Research in microbiology最新文献

{"title":"Modeling gastrointestinal anthrax disease","authors":"So Young Oh ,&nbsp;Alice Château ,&nbsp;Anastasia Tomatsidou ,&nbsp;Derek Elli,&nbsp;Haley Gula,&nbsp;Olaf Schneewind ,&nbsp;Dominique Missiakas","doi":"10.1016/j.resmic.2023.104026","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.resmic.2023.104026","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><em>Bacillus anthracis</em></span><span> is a spore-forming microbe that persists in soil and causes anthrax disease. The most natural route of infection is ingestion<span> by grazing animals. Gastrointestinal (GI) anthrax also occurs in their monogastric predators, including humans. Exposure of carcasses<span> to oxygen triggers sporulation and contamination of the surrounding soil completing the unusual life cycle of this microbe. The pathogenesis of GI anthrax is poorly characterized. Here, we use </span></span></span><em>B. anthracis</em><span> carrying the virulence plasmids<span> pXO1 and pXO2, to model gastrointestinal disease in Guinea pigs and mice. We find that spores germinate in the GI tract and precipitate disease in a dose-dependent manner. Inoculation of vegetative bacilli also results in GI anthrax. Virulence is impacted severely by the loss of capsule (pXO2-encoded) but only moderately in absence of toxins (pXO1-encoded). Nonetheless, the lack of toxins leads to reduced bacterial replication in infected hosts. </span></span><em>B. cereus</em> Elc4, a strain isolated from a fatal case of inhalational anthrax-like disease, was also found to cause GI anthrax. Because transmission to new hosts depends on the release of large numbers of spores in the environment, we propose that the acquisition of pXO1- and pXO2-like plasmids may promote the successful expansion of members of the <span><em>Bacillus cereus</em><em> sensu lato</em></span> group able to cause anthrax-like disease.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":21098,"journal":{"name":"Research in microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10338639/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10059810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are Bacillus thuringiensis strains like any other Bacillus cereus strains? Phenotypic-based tools to locate Bacillus thuringiensis in the diversity of the Bacillus cereus sensu lato group","authors":"C. Trunet ,&nbsp;A. Cauquil ,&nbsp;N. Hymery ,&nbsp;L. Koullen ,&nbsp;F. Postollec ,&nbsp;L. Coroller","doi":"10.1016/j.resmic.2023.104077","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.resmic.2023.104077","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Some <span><em>Bacillus thuringiensis</em></span> (<em>Bt</em>) strains are used as pesticide agent. This species belongs to <span><em>Bacillus cereus</em></span> (<em>Bc</em>) group which contains many species with a high phenotypic diversity, and could be pathogenic like <em>B. cereus</em>. The aim of this study was to characterize the phenotype of 90 strains belonging to <em>Bc</em><span> group, half of which were Bt. Knowing that Bt strains belong to different phylogenetic </span><em>Bc</em> groups, do <em>Bt</em> strains have the same phenotype than other <em>Bc</em> group strains?</p><p>Five phenotypic parameters were estimated for 90 strains in the <em>Bc</em> group, of which 43 were <em>Bt</em><span> strains: minimal, maximal and optimal growth temperature, cytotoxicity on Caco-2 cells, heat resistance of spores. The dataset was processed by principal component analysis, showing that 53% of the variance of the profiles corresponded to factors linked to growth, heat resistance and cytotoxicity. The phenotype followed the phylogenetic groups based on </span><em>panC</em>. Bt strains showed similar behavior to other strains in the Bc group, in our experimental conditions. Commercial bio-insecticide strains were mesophilic with low heat resistance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":21098,"journal":{"name":"Research in microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10066120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physico-chemical characterization of single bacteria and spores using optical tweezers","authors":"Daniel P.G. Nilsson ,&nbsp;Unni Lise Jonsmoen ,&nbsp;Dmitry Malyshev ,&nbsp;Rasmus Öberg ,&nbsp;Krister Wiklund ,&nbsp;Magnus Andersson","doi":"10.1016/j.resmic.2023.104060","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.resmic.2023.104060","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Spore-forming pathogenic bacteria are adapted for adhering to surfaces, and their endospores can tolerate strong chemicals making decontamination difficult. Understanding the physico-chemical properties of bacteria and spores is therefore essential in developing antiadhesive surfaces and disinfection techniques. However, measuring physico-chemical properties in bulk does not show the heterogeneity between cells. Characterizing bacteria on a single-cell level can thereby provide mechanistic clues usually hidden in bulk measurements. This paper shows how optical tweezers can be applied to characterize single bacteria and spores, and how physico-chemical properties related to adhesion, fluid dynamics, biochemistry, and metabolic activity can be assessed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":21098,"journal":{"name":"Research in microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10119527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights into the Bacillus anthracis, cereus and thuringiensis world through the BACT conference","authors":"V. Broussolle,&nbsp;M. Gohar,&nbsp;L. Slamti,&nbsp;Jean-Nicolas Tournier","doi":"10.1016/j.resmic.2023.104095","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.resmic.2023.104095","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21098,"journal":{"name":"Research in microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10419689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biochemical limitations of Bacillus thuringiensis based biopesticides production in a wheat bran culture medium","authors":"Rita Barssoum ,&nbsp;Gabrielle Al Kassis ,&nbsp;Rayan Nassereddine ,&nbsp;Jihane Saad ,&nbsp;Meriem El Ghoul ,&nbsp;Joanna Abboud ,&nbsp;Nancy Fayad ,&nbsp;Stéphanie Dupoiron ,&nbsp;Julien Cescut ,&nbsp;César Arturo Aceves-Lara ,&nbsp;Luc Fillaudeau ,&nbsp;Mireille Kallassy Awad","doi":"10.1016/j.resmic.2023.104043","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.resmic.2023.104043","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><em>Bacillus thuringiensis</em></span><span>, a gram-positive sporulating bacteria found in the environment, produces, during its sporulation phase, crystals responsible for its insecticidal activity, constituted of an assembly of pore-forming δ-endotoxins. This has led to its use as a biopesticide, an eco-friendly alternative to harmful chemical pesticides. To minimize production cost, one endemic </span><em>Bacillus thuringiensis</em> sv<em>. kurstaki</em> (<em>Btk</em>) strain Lip, isolated from Lebanese soil, was cultivated in a wheat bran (WB) based medium (IPM-4-Citrus project EC n° 734921). With the aim of studying the biochemical limitations of <em>Btk</em> biopesticide production in a wheat bran based medium, the WB was sieved into different granulometries, heat treated, inoculated with <em>Btk</em> Lip at flask scale, then filtered and separated into an insoluble and a permeate fractions. Several biochemical analyses, <em>ie.</em> bio performances, starch, elemental composition, total nitrogen and ashes, were then conducted on both fractions before and after culture. On a morphological level, two populations were distinguished, the fine starch granules and the coarse lignocellulosic particles. The biochemical analyses showed that both the raw and sieved WB have a similar proteins content (0.115 g/gdm WB), water content (0.116 g/gdm WB) and elemental composition (carbon: 45%, oxygen: 37%, nitrogen: 3%, hydrogen: 6%, ashes: 5%). The starch content was 17%, 14% and 34% and the fermentable fraction was estimated to 32.1%, 36.1% and 51.1% respectively for classes 2, 3 and 4. Both the elemental composition and Kjeldahl analyses showed that the nitrogen is the limiting nutrient of the culture.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":21098,"journal":{"name":"Research in microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10063742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of calcium hypochlorite for Bacillus anthracis spore surface's decontamination","authors":"Noémie Verguet ,&nbsp;Lou Mondange ,&nbsp;Flora Nolent ,&nbsp;Anne Depeille ,&nbsp;Annabelle Garnier ,&nbsp;Fabienne Neulat-Ripoll ,&nbsp;Olivier Gorgé ,&nbsp;Jean-Nicolas Tournier","doi":"10.1016/j.resmic.2023.104053","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.resmic.2023.104053","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Contamination with microorganisms occurs in laboratories but is also of high concern in the context of bioterrorism. Decontamination is a cornerstone that promotes good laboratory practices and occupational health and safety. Among the most resistant structures formed by microorganisms are spores, produced notably by </span><em>Clostridium</em> and <em>Bacillus</em> species. Here, we compared six products containing four different molecules (hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, sodium and calcium hypochlorite) on <em>B</em><em>. anthracis</em> Sterne spores. We first selected the most efficient product based on its activity against spore suspensions using French and European standards. Four products showed sporicidal activity, of which only two did so in a time frame consistent with good laboratory practices. Then, we tested one of these two products under laboratory conditions on fully virulent <em>B. anthracis</em><span> spores, during common use and after contamination through a spill of a highly concentrated spore suspension. We, thus, robustly validated a decontaminant based on calcium hypochlorite not only on its ability to kill spores but also on its effectiveness under laboratory conditions. At the end, we were able to assure a complete disinfection in 1 min after spillover and in 2 min for common use.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":21098,"journal":{"name":"Research in microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10053604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Core genome multilocus sequence typing scheme for Bacillus cereus group bacteria","authors":"Nicolas J. Tourasse ,&nbsp;Keith A. Jolley ,&nbsp;Anne-Brit Kolstø ,&nbsp;Ole Andreas Økstad","doi":"10.1016/j.resmic.2023.104050","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.resmic.2023.104050","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) employs a strategy where the set of orthologous genes common to all members of a group of organisms are used for phylogenetic analysis of the group members. The <em>Bacillus cereus</em> group consists of species with pathogenicity towards insect species as well as warm-blooded animals including humans. While <em>B. cereus</em> is an opportunistic pathogen linked to a range of human disease conditions, including emesis and diarrhoea, <em>Bacillus thuringiensis</em> is an entomopathogenic species with toxicity toward insect larvae, and therefore used as a biological pesticide worldwide. <em>Bacillus anthracis</em> is a classical obligate pathogen causing anthrax, an acute lethal condition in herbivores as well as humans, and which is endemic in many parts of the world. The group also includes a range of additional species, and <em>B. cereus</em> group bacteria have been subject to analysis with a wide variety of phylogenetic typing systems. Here we present, based on analyses of 173 complete genomes from <em>B. cereus</em> group species available in public databases, the identification of a set of 1568 core genes which were used to create a core genome multilocus typing scheme for the group which is implemented in the PubMLST system as an open online database freely available to the community. The new cgMLST system provides unprecedented resolution over existing phylogenetic analysis schemes covering the <em>B. cereus</em> group.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":21098,"journal":{"name":"Research in microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10418673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance profiles of water-borne pathogens","authors":"Kursat Koskeroglu,&nbsp;Mukaddes Barel,&nbsp;Harun Hizlisoy,&nbsp;Yeliz Yildirim","doi":"10.1016/j.resmic.2023.104056","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.resmic.2023.104056","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>Water sources (surface water, drinking water, rivers, and ponds) are significant reservoirs for transmitting antibiotic-resistant bacteria. In addition, these waters are an important public health problem because they are suitable environments for transferring antibiotic resistance genes between bacterial species. Our study aimed to assess the prevalence of Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing isolates in water samples, the susceptibility of the isolates to the specified antibiotics, the determination of biofilm ability, antibiotic resistance genes, and the molecular typing of the isolates. For this purpose, </span>Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) analyses were used. Out of 70 isolates, 15 (21%) were ESBL producing, and sent for the MALDI-TOF analysis, where </span><span><span><em>Escherichia coli, </em><em>Acinetobacter calcoaceticus</em><em>, </em></span><em>Enterobacter</em><span><span><em> bugandensis, Acinetobacter pittii, </em><em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em><em>, </em></span><em>Acinetobacter junii</em><span><em>, </em><em>Pseudomonas oleovorans</em><em>,</em></span></span></span> and <em>Enterobacter ludwigigii</em><span> were identified. Moreover, colistin resistance genes (</span><em>mcr 1/2/6, mcr 4, mcr 5, mcr 3/7</em>, and <em>mcr 8</em>), ESBL-encoding genes (<em>bla</em>_SHV<em>, bla</em>_TEM, and <em>bla</em>_CTX-M) and carbapenemase genes (<em>bla</em>_NDM, <em>bla</em>_OXA-48, and <em>bla</em>_KPC) using molecular analysis (PCR) were confirmed. The colistin resistance gene was detected at 80% (12/15) in the isolates obtained. The distribution of these isolates according to resistance genes was found as <em>mcr 1/2/6</em> 4 (20%), <em>mcr 3/7</em> 3 (13%), and <em>mcr 5</em> (40%). Additionally, the isolates harbored <em>bla</em>_SHV(6.6%) and <em>bla</em>_TEM (6.6%) genes. However, <em>bla</em>_NDM, <em>bla</em>_OXA-48, <em>bla</em>_KPC, and <em>bla</em>_CTX-M genes were not detected in any isolates. According to the Congo red agar method, seven (46.6%) isolates showed negative biofilm ability, and eight (53.3%) showed moderate biofilm ability. However, the microplate method detected weak biofilm in 53.3% of the isolates. In conclusion, this study provides evidence for the existence of multidrug-resistant bacteria that co-exist with <em>mcr</em> and ESBL genes in water sources. These bacteria can migrate to other environments and pose increasing threats to public health.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":21098,"journal":{"name":"Research in microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9787088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phylogenomics and molecular marker-based analyses of the order Nevskiales: proposal for the creation of Steroidobacterales ord. nov. and Peristeroidobacter gen. nov","authors":"Jake Adolf V. Montecillo","doi":"10.1016/j.resmic.2023.104057","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.resmic.2023.104057","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The order <em>Nevskiales</em>, class <span><em>Gammaproteobacteria</em></span>, encompasses four families <em>Algiphilaceae</em>, <em>Salinisphaeraceae</em>, <em>Nevskiaceae,</em> and <em>Steroidobacteraceae.</em><span><span> The taxonomy of this order is structured from the inferences derived from the 16S rRNA gene and genome-based </span>phylogenetic tree analyses. However, previous taxonomic studies of the order failed to incorporate most of the representatives from other established orders within the class </span><em>Gammaproteobacteria</em>. Other divergent members within the class <em>Gammaproteobacteria</em> were therefore overlooked. In this study, the taxonomy of the order <em>Nevskiales</em> was revisited using genome-based analyses with an expanded scope of outgroups representing the vast majority of the diversity within the class <em>Gammaproteobacteria</em><span>. Results from the phylogenetic analyses strongly supported the exclusion of the family </span><em>Steroidobacteraceae</em> from the order <em>Nevskiales</em> and further implied the assignment of the family into a novel order. In addition, the analyses also supported the reclassification of <em>Steroidobacter gossypii</em>, <em>Steroidobacter soli</em>, <em>Steroidobacter agariperforans</em>, and <em>Steroidobacter agaridevorans</em><span> into a novel genus. The identified conserved signature indels in 33 protein sequences further reinforced the new taxonomic assignments. Furthermore, the results of the average nucleotide identity and average amino acid identity analyses, together with the phenotypic and genomic characteristics among the members of the genus </span><em>Steroidobacter</em> also provided evidence supporting the reclassification of the four <em>Steroidobacter</em> species. Based on these results, the family <em>Steroidobacteraceae</em> is proposed to be assigned to a novel order <em>Steroidobacterales</em> ord. nov., and the species <em>S. gossypii</em>, <em>S. soli</em>, <em>S. agariperforans</em>, and <em>S. agaridevorans</em> are proposed to be moved to a novel genus <em>Peristeroidobacter</em> gen. nov. within the family <em>Steroidobacteraceae</em>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":21098,"journal":{"name":"Research in microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9790852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physiological consequences of inactivation of lgmB and lpxL1, two genes involved in lipid A synthesis in Bordetella bronchiseptica","authors":"Jesús Pérez-Ortega ,&nbsp;Roel M. van Harten ,&nbsp;Henk P. Haagsman ,&nbsp;Jan Tommassen","doi":"10.1016/j.resmic.2023.104049","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.resmic.2023.104049","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To develop a <em>Bordetella bronchiseptica</em> vaccine with reduced endotoxicity, we previously inactivated <em>lpxL1</em>, the gene encoding the enzyme that incorporates a secondary 2-hydroxy-laurate in lipid A. The mutant showed a myriad of phenotypes. Structural analysis showed the expected loss of the acyl chain but also of glucosamine (GlcN) substituents, which decorate the phosphates in lipid A. To determine which structural change causes the various phenotypes, we inactivated here <em>lgmB</em>, which encodes the GlcN transferase, and <em>lpxL1</em> in an isogenic background and compared the phenotypes. Like the <em>lpxL1</em> mutation, the <em>lgmB</em> mutation resulted in reduced potency to activate human TLR4 and to infect macrophages and in increased susceptibility to polymyxin B. These phenotypes are therefore related to the loss of GlcN decorations. The <em>lpxL1</em> mutation had a stronger effect on hTLR4 activation and additionally resulted in reduced murine TLR4 activation, surface hydrophobicity, and biofilm formation, and in a fortified outer membrane as evidenced by increased resistance to several antimicrobials. These phenotypes, therefore, appear to be related to the loss of the acyl chain. Moreover, we determined the virulence of the mutants in the <em>Galleria mellonella</em> infection model and observed reduced virulence of the <em>lpxL1</em> mutant but not of the <em>lgmB</em> mutant.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":21098,"journal":{"name":"Research in microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10271504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}