beam. Moreover, we compare both the power of the sum-frequency beam generated by fundamental MAV, traditional AV, and Laguerre–Gaussian vortex beams, as well as the corresponding conversion efficiency of the process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21151,"journal":{"name":"Results in Optics","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 101086"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148656552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Big data architectures for distributed acoustic sensing: a review of storage, real-time processing, and scalable analytics","authors":"Muhammad Rafi ,&nbsp;Khairul Arifin M Noh ,&nbsp;Abdul Halim Abdul Latiff ,&nbsp;Alidu Rashid ,&nbsp;Dejen Teklu Asfha ,&nbsp;Hasreq Iskandar Mustafa","doi":"10.1016/j.rio.2026.101028","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rio.2026.101028","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This review examines the end-to-end computational pipeline for DAS big data workloads, from acquisition constraints shaped by fiber optic physics to storage architectures, real-time processing frameworks, and scalable analytics. We synthesize peer reviewed evidence on compression strategies, stream processing engines, distributed training, and hardware acceleration, while critically evaluating claims of cost reduction, latency improvement, and energy efficiency against operational benchmarks from field deployments. Domain applications in industrial monitoring, geophysical sensing, and environmental observation are discussed with attention to cross-domain transferability and its limits. We also identify unresolved challenges, including uncertainty in lossy compression, model drift under concept shift, and the need for standardized benchmarking protocols. Finally, we outline prospective developments photonic accelerators, foundation models, and autonomous closed loop systems as emerging research directions rather than established capabilities. This review is intended for optics and photonics researchers seeking to understand how computational infrastructure choices interact with the physical properties of fiber-optic sensing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21151,"journal":{"name":"Results in Optics","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 101028"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147850836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Active illumination for holographic imaging through a scatterer","authors":"Tanushree Karmakar ,&nbsp;Prateek Agrawal ,&nbsp;Zeev Zalevsky ,&nbsp;Rakesh Kumar Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.rio.2026.101018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rio.2026.101018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Holography, which usually uses first-order interference between coherent waves to record and reconstruct a complex field, is central to quantitative imaging. However, direct reconstruction of a hologram is not possible when the optical path is random and varies uncontrollably over time. This paper presents a holography method for imaging through a scatterer using active illumination and single-pixel intensity correlation of a speckle in an in-line configuration. The performance of the proposed technique is evaluated for imaging through static and dynamic scatterers. The complex field encoded in the hologram is reconstructed by extracting single-pixel intensity correlations from speckles across a set of three phase-shifted structured illuminations at each spatial frequency. Furthermore, the non-vulnerability of the proposed technique to dynamic conditions is tested by quantitatively measuring the complex field in the presence of externally applied pressure variations along the light path, and the experimental results are presented.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21151,"journal":{"name":"Results in Optics","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 101018"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147741352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plasmon-coupled graphene nanoantenna arrays for high-responsivity and tunable terahertz photodetection","authors":"Arash Vaghef-Koodehi ,&nbsp;Zeinab Gholizadeh","doi":"10.1016/j.rio.2026.101011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rio.2026.101011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Efficient room–temperature terahertz (THz) photodetection remains a critical prerequisite for emerging applications in imaging, spectroscopy, and wireless communication. In this work, we present a plasmon–coupled graphene photodetector that integrates a periodic array of gold nanoantennas to achieve broadband and gate–tunable THz response. The device architecture was investigated using self–consistent finite–difference time–domain (FDTD) and finite–element (FEM) simulations, revealing a local electric–field enhancement of approximately 40 × at the graphene–antenna interface. This strong plasmonic coupling leads to high theoretical performance metrics, including a peak voltage responsivity of 175  V W⁻¹ at 2 THz, a noise–equivalent power below 2 pW/√Hz , and wideband operation across 0.5–5 THz. The spectral response can be dynamically tuned by electrostatic control of the graphene Fermi level (0.1–0.4  eV) under moderate gate bias, enabling adaptive detection and multispectral functionality. These findings demonstrate a scalable and practical pathway toward the development of room-temperature, tunable terahertz photodetectors based on plasmonically coupled graphene nanoantenna arrays. The proposed architecture offers significant promise for next-generation sensing and communication systems, with performance metrics that position it as a compelling candidate for versatile THz device platforms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21151,"journal":{"name":"Results in Optics","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 101011"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147652261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Propagation behavior of surface plasmons at the boundary between a thin metal film and a dielectric material influenced by the presence of quantum dots","authors":"Tayebeh Naseri,&nbsp;Zeynab Maleki,&nbsp;Aboozar Nasrollahi","doi":"10.1016/j.rio.2026.101055","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rio.2026.101055","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores the dispersion properties of surface plasmons at the interface between a thin metallic film and a dielectric medium containing quantum dots (QDs) in a thin region near the metal–dielectric interface. Using the quantum hydrodynamic (QHD) model, we analyze the influence of quantum statistical (QS) and quantum diffraction (QDiff) effects on plasmonic dynamics. The system under investigation consists of a two-dimensional electron gas confined within a thin metallic film interacting with three-level quantum dots embedded in the adjacent dielectric medium. The excitonic states of the QDs couple with the surface plasmon electromagnetic field, modifying the dispersion relation through quantum coherence effects captured by the QHD model. These interactions enable tunable plasmonic properties, distinct from the classical dispersion of a metal–dielectric interface. Our findings reveal distinct dispersion characteristics governed by variations in electron density and dielectric properties. Notably, the introduction of a coupling field amplifies nonlinear effects, enabling enhanced sensitivity and tunability. This tunability is particularly significant for applications in surface-enhanced spectroscopy and super-resolution microscopy. The results offer valuable insights into the integration of quantum effects in plasmonic systems, with promising implications for nanophotonics and quantum technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21151,"journal":{"name":"Results in Optics","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 101055"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148167695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optical and mechanical design of a low cost educational microscope using zemax simulation","authors":"Marwa Kamal Mustafa,&nbsp;Noor Luay Hussein,&nbsp;Amaal M. Qnewa,&nbsp;Rasha S.Fayadh,&nbsp;Hadeel Majid Rasheed","doi":"10.1016/j.rio.2026.101068","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rio.2026.101068","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research presents the optical and mechanical design of a simple compound microscope using Zemax OpticStudio simulation software. The study focuses on optimizing both the objective and eyepiece lenses to achieve a balance between magnification, resolution, and image quality for educational and inspection purposes. The Ramsden eyepiece and medium-power objective were modeled and optimized to minimize spherical and chromatic aberrations. The optical performance was evaluated through spot diagram, modulation transfer function (MTF), wavefront error, and distortion analysis, revealing a distortion rate below 0.152%, with sagittal and tangential rays nearly coinciding—indicating excellent image correction. A mechanical tube length of 160 mm was selected to ensure proper alignment and compatibility with practical fabrication. The resulting system provides magnifications between 40× and 100×, suitable for observing surface irregularities in metals and other materials. This study demonstrates that Zemax-based simulation is a powerful and low-cost method for designing optical instruments, making the microscope a valuable educational and laboratory tool for student training and preliminary research in optical sciences.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21151,"journal":{"name":"Results in Optics","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 101068"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148565699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}