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Excimers 准分子
IF 18.1 1区 物理与天体物理
Reports on Progress in Physics Pub Date : 2018-10-08 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/38/8/001
J. B. Birks
{"title":"Excimers","authors":"J. B. Birks","doi":"10.1088/0034-4885/38/8/001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/38/8/001","url":null,"abstract":"Excimers are dimers with associated excited electronic states, dissociative ground states, and structureless emission spectra. Noble and other monatomic gases form atomic excimers. Aromatic molecules form excimers in fluid solutions, liquids, crystals and polymers, at crystal defects, and intramolecularly. Excimer interaction is attributed to configurational mixing of exciton and charge resonance states. The helium excimer and pyrene crystal dimer potential curves are compared. Aromatic excimers are discussed. Related photophysical studies on atomic excimers are considered. Saturated amines, which exhibit vapour and solution excimer fluorescence, provide a link between atomic and aromatic excimers. Aromatic molecules form complexes, exciplexes or mixed excimers with different molecules, and noble gas atoms form complexes or exciplexes with different atoms. Review completed in 1975.","PeriodicalId":21110,"journal":{"name":"Reports on Progress in Physics","volume":"1 1","pages":"903 - 974"},"PeriodicalIF":18.1,"publicationDate":"2018-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90319641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 183
Holographic systems far from equilibrium: a review 远离平衡的全息系统:回顾
IF 18.1 1区 物理与天体物理
Reports on Progress in Physics Pub Date : 2018-10-04 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ab4f91
Hong Liu, J. Sonner
{"title":"Holographic systems far from equilibrium: a review","authors":"Hong Liu, J. Sonner","doi":"10.1088/1361-6633/ab4f91","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6633/ab4f91","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we give an overview of some recent progress in using holography to study various far-from-equilibrium condensed matter systems. Non-equilibrium problems are notoriously difficult to deal with, not to mention at strong coupling and when including quantum effects. Remarkably, using holographic duality one can describe and follow the real-time evolution of far-from-equilibrium systems, including those which are spatially inhomogeneous and anisotropic, by solving partial differential gravity equations. We sample developments in two broad classes of question which have recently been of much interest to the condensed matter community: non-equilibrium steady states, and quantum systems undergoing a global quench. Our discussion focuses on the main physical insights obtained from the gravity approaches, rather than comprehensive treatment of each topic or detailed descriptions of gravity calculations. The paper also includes an overview of current numerical techniques, as well as the holographic Schwinger–Keldysh approach to real-time correlation functions.","PeriodicalId":21110,"journal":{"name":"Reports on Progress in Physics","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":18.1,"publicationDate":"2018-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89469911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 42
An introductory review of the resource theory approach to thermodynamics 热力学资源理论方法的介绍性回顾
IF 18.1 1区 物理与天体物理
Reports on Progress in Physics Pub Date : 2018-07-30 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ab46e5
M. Lostaglio
{"title":"An introductory review of the resource theory approach to thermodynamics","authors":"M. Lostaglio","doi":"10.1088/1361-6633/ab46e5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6633/ab46e5","url":null,"abstract":"I give a self-contained introduction to the resource theory approach to quantum thermodynamics. I will introduce in an elementary manner the technical machinery necessary to unpack and prove the core statements of the theory. The topics covered include the so-called ‘many second laws of thermodynamics’, thermo-majorisation and symmetry constraints on the evolution of quantum coherence. Among the elementary applications, I explicitly work out the bounds on deterministic work extraction and formation, discuss the complete solution of the theory for a single qubit and present the irreversibility of coherence transfers. The aim is to facilitate the task of those researchers interested in engaging and contributing to this topic, presenting scope and motivation of its core assumptions and discussing the relation between the resource theory and complementary approaches.","PeriodicalId":21110,"journal":{"name":"Reports on Progress in Physics","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":18.1,"publicationDate":"2018-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91164920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 115
Multifractal analysis of financial markets: a review 金融市场的多重分形分析综述
IF 18.1 1区 物理与天体物理
Reports on Progress in Physics Pub Date : 2018-05-12 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ab42fb
Zhi-Qiang Jiang, Wen-Jie Xie, Wei‐Xing Zhou, D. Sornette
{"title":"Multifractal analysis of financial markets: a review","authors":"Zhi-Qiang Jiang, Wen-Jie Xie, Wei‐Xing Zhou, D. Sornette","doi":"10.1088/1361-6633/ab42fb","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6633/ab42fb","url":null,"abstract":"Multifractality is ubiquitously observed in complex natural and socioeconomic systems. Multifractal analysis provides powerful tools to understand the complex nonlinear nature of time series in diverse fields. Inspired by its striking analogy with hydrodynamic turbulence, from which the idea of multifractality originated, multifractal analysis of financial markets has bloomed, forming one of the main directions of econophysics. We review the multifractal analysis methods and multifractal models adopted in or invented for financial time series and their subtle properties, which are applicable to time series in other disciplines. We survey the cumulating evidence for the presence of multifractality in financial time series in different markets and at different time periods and discuss the sources of multifractality. The usefulness of multifractal analysis in quantifying market inefficiency, in supporting risk management and in developing other applications is presented. We finally discuss open problems and further directions of multifractal analysis.","PeriodicalId":21110,"journal":{"name":"Reports on Progress in Physics","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":18.1,"publicationDate":"2018-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91295103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 197
Theories of central engine for long gamma-ray bursts 长伽马射线暴的中心引擎理论
IF 18.1 1区 物理与天体物理
Reports on Progress in Physics Pub Date : 2018-01-09 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aa97a8
S. Nagataki
{"title":"Theories of central engine for long gamma-ray bursts","authors":"S. Nagataki","doi":"10.1088/1361-6633/aa97a8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6633/aa97a8","url":null,"abstract":"Long GRBs are the most powerful explosions in the universe since the Big Bang. At least, some fraction of long GRBs are born from the death of massive stars. Likewise, only some fraction of massive stars that satisfy additional special conditions explode as long GRBs associated with supernovae/hypernovae. In this paper, we discuss the explosion mechanism of long GRBs associated with hypernovae: ‘the central engine of long GRBs’. The central engine of long GRBs is very different from that of core-collapse supernovae, although the mechanism of the engine is still not firmly established. In this paper, we review theoretical studies of the central engine of long GRBs. First, we discuss possible progenitor stars. Then several promising mechanisms of the central engine—such as black hole and magnetar formation—will be reviewed. We will also mention some more exotic models. Finally, we describe prospects for future studies of the central engine of long GRBs.","PeriodicalId":21110,"journal":{"name":"Reports on Progress in Physics","volume":"73 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":18.1,"publicationDate":"2018-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1088/1361-6633/aa97a8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72445071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 17
Characteristics and controllability of vortices in ferromagnetics, ferroelectrics, and multiferroics 铁磁体、铁电体及多铁体中涡旋的特性及可控性
IF 18.1 1区 物理与天体物理
Reports on Progress in Physics Pub Date : 2017-06-02 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aa5e03
Yue Zheng, Wei Chen
{"title":"Characteristics and controllability of vortices in ferromagnetics, ferroelectrics, and multiferroics","authors":"Yue Zheng, Wei Chen","doi":"10.1088/1361-6633/aa5e03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6633/aa5e03","url":null,"abstract":"Topological defects in condensed matter are attracting e significant attention due to their important role in phase transition and their fascinating characteristics. Among the various types of matter, ferroics which possess a switchable physical characteristic and form domain structure are ideal systems to form topological defects. In particular, a special class of topological defects—vortices—have been found to commonly exist in ferroics. They often manifest themselves as singular regions where domains merge in large systems, or stabilize as novel order states instead of forming domain structures in small enough systems. Understanding the characteristics and controllability of vortices in ferroics can provide us with deeper insight into the phase transition of condensed matter and also exciting opportunities in designing novel functional devices such as nano-memories, sensors, and transducers based on topological defects. In this review, we summarize the recent experimental and theoretical progress in ferroic vortices, with emphasis on those spin/dipole vortices formed in nanoscale ferromagnetics and ferroelectrics, and those structural domain vortices formed in multiferroic hexagonal manganites. We begin with an overview of this field. The fundamental concepts of ferroic vortices, followed by the theoretical simulation and experimental methods to explore ferroic vortices, are then introduced. The various characteristics of vortices (e.g. formation mechanisms, static/dynamic features, and electronic properties) and their controllability (e.g. by size, geometry, external thermal, electrical, magnetic, or mechanical fields) in ferromagnetics, ferroelectrics, and multiferroics are discussed in detail in individual sections. Finally, we conclude this review with an outlook on this rapidly developing field.","PeriodicalId":21110,"journal":{"name":"Reports on Progress in Physics","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":18.1,"publicationDate":"2017-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83805851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 58
Towards understanding two-level-systems in amorphous solids: insights from quantum circuits 迈向理解非晶固体中的两能级系统:来自量子电路的见解
IF 18.1 1区 物理与天体物理
Reports on Progress in Physics Pub Date : 2017-05-02 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ab3a7e
C. Müller, J. Cole, J. Lisenfeld
{"title":"Towards understanding two-level-systems in amorphous solids: insights from quantum circuits","authors":"C. Müller, J. Cole, J. Lisenfeld","doi":"10.1088/1361-6633/ab3a7e","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6633/ab3a7e","url":null,"abstract":"Amorphous solids show surprisingly universal behaviour at low temperatures. The prevailing wisdom is that this can be explained by the existence of two-state defects within the material. The so-called standard tunneling model has become the established framework to explain these results, yet it still leaves the central question essentially unanswered—what are these two-level defects (TLS)? This question has recently taken on a new urgency with the rise of superconducting circuits in quantum computing, circuit quantum electrodynamics, magnetometry, electrometry and metrology. Superconducting circuits made from aluminium or niobium are fundamentally limited by losses due to TLS within the amorphous oxide layers encasing them. On the other hand, these circuits also provide a novel and effective method for studying the very defects which limit their operation. We can now go beyond ensemble measurements and probe individual defects—observing the quantum nature of their dynamics and studying their formation, their behaviour as a function of applied field, strain, temperature and other properties. This article reviews the plethora of recent experimental results in this area and discusses the various theoretical models which have been used to describe the observations. In doing so, it summarises the current approaches to solving this fundamentally important problem in solid-state physics.","PeriodicalId":21110,"journal":{"name":"Reports on Progress in Physics","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":18.1,"publicationDate":"2017-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83866946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 273
Droplet lasers: a review of current progress 液滴激光器:当前进展综述
IF 18.1 1区 物理与天体物理
Reports on Progress in Physics Pub Date : 2017-04-10 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aa6172
D. Mcgloin
{"title":"Droplet lasers: a review of current progress","authors":"D. Mcgloin","doi":"10.1088/1361-6633/aa6172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6633/aa6172","url":null,"abstract":"It is perhaps surprising that something as fragile as a microscopic droplet could possibly form a laser. In this article we will review some of the underpinning physics as to how this might be possible, and then examine the state of the art in the field. The technology to create and manipulate droplets will be examined, as will the different classes of droplet lasers. We discuss the rapidly developing fields of droplet biolasers, liquid crystal laser droplets and explore how droplet lasers could give rise to new bio and chemical sensing and analysis. The challenges that droplet lasers face in becoming robust devices, either as sensors or as photonic components in the lab on chip devices, is assessed.","PeriodicalId":21110,"journal":{"name":"Reports on Progress in Physics","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":18.1,"publicationDate":"2017-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82170754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 17
Silicon and germanium nanowire electronics: physics of conventional and unconventional transistors 硅和锗纳米线电子学:传统和非传统晶体管的物理学
IF 18.1 1区 物理与天体物理
Reports on Progress in Physics Pub Date : 2017-04-10 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aa56f0
W. Weber, T. Mikolajick
{"title":"Silicon and germanium nanowire electronics: physics of conventional and unconventional transistors","authors":"W. Weber, T. Mikolajick","doi":"10.1088/1361-6633/aa56f0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6633/aa56f0","url":null,"abstract":"Research in the field of electronics of 1D group-IV semiconductor structures has attracted increasing attention over the past 15 years. The exceptional combination of the unique 1D electronic transport properties with the mature material know-how of highly integrated silicon and germanium technology holds the promise of enhancing state-of-the-art electronics. In addition of providing conduction channels that can bring conventional field effect transistors to the uttermost scaling limits, the physics of 1D group IV nanowires endows new device principles. Such unconventional silicon and germanium nanowire devices are contenders for beyond complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) computing by virtue of their distinct switching behavior and higher expressive value. This review conveys to the reader a systematic recapitulation and analysis of the physics of silicon and germanium nanowires and the most relevant CMOS and CMOS-like devices built from silicon and germanium nanowires, including inversion mode, junctionless, steep-slope, quantum well and reconfigurable transistors.","PeriodicalId":21110,"journal":{"name":"Reports on Progress in Physics","volume":"126 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":18.1,"publicationDate":"2017-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85105653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 62
Models of life: epigenetics, diversity and cycles 生命模型:表观遗传学、多样性和周期
IF 18.1 1区 物理与天体物理
Reports on Progress in Physics Pub Date : 2017-03-13 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aa5aeb
K. Sneppen
{"title":"Models of life: epigenetics, diversity and cycles","authors":"K. Sneppen","doi":"10.1088/1361-6633/aa5aeb","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6633/aa5aeb","url":null,"abstract":"This review emphasizes aspects of biology that can be understood through repeated applications of simple causal rules. The selected topics include perspectives on gene regulation, phage lambda development, epigenetics, microbial ecology, as well as model approaches to diversity and to punctuated equilibrium in evolution. Two outstanding features are repeatedly described. One is the minimal number of rules to sustain specific states of complex systems for a long time. The other is the collapse of such states and the subsequent dynamical cycle of situations that restitute the system to a potentially new metastable state.","PeriodicalId":21110,"journal":{"name":"Reports on Progress in Physics","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":18.1,"publicationDate":"2017-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88805987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 16
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