Mathematical modeling and experimental validation of optical coupling efficiency in Ultraviolet-C light emitting diode systems

Abstract

This study provides a novel mathematical model for predicting the coupling efficiency (C.E) between multimode optical fibers (MMF) and ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (UV-C LEDs) with a high degree of accuracy. Unlike previous models, which rely on simplified assumptions (ideal conditions), this approach incorporates real-world variations in LED emission profiles, optical misalignments, and Fresnel losses. The model was validated using four distinct optical system configurations, demonstrating strong agreement (R² = 0.94) with experimental data. The results from this study provide a robust framework for designing efficient UV delivery systems, particularly for disinfection and sensing applications and will serve as a practical guideline that may be useful for both the scientific and industrial community.