{"title":"Prevalence, definition, and etiology of cesarean scar defect and treatment of cesarean scar disorder: A narrative review.","authors":"Shunichiro Tsuji, Yuri Nobuta, Tetsuro Hanada, Aike Takebayashi, Ayako Inatomi, Akimasa Takahashi, Tsukuru Amano, Takashi Murakami","doi":"10.1002/rmb2.12532","DOIUrl":"10.1002/rmb2.12532","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cesarean scar defects (CSD) are caused by cesarean sections and cause various symptoms. Although there has been no previous consensus on the name of this condition for a long time, it has been named cesarean scar disorder (CSDi).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This review summarizes the definition, prevalence, and etiology of CSD, as well as the pathophysiology and treatment of CSDi. We focused on surgical therapy and examined the effects and procedures of laparoscopy, hysteroscopy, and transvaginal surgery.</p><p><strong>Main findings: </strong>The definition of CSD was proposed as an anechoic lesion with a depth of at least 2 mm because of the varied prevalence, owing to the lack of consensus. CSD incidence depends on the number of times, procedure, and situation of cesarean sections. Histopathological findings in CSD are fibrosis and adenomyosis, and chronic inflammation in the uterine and pelvic cavities decreases fertility in women with CSDi. Although the surgical procedures are not standardized, laparoscopic, hysteroscopic, and transvaginal surgeries are effective.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The cause and pathology of CSDi are becoming clear. However, there is variability in the prevalence and treatment strategies. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct further studies using the same definitions.</p>","PeriodicalId":21116,"journal":{"name":"Reproductive Medicine and Biology","volume":"22 1","pages":"e12532"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10412910/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10000053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Aberrant expression of histone deacetylase 8 in endometriosis and its potential as a therapeutic target.","authors":"Hanxi Zheng, Xishi Liu, Sun-Wei Guo","doi":"10.1002/rmb2.12531","DOIUrl":"10.1002/rmb2.12531","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To screen Zn<sup>2+</sup>-dependent histone deacetylase (HDAC) 1-11 in endometriotic cells and then evaluated the HDACs identified from the screening in ovarian endometrioma (OE) and deep endometriotic (DE) lesions, and to evaluate the therapeutic potential of HDAC8 inhibition in mice.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Quantification of gene and protein expression levels of HDAC1-11 in endometriotic cells stimulated by TGF-β1, and immunohistochemistry analysis of Class I HDACs and HDAC6 in OE/DE lesion samples. The therapeutic potential of HDAC8 inhibition was evaluated by a mouse model of deep endometriosis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The screening identified Class I HDACs and HDAC6 as targets of interest. Immunohistochemistry analysis found a significant elevation in HDAC8 immunostaining in both OE and DE lesions, which was corroborated by gene and protein expression quantification. For other Class I HDACs and HDAC6, their lesional expression was more subtle and nuanced. HDAC1 and HDAC6 staining was significantly elevated in DE lesions while HDAC2 and HDAC3 staining was reduced in DE lesions. Treatment of mice with induced deep endometriosis with an HDAC8 inhibitor resulted in significantly longer hotplate latency, a reduction of lesion weight by nearly two-thirds, and significantly reduced lesional fibrosis.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings highlight the progression-dependent nature of specific HDAC aberrations in endometriosis, and demonstrate, for the first titme, the therapeutic potential of suppressing HDAC8.</p>","PeriodicalId":21116,"journal":{"name":"Reproductive Medicine and Biology","volume":"22 1","pages":"e12531"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/43/8f/RMB2-22-e12531.PMC10410010.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10331728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pre-culture with transferrin-Fe<sup>3+</sup> before in vitro maturation improves the developmental competence of porcine oocytes matured in vitro.","authors":"Shingo Tonai, Tomoya Nakanishi, Manami Yamaoka, Asako Okamoto, Masayuki Shimada, Yasuhisa Yamashita","doi":"10.1002/rmb2.12529","DOIUrl":"10.1002/rmb2.12529","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Since the developmental competence of oocytes cultured after in vitro maturation (IVM) is low, it is necessary to improve the IVM method for efficient offspring production. In this study, we revealed that transferrin (TF)-Fe<sup>3+</sup> was accumulated in follicular fluid with increasing the follicular diameter, and that TF receptor (TFR1) was localized in granulosa cells of pig. Thus, we hypothesized that TF-Fe<sup>3+</sup> would be a factor in the induction of developmental competence of porcine oocytes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To mimic the follicular development environment, cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were cultured in pre-IVM medium (low dose of FSH) without or with Holo-TF (monoferric or diferric TF) or Apo-TF (non-iron bond TF). After pre-IVM without or with Holo-TF, COCs were cultured in IVM medium (high dose of FSH and EGF) without or with Holo-TF.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Cultivation with Holo-TF increased the expression of follicular development maker (<i>Cyp19a1</i> and <i>Ccnd2</i>), E2 production, and proliferative activity of cumulus cells, whereas cultivation with Apo-TF did not show these positive effects. The treatment with Holo-TF during pre-IVM, but not during IVM, dramatically induced oocyte maturation with increasing the blastocyst rate.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We succeeded in showing for the first time that the cultivation with Holo-TF in pre-IVM can produce embryos in pig with high efficiency.</p>","PeriodicalId":21116,"journal":{"name":"Reproductive Medicine and Biology","volume":"22 1","pages":"e12529"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10402462/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9949551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Veronika Kovaříková, Alexandra Špirková, Zuzana Šefčíková, Jozef Pisko, Laura Kalatová, Juraj Koppel, Dušan Fabian, Štefan Čikoš
{"title":"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) can affect physiological processes in preimplantation embryos via GABA<sub>A</sub> and GABA<sub>B</sub> receptors.","authors":"Veronika Kovaříková, Alexandra Špirková, Zuzana Šefčíková, Jozef Pisko, Laura Kalatová, Juraj Koppel, Dušan Fabian, Štefan Čikoš","doi":"10.1002/rmb2.12528","DOIUrl":"10.1002/rmb2.12528","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Several widely used substances (e.g., some therapeutics or food supplements) can act on gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors, and we investigated whether the activation of these receptors could affect the preimplantation embryo.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Transcripts of all GABA receptor subunits and selected proteins were examined using quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. To analyze the effects of receptor activation, in vitro culture of mouse preimplantation embryos with natural and synthetic GABA receptor ligands was used.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We detected nine GABA receptor transcripts in mouse blastocysts and 14 GABA receptor transcripts in ovulated oocytes. The results of this study indicate that ionotropic GABA<sub>A</sub> receptors can be formed from α5, β3, and γ3 (or δ, π) subunits, GABA<sub>A-ρ</sub> receptors can be formed from ρ2 subunits and metabotropic GABA receptors can be formed from GABA<sub>B1b</sub> and GABA<sub>B2</sub> subunits in mouse blastocysts. Supplementing the culture medium with GABA at concentrations of 2-10 mM or with specific GABA<sub>A</sub> and GABA<sub>B</sub> receptor agonists (at concentrations of 10-100 μM) significantly increased the proportion of dead cells in blastocysts. The GABA-induced effects were prevented by pretreatment of embryos with GABA<sub>A</sub> and GABA<sub>B</sub> receptor antagonists.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results of this study indicate that GABA and synthetic GABA receptor ligands can negatively affect preimplantation embryos via GABA<sub>A</sub> and GABA<sub>B</sub> receptors.</p>","PeriodicalId":21116,"journal":{"name":"Reproductive Medicine and Biology","volume":"22 1","pages":"e12528"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/69/1a/RMB2-22-e12528.PMC10354355.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10227062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Corroborating evidence for aberrant expression of histone deacetylase 8 in endometriosis.","authors":"Hanxi Zheng, Xishi Liu, Sun-Wei Guo","doi":"10.1002/rmb2.12527","DOIUrl":"10.1002/rmb2.12527","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The aim of this study was to evaluate the dynamic change in staining of Class I HDACs and Hdac6 in lesions harvested serially from different time points in mice with induced endometriosis. In addition, the effect of Hdac8 activation as well as Hdac8 and Hdac6 inhibition on lesional progression and fibrogenesis was evaluated.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Immunohistochemistry analysis of Class I HDACs and Hdac6 in serially harvested lesion samples in mouse. Hdac8 activation, as well as Hdac6/8 inhibition, was evaluated in mice with induced endometriosis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found a progressive increase in lesional staining of Hdac1, Hdac8, and Hdac6 and gradual decrease in Hdac2 staining and consistently reduced staining of Hdac3 during the course of lesional progression. The stromal Hdac8 staining correlated most prominently with all markers of lesional fibrosis. Hdac8 activation significantly accelerated the progression and fibrogenesis of endometriotic lesions. In contrast, specific inhibition of Hdac8 or Hdac6, especially of Hdac8, significantly hindered lesional progression and fibrogenesis.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Hdac8 is progressively and aberrantly overexpressed as endometriotic lesions progress. This, along with the documented HDAC1 upregulation in endometriosis and the overwhelming evidence for the therapeutic potentials of HDACIs, calls for further and in-depth investigation of epigenetic aberrations of endometriosis in general and of HDACs in particular.</p>","PeriodicalId":21116,"journal":{"name":"Reproductive Medicine and Biology","volume":"22 1","pages":"e12527"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/a8/2f/RMB2-22-e12527.PMC10354415.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9850314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Therapeutic efficacy of gentle endometrial curettage on antibiotic-resistant chronic endometritis in infertile women.","authors":"Keiji Kuroda, Shunsuke Ishiyama, Keisuke Shiobara, Kazuki Nakao, Azusa Moriyama, Hisayo Kataoka, Takashi Horikawa, Yuko Ojiro, Satoru Takamizawa, Koji Nakagawa, Rikikazu Sugiyama","doi":"10.1002/rmb2.12525","DOIUrl":"10.1002/rmb2.12525","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To identify the efficacy of endometrial curettage on antibiotic-resistant chronic endometritis (CE) in infertile women.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Of 1580 women with CE, 87 with antibiotic-resistant CE after two to five cycles of antibiotic treatment were recruited between 2019 and 2021. The women who underwent endometrial curettage without applying any force and, in the subsequent menstrual cycle, endometrial sampling for CD138 immunostaining without antibiotic use. Pregnancy outcomes after in vitro fertilization treatment were analyzed in women who did not desire endometrial curettage and in those with cured and persistent CE after endometrial curettage.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In 64 women who underwent endometrial curettage, the number of CD138-positive cells decreased from 28.0 ± 35.3 to 7.7 ± 14.0 (<i>p</i> < 0.0001), and CE in 41 women (64.1%) was cured (<5 CD138-positive cells). The pathological findings detected 3.1% of endometrial hyperplasia and 1.6% of endometrial cancer. The ongoing pregnancy rates in women aged ≤42 without endometrial curettage were significantly lower than those of women with cured and persistent CE (26.7%, 67.6%, and 57.1%, respectively, <i>p</i> = 0.03).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Gentle endometrial curettage for antibiotic-resistant CE significantly decreased the number of CD138-positive cells, resulting in improved pregnancy outcomes regardless of remaining CE. Endometrial curettage is also important as a screening for endometrial malignancy.</p>","PeriodicalId":21116,"journal":{"name":"Reproductive Medicine and Biology","volume":"22 1","pages":"e12525"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/24/69/RMB2-22-e12525.PMC10318421.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10162158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Miriam M F Hanstede, Karlijn J van Stralen, Jan F M Molkenboer, Sebastiaan Veersema, Mark Hans Emanuel
{"title":"Hormonal support in women with Asherman syndrome does not lead to better outcomes: A randomized trial.","authors":"Miriam M F Hanstede, Karlijn J van Stralen, Jan F M Molkenboer, Sebastiaan Veersema, Mark Hans Emanuel","doi":"10.1002/rmb2.12526","DOIUrl":"10.1002/rmb2.12526","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The purpose of the study was to investigate if adjuvant hormones after successful adhesiolysis lead to a reduction in spontaneous recurrence of adhesions and influence reproductive outcomes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A single-blind randomized controlled trial comparing administration of oral estrogen (the usual care group) with not giving estrogen (no estrogen) in women after successful adhesiolysis for Asherman syndrome. Women were included between September 2013 and February 2017, with a follow-up of 3 years to monitor recurrences and reproductive outcomes. Analyses were based on an intention to treat analyses. This study was registered under NL9655.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 114 women were included. At 1 year, virtually all patients (except 3) were either having a recurrence or were pregnant. Women who did not receive estrogen did not have more recurrences of adhesions in the first year prior to pregnancy (66.1% in the usual care group, 52.7% in the no-estrogen group, <i>p</i> = 0.15). Of the women in usual care, 89.8% got pregnant within 3 years, and 67.8% got a living child; this was 83.6% and 60.0%, respectively, in the no-estrogen group (<i>p</i> = 0.33 and <i>p</i> = 0.39, respectively).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Usual care does not lead to better outcomes as compared with not giving exogenous estrogen but is associated with side effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":21116,"journal":{"name":"Reproductive Medicine and Biology","volume":"22 1","pages":"e12526"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/d7/a9/RMB2-22-e12526.PMC10308500.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10121797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"TSNAXIP1 is required for sperm head formation and male fertility.","authors":"Tasrin Sultana, Tokuko Iwamori, Naoki Iwamori","doi":"10.1002/rmb2.12520","DOIUrl":"10.1002/rmb2.12520","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>TRANSLIN (TSN) and its binding partner TSNAX have been reported to contribute to a wide spectrum of biological activities including spermatogenesis. TSN accompanies specific mRNA transport in male germ cells through intercellular bridges. A testis-expressed protein TSNAXIP1 was reported to interact with TSNAX. However the role of TSNAXIP1 in spermatogenesis remained unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the role of TSNAXIP1 in spermatogenesis and male fertility in mice.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>TSNAXIP1 knockout (KO) mice were generated using the CRISPR-Cas9 system. The fertility, spermatogenesis, and sperm of TSNAXIP1 KO males were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>TSNAXIP1, and especially its domains, are highly conserved between mouse and human. <i>Tsnaxip1</i> was expressed in testis, but not in ovary. TSNAXIP1 KO mice were generated, and TSNAXIP1 KO males were found to be sub-fertile with smaller testis and lower sperm count. Although no overt abnormalities were observed during spermatogenesis, lack of TSNAXIP1 induced sperm head malformation, resulting in a unique flower-shaped sperm head. Moreover, abnormal anchorage of the sperm neck was frequently observed in TSNAXIP1 null sperm.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A testis-expressed gene TSNAXIP1 has important roles in sperm head morphogenesis and male fertility. Moreover, TSNAXIP1 could be a causative gene for human infertility.</p>","PeriodicalId":21116,"journal":{"name":"Reproductive Medicine and Biology","volume":"22 1","pages":"e12520"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/04/41/RMB2-22-e12520.PMC10304756.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9738095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Age- and endometrial microbiota-related delay in development of endometrial receptivity.","authors":"Shunsaku Fujii, Takaaki Oguchi","doi":"10.1002/rmb2.12523","DOIUrl":"10.1002/rmb2.12523","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>We evaluated factors affecting the development of endometrial receptivity according to age and changes in the endometrial microbiota.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We recruited patients with infertility who underwent transcriptomic analyses of endometrial receptivity and the endometrial microbiome prior to frozen embryo transfer. An endometrial biopsy was performed 108 h after initial progesterone administration.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In 185 tests from 185 eligible patients, the results of endometrial receptivity analysis were receptive in 111 (60.0%) patients and pre-receptive in 74 (40.0%) patients. Compared with receptive patients, pre-receptive patients had significantly older ages (36.0 ± 0.5 vs. 38.2 ± 0.5, <i>p</i> = 0.0021), a smaller proportion of normal <i>Lactobacillus</i>-dominant microbiota (27.9% vs. 12.2%), and a greater proportion of microbiota with ultralow biomass (22.5% vs. 41.9%) (<i>p</i> = 0.0074). Patient age (adjusted odds ratio: 1.08, 95% confidence interval: 1.01-1.16, <i>p</i> = 0.0351) and a microbiome with ultralow biomass (adjusted odds ratio: 3.82, 95% confidence interval: 1.49-9.82, <i>p</i> = 0.0039) were independent predictive factors for pre-receptive endometrium.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Older age was accompanied by a decrease in <i>Lactobacillus</i>-dominant microbiota; aging and endometrial microbiota with ultralow biomass were significantly associated with pre-receptive endometrium. Our findings suggest that the quantity (rather than proportion) of <i>Lactobacillus</i> in the endometrium is important in the development of endometrial receptivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":21116,"journal":{"name":"Reproductive Medicine and Biology","volume":"22 1","pages":"e12523"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10298046/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9735364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shoma Matsumoto, Eiichi Okamura, Masanaga Muto, Masatsugu Ema
{"title":"Similarities and differences in placental development between humans and cynomolgus monkeys.","authors":"Shoma Matsumoto, Eiichi Okamura, Masanaga Muto, Masatsugu Ema","doi":"10.1002/rmb2.12522","DOIUrl":"10.1002/rmb2.12522","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The placenta is an extraembryonic organ, which is essential to maintain a normal pregnancy. However, placental development in humans is poorly understood because of technical and ethical reasons.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analyzed the anatomical localization of each trophoblastic subtype in the cynomolgus monkey placenta by immunohistochemistry in the early second trimester. Histological differences among the mouse, cynomolgus monkey, and human placenta were compared. The PubMed database was used to search for studies on placentation in rodents and primates.</p><p><strong>Main findings: </strong>The anatomical structures and subtypes of the placenta in cynomolgus monkeys are highly similar to those in humans, with the exception of fewer interstitial extravillous trophoblasts in cynomolgus monkeys.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The cynomolgus monkey appears to be a good animal model to investigate human placentation.</p>","PeriodicalId":21116,"journal":{"name":"Reproductive Medicine and Biology","volume":"22 1","pages":"e12522"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10292683/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9781819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}