Results in Optics最新文献

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Concept study on using fiber-optic sensors with nanocrystalline diamond sheet for tissue monitoring in radiotherapy 纳米晶金刚石片光纤传感器用于放射治疗中组织监测的概念研究
Results in Optics Pub Date : 2025-04-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.rio.2025.100837
Monika Kosowska , Valery V. Tuchin , Małgorzata Szczerska
{"title":"Concept study on using fiber-optic sensors with nanocrystalline diamond sheet for tissue monitoring in radiotherapy","authors":"Monika Kosowska ,&nbsp;Valery V. Tuchin ,&nbsp;Małgorzata Szczerska","doi":"10.1016/j.rio.2025.100837","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rio.2025.100837","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ionizing radiation plays a crucial role in medical diagnostics and therapy, particularly in cancer treatment. This paper presents a novel concept for real-time tissue monitoring during radiotherapy using fiber-optic sensors integrated with a diamond nanosheet protection. The system could monitor tissue refractive index changes, enabling differentiation between healthy and cancerous tissues. Optical phantoms are used to simulate biological tissues, facilitating controlled experiments. The diamond coating ensures sensor biocompatibility, stability, and durability in medical environments. This technology promises enhanced treatment accuracy by providing real-time feedback on tissue changes during radiotherapy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21151,"journal":{"name":"Results in Optics","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100837"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143899439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A mathematical PAPR estimation of OTFS network using a machine learning SVM algorithm 基于机器学习支持向量机算法的OTFS网络PAPR数学估计
Results in Optics Pub Date : 2025-04-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.rio.2025.100834
Arun Kumar , Nishant Gaur , Aziz Nanthaamornphong
{"title":"A mathematical PAPR estimation of OTFS network using a machine learning SVM algorithm","authors":"Arun Kumar ,&nbsp;Nishant Gaur ,&nbsp;Aziz Nanthaamornphong","doi":"10.1016/j.rio.2025.100834","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rio.2025.100834","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The article presents a Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm to lower the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in networks that work in orthogonal time frequency space (OTFS). High PAPR makes power amplifiers less efficient and lowers signal quality. This makes OTFS modulation challenging, even though it is known for being strong in situations with a lot of movement. We present a mathematical framework that uses SVM, selective mapping (SLM), partial transmission sequence (PTS), and clipping and filtering (C&amp;F) to estimate PAPR correctly, effectively lowering the PAPR while maintaining bit error rate (BER) performance. The proposed SVM method reduces the PAPR associated with conventional PAPR estimation techniques. The numerical results reveal that the proposed SVM obtained a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) gain in the range of 1 dB–3 dB and retained the BER performance of the framework. This leads to better power control and overall better network performance. This paper demonstrates the potential of machine learning in optimizing OTFS networks, paving the way for more reliable and efficient radio systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21151,"journal":{"name":"Results in Optics","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100834"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143886516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The optical challenge of two-colour lunar laser ranging at MéO station msamo站双色月球激光测距的光学挑战
Results in Optics Pub Date : 2025-04-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.rio.2025.100833
G. Martinot-Lagarde, H. Mariey, N. Maurice, J. Scariot, H. Viot
{"title":"The optical challenge of two-colour lunar laser ranging at MéO station","authors":"G. Martinot-Lagarde,&nbsp;H. Mariey,&nbsp;N. Maurice,&nbsp;J. Scariot,&nbsp;H. Viot","doi":"10.1016/j.rio.2025.100833","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rio.2025.100833","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article describes recent optical developments for the Nd:YAG laser at the MéO station, which regularly carries out <strong>L</strong>unar/<strong>S</strong>atellite Laser Ranging (<strong>L</strong>LR/<strong>S</strong>LR) observations for fundamental physics and space geodesy. MéO (registred as GRSM 7845 in the International Laser Ranging Service network) ranges to the Moon since 1981 with lasers undergoing continuous development for improved reliability. Since 2012, a 150 ps pulsed laser version has provided reliable green LLR. Infrared LLR followed from 2015 and two-colour ranging started recently. This work focuses on the recent optical improvements to this laser to achieve this two-colour capability. There, the Paraxial Gaussian Beam tool of the <em>Zemax OpticStudio</em> software models the evolution of the beam shape throughout its propagation inside the station. This enhanced optical set-up drastically improved the lifetime of the biggest rod of the amplification chain, cancelled an annoying thermal pointing drift and supressed infrared vignetting. In 2023, these developments provided 91 two-colour LLR observations for lunar heights greater than 32°. Finally, the text suggests two perspectives for achieving two-colour LLR for Moon heights below 32°.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21151,"journal":{"name":"Results in Optics","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100833"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143894901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Transient temperature field analysis of periodic side-pumped solid-state lasers 周期性侧泵浦固体激光器瞬态温度场分析
Results in Optics Pub Date : 2025-04-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.rio.2025.100832
Zheyuan Li, Shiyu Wang, Lequn Li, Bing Bin Li, Defang Cai, Qian Guo, Taibo Wang, Fuqiang Ma
{"title":"Transient temperature field analysis of periodic side-pumped solid-state lasers","authors":"Zheyuan Li,&nbsp;Shiyu Wang,&nbsp;Lequn Li,&nbsp;Bing Bin Li,&nbsp;Defang Cai,&nbsp;Qian Guo,&nbsp;Taibo Wang,&nbsp;Fuqiang Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.rio.2025.100832","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rio.2025.100832","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For the effective thermal management of a diode-pumped solid-state laser (DPSSL) with periodic pulsing and side-pumping, the transient temperature field of a side-pumped diode-pumped solid-state laser is calculated. The transient temperature field of the DPSSL under periodic pumping is analyzed, and the time-varying characteristics of the transient temperature field of the DPSSL under multidirection pumping are revealed. The results show that the transient temperature of the laser crystal increases rapidly and then decreases slowly in a single pumping period. Upon extending the pumping period, the peak value of the crystal transient temperature increases gradually and eventually becomes constant. After leveling off, the temperature field presents an axisymmetrical distribution that is high in the middle and low in the periphery, which is more uniform than that in the initial pumping stage. This study provides a theoretical basis for modeling and simulating the DPSSL side pump temperature field and provides theoretical support for further research into the transient thermal effects of the DPSSL system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21151,"journal":{"name":"Results in Optics","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100832"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143877173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Evaluation of nonlinear optical properties of neutron irradiated polymethyl methacrylate and their recovery over time 中子辐照聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯非线性光学性质的评价及其随时间的恢复
Results in Optics Pub Date : 2025-04-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.rio.2025.100830
A.M. Beigzadeh , M.R. Rashidian Vaziri , B. Shakeri Jooybari
{"title":"Evaluation of nonlinear optical properties of neutron irradiated polymethyl methacrylate and their recovery over time","authors":"A.M. Beigzadeh ,&nbsp;M.R. Rashidian Vaziri ,&nbsp;B. Shakeri Jooybari","doi":"10.1016/j.rio.2025.100830","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rio.2025.100830","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is a synthetic polymer that is widely used in the world due to its transparency, toughness, ease of shaping, low cost, and high resistance to UV light and weathering. It has many applications in various industries such as nuclear and space industries in the form of optical PMMA fibers and may be subjected to high energy neutrons. The structural and optical properties of PMMA change due to neutron irradiation, which may have adverse effects on its functionality in these applications. In this study, the effect of reactor neutron irradiation on structural and nonlinear optical properties of PMMA has been experimentally investigated. It is shown that neutron irradiation results in inducing a negative nonlinear refractive index in PMMA that gradually decreases over time. It is further shown that the induced nonlinear refractive index decreases to 0.4 of its initial value after 80 days. It is proposed that this negative nonlinear refractive index can be an additional source of radiation induced attenuation (RIA) in PMMA optical fibers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first indication that negative nonlinearity can be a source of RIA in PMMA fibers. Aside from its adverse effects on signal propagation in PMMA fibers, the induced negative nonlinearity by neutrons can be beneficially used to design new photonic components such as all-optical switches, modulators, and more with bulk PMMA pieces.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21151,"journal":{"name":"Results in Optics","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100830"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143854733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Effect of steady-state thermal blooming on atmospheric propagation of Laguerre Gaussian beam 稳态热晕对拉盖尔高斯光束大气传播的影响
Results in Optics Pub Date : 2025-04-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.rio.2025.100819
Mukesh Kumar , Arpit Khandelwal , Azeemuddin syed
{"title":"Effect of steady-state thermal blooming on atmospheric propagation of Laguerre Gaussian beam","authors":"Mukesh Kumar ,&nbsp;Arpit Khandelwal ,&nbsp;Azeemuddin syed","doi":"10.1016/j.rio.2025.100819","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rio.2025.100819","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this article, the effect of steady-state thermal blooming on various modes of Laguerre Gaussian (LG) beams propagating through the atmosphere is studied analytically. The intensity and distortion parameter expressions for different modes of LG beams are derived and analyzed under the influence of thermal blooming. The outcomes demonstrate that augmenting the propagation distance, input power, and atmospheric absorption coefficient while keeping other parameters constant intensifies the thermal blooming impact on the LG beam. Conversely, a rise in the initial radius and transverse wind speed decreases the impact of thermal blooming. The results indicate that as the mode order of Laguerre Gaussian beams increases, they experience a reduced thermal blooming effect. Higher LG modes exhibit less intensity distortion than lower LG modes. The shift in centroid position due to thermal blooming is minimal in the higher mode of the LG beam, in contrast to the lower mode. These findings provide valuable insights into determining the beam quality and intensity variation of different modes of LG beams in thermal blooming.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21151,"journal":{"name":"Results in Optics","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100819"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143842681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
High-performance and compact photonic crystal channel drop filter using P-shaped ring resonator 使用 P 型环形谐振器的高性能紧凑型光子晶体信道下降滤波器
Results in Optics Pub Date : 2025-04-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.rio.2025.100817
Hamed Saghaei , Mohammad Soroosh , Mohammad Javad Maleki , Haraprasad Mondal , Tofiq Nurmohammadi , Behnam Jafari , Mohsen Shahi , Vahid Sepahvandi , Ehsan Adibnia
{"title":"High-performance and compact photonic crystal channel drop filter using P-shaped ring resonator","authors":"Hamed Saghaei ,&nbsp;Mohammad Soroosh ,&nbsp;Mohammad Javad Maleki ,&nbsp;Haraprasad Mondal ,&nbsp;Tofiq Nurmohammadi ,&nbsp;Behnam Jafari ,&nbsp;Mohsen Shahi ,&nbsp;Vahid Sepahvandi ,&nbsp;Ehsan Adibnia","doi":"10.1016/j.rio.2025.100817","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rio.2025.100817","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We propose and demonstrate a novel high-performance optical channel drop filter based on two-dimensional photonic crystal ring resonators with a P-shaped configuration. This innovative structure represents a significant advancement over existing designs by achieving a near-unity dropping efficiency of 99.9 % and a quality factor of 876 at a resonant wavelength of 1533.8 nm within a compact footprint of 12.75 μm × 12.75 μm. The optimized configuration introduces a CMOS-compatible fabrication process, facilitating seamless integration into next-generation photonic integrated circuits. Our design not only achieves superior performance metrics compared to previously reported structures but also addresses the critical challenges of miniaturization and fabrication simplicity. These advancements make the proposed filter particularly suited for advanced optical communication systems, including 5G/6G networks, and contribute to the ongoing development of high-efficiency, scalable photonic devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21151,"journal":{"name":"Results in Optics","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100817"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143816939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Mathematical modeling and experimental validation of optical coupling efficiency in Ultraviolet-C light emitting diode systems 紫外- c发光二极管系统光耦合效率的数学建模与实验验证
Results in Optics Pub Date : 2025-04-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.rio.2025.100826
Muhammad Salman Mohsin , Mariana Lanzarini-Lopes , Katrina Fitzpatrick
{"title":"Mathematical modeling and experimental validation of optical coupling efficiency in Ultraviolet-C light emitting diode systems","authors":"Muhammad Salman Mohsin ,&nbsp;Mariana Lanzarini-Lopes ,&nbsp;Katrina Fitzpatrick","doi":"10.1016/j.rio.2025.100826","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rio.2025.100826","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study provides a novel mathematical model for predicting the coupling efficiency (C.E) between multimode optical fibers (MMF) and ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (UV-C LEDs) with a high degree of accuracy. Unlike previous models, which rely on simplified assumptions (ideal conditions), this approach incorporates real-world variations in LED emission profiles, optical misalignments, and Fresnel losses. The model was validated using four distinct optical system configurations, demonstrating strong agreement (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.94) with experimental data. The results from this study provide a robust framework for designing efficient UV delivery systems, particularly for disinfection and sensing applications and will serve as a practical guideline that may be useful for both the scientific and industrial community.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21151,"journal":{"name":"Results in Optics","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100826"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143825609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Precision optical model of asymmetry emission band of red light emitting diodes and its application in improving the color rendering index of white LEDs 红色发光二极管非对称发光带的精密光学模型及其在提高白光led显色指数中的应用
Results in Optics Pub Date : 2025-04-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.rio.2025.100825
Thi-Hanh-Thu Vu , Quang-Khoi Nguyen
{"title":"Precision optical model of asymmetry emission band of red light emitting diodes and its application in improving the color rendering index of white LEDs","authors":"Thi-Hanh-Thu Vu ,&nbsp;Quang-Khoi Nguyen","doi":"10.1016/j.rio.2025.100825","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rio.2025.100825","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We have proposed and demonstrated a<!--> <!-->precision<!--> <!-->optical model for<!--> <!-->red light-emitting diodes and applied this model to improve the color rendering index of phosphor-converted white light-emitting diodes. The inherent asymmetry properties of red light emission bands have been conquered and effectively modeled. The accuracy of the red light optical model is confirmed with the experimental<!--> <!-->spectrum and verified by normalized cross-correlation. In an application, the<!--> <!-->Gaussian functions-based mathematical<!--> <!-->model is applied to simulate the emission spectrum of white light with and without adding red light. The supplement of red light is optimized<!--> <!-->to improve the CRI index of output white light. As a result, the color performance of white LEDs is improved when the CRI value<!--> <!-->significantly<!--> <!-->increases from 79 to 93 by adding an optimized amount of red light. The effect of added red light on white-LEDs properties has been investigated including correlated color temperature,<!--> <!-->output lumen, CIE-chromaticity coordinates, and luminous efficiency of radiation. In addition, the effect of adding red light on color rendering quality of output white light is studied with the IES TM 30–18 application.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21151,"journal":{"name":"Results in Optics","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100825"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143816938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A triple-band metamaterial absorber for gas sensing and refractive index detection through enhanced FOM and Q-factor performance in the THz regime 用于气体传感和折射率检测的三波段超材料吸收器,在太赫兹系统中增强了 FOM 和 Q 因子性能
Results in Optics Pub Date : 2025-04-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.rio.2025.100822
Md. Murad Kabir Nipun , Md. Jahedul Islam , Md. Moniruzzaman
{"title":"A triple-band metamaterial absorber for gas sensing and refractive index detection through enhanced FOM and Q-factor performance in the THz regime","authors":"Md. Murad Kabir Nipun ,&nbsp;Md. Jahedul Islam ,&nbsp;Md. Moniruzzaman","doi":"10.1016/j.rio.2025.100822","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rio.2025.100822","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, a new micro-arranged triple band interconnected oval-shaped split ring with an external split circle symmetrical metamaterial absorber (MMA) is discussed. This design contains three layers where lead glass is sandwiched between two copper layers as a resonator surface and ground, which has a strong ability to identify the variation of refractive index for different gas sensing through THz frequency spectral analysis. The working frequency of the proposed absorber is 9 to 10 terahertz (THz) where the three absorption peaks are having 99.95%, 96.42%, and 99.98% absorptions at 9.42 (f1), 9.86 (f2), and 10.03 (f3) THz, respectively. The figure of merit (FOM) of the proposed MMA having value of 15.45, 23.82, and 29.87shows progressively higher sensing application and precisely identify small changes in refractive index. To measure the Sensitivity, refractive index (n) has been varied from 1 to 1.05 and the results are 2.016, 2.556 and 1.41 THz per refractive index unit where these values indicate an effective sensitivity for detecting small changes in refractive index. The quality factors (Q-factors) of this triple band MMA are 72.53, 92.11, and 213.24 indicating sophisticated accuracy and better capability to spot and respond to minute changes in its environment. This MMA shows a great polarization independency as it has symmetrical construction. To explore the absorption and sensitivity property of this unique MMA, several parametric simulations have been done such as surface current, different gas layers and in addition permittivity and permeability are also analyzed. As a whole, this MMA shows versatility, with excellent FOM values and Q-factors, making it a reliable option for both wide-band sensing as well as high-precision sensing. This ability to react to changes in refractive index makes it a brilliant candidate for sensing applications in fields such as environmental monitoring, clinical examination, and chemical sensing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21151,"journal":{"name":"Results in Optics","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100822"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143828989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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