pure and applied geophysics最新文献

{"title":"Spatial Distribution and Seasonal Variability of Weak Seismicity in the Lena Delta (Laptev Sea Region)","authors":"M. A. Novikov,&nbsp;A. A. Krylov,&nbsp;E. A. Radiuk,&nbsp;W. H. Geissler,&nbsp;F. Krüger,&nbsp;B. V. Baranov,&nbsp;N. V. Tsukanov,&nbsp;S. V. Shibaev","doi":"10.1007/s00024-025-03755-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00024-025-03755-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study examines the spatiotemporal distribution of microearthquakes in the Lena Delta based on local seismological monitoring data from 2016 to 2018. Results show that microearthquake sources are concentrated along the Olenek segment of the Lena–Taimyr boundary uplifts, which mark the Siberian Platform–Verkhoyansk fold-and-thrust belt boundary. The Olenek segment fault zone is traced by hypocenters up to the Moho at a depth of about 40 km. Microearthquakes are distributed unevenly in both space and time, forming clusters in different parts of the fault zone. Seasonal variability in the number of recorded weak earthquakes in the Lena Delta has been found. An extended regional catalog (2003–2022) was also used to analyze the seasonal seismicity modulation. The average number of events per day increases by approximately a factor of two during cold seasons. The results were compared with snow cover thickness, Lena River water level, GNSS and gravity data, and modeled Coulomb stresses. Seasonal increases in seismicity correlate with positive additional Coulomb stresses, given the dominance of normal faults in the Olenek segment. </p></div>","PeriodicalId":21078,"journal":{"name":"pure and applied geophysics","volume":"182 7","pages":"2753 - 2779"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144814390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Construction of Radioactive Concrete Pads for Calibration of Ground and Airborne Gamma-Ray Spectrometers","authors":"Dionisio Uendro Carlos,&nbsp;Fernando Brenha Ribeiro","doi":"10.1007/s00024-025-03753-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00024-025-03753-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Transportable calibration pads are portable reference sources used for the calibration of gamma-ray spectrometers. Eight radioactive concrete pads were built in Brazil, following the model adopted by the Canadian Geological Survey having the dimensions of 1 m × 1 m × 0.3 m. Two of the pads were designed to measure background radiation. Three pads were enriched with one of the three main natural radioactive elements (⁴⁰ K, ²³⁸U and ²³²Th) with traces of the other two elements. The remaining three pads contain varying amounts of these radioactive elements. To assess the homogeneity of the gamma radiation flux emitted from the concrete surfaces, two different analytical approaches were employed. The first approach involved measuring the radiation flux intensity over a regularly spaced grid on each concrete pad. The second approach aimed to evaluate the spatial distribution of gamma radiation intensity by fitting a low-degree polynomial surface to the radiation flux values obtained from the grid measurements. The elemental concentrations of the pads were determined using gamma-ray spectrometry, based on the activity measurements obtained from a high-resolution gamma-ray spectrometer. Finally, the Compton scattering calibration constants for a NaI(Tl) portable gamma-ray spectrometer were determined, yielding values consistent with those reported for this type of instrument using the eight radioactive concrete pads.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":21078,"journal":{"name":"pure and applied geophysics","volume":"182 7","pages":"2737 - 2751"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144814350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) & Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) Events on the Spatiotemporal Variability of NDVI in Southern Indian Region","authors":"Aarthi Deivanayagam,&nbsp;Ranjit Kumar Sarangi","doi":"10.1007/s00024-025-03733-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00024-025-03733-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) are the crucial phenomena that occasionally cause impactful consequences on the land surface. The influence of ENSO and IOD phases on vegetation condition variability has been evaluated in this study over southern Indian region cover Kerala and Tamilnadu states by using the Normalized Difference vegetation Index (NDVI). The study carried out using NOAA Sea Surface Temperature data (ERSST.v5) along with Landsat 4–5 Thematic Mapper (TM) and Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) datasets to derive the NDVI images. The intensive physical occurrences of ENSO discerned 2017 as El Nino year with a Sea Surface Temperature (SST) anomaly of 2.13 °C and 2015 as La Nina year with an SST anomaly of -1.82 °C. The positive phase (pIOD) and negative phase (nIOD) stipulated as the year 2010 with an SST anomaly of 1.77 °C, the year 2007 with an SST anomaly of − 1.87 °C, respectively. The NDVI results show that the study region experienced extreme drought during El Nino and nIOD, where it mostly discerned with less range of NDVI (~ 0.5 to − 0.2). The computed correlation analysis proclaimed the least dependency with a satisfying significance <i>p</i>-value ranging from 0.005 to 0.244 between SST and NDVI anomalies, during both the cases of ENSO and IOD. The change detection signified that 17.13% (7341.83 km²) of dense vegetation coverage diminished with the concern of ENSO and 3.42% (1467.31 km²) of dense vegetation expanded from nIOD to pIOD. It reveals that El Nino and nIOD lead to stronger impact on vegetation in this specific study region especially in southern Tamil Nadu compared to southern Kerala and the impacts of these climatic teleconnections differ with various geographical locations. The far off process also affects the Indian vegetation condition, which is proven as a true concept over the southern Indian region with the variations in NDVI parameter and its seasonality as the novelty of this study.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":21078,"journal":{"name":"pure and applied geophysics","volume":"182 7","pages":"2939 - 2956"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144814288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improvement on Prediction of Tropical Cyclone ‘Fani’ by Assimilating Quality Controlled Indian DWR Radial Wind: A Case Study","authors":"Sujata Pattanayak,&nbsp;Amarjyothi Kasimahanthi,&nbsp;Ashish Routray,&nbsp;V. S. Prasad","doi":"10.1007/s00024-025-03756-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00024-025-03756-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Tropical cyclones are among the most destructive natural phenomena and embedded with complex meso-convective systems (MCSs). Better initial conditions are needed for NWP models to accurately predict MCSs associated with the cyclones. The Doppler Weather Radar (DWR) network provides valuable high spatio-temporal data that enhances NWP model forecast accuracy after assimilation, however, observation quality is critical for NWP system performance. In this study, the Python ARM Radar Toolkit (Py-ART) based dealiasing algorithm is applied to improve the quality of radial wind observation before assimilation. The present study evaluates the impact of the assimilation of quality-controlled radial wind in the WRF forecast system on the prediction of extremely severe cyclonic storm ‘Fani’, which hugely affected the eastern coast of India in April 2019. Three sets of assimilation experiments are conducted viz. CNTL: Utilization of conventional observations from GTS; RAD: DWR radial wind plus observation used in the CNTL and RADQC: same observation used in RAD but quality-controlled radial wind observations through Py-ART. Both radar experiments suggest that track prediction and landfall location are more enhanced than CNTL. The statistical analysis shows that compared to the RAD experiment, the assimilation cycle used more radial wind at various stations in the RADQC. The minimum central pressure and wind speed associated with the cyclone are improved by ~ 9–10% in the RADQC. The various statistical measures are considerably improved in the RADQC than RAD and CNTL. The study deduced that incorporating quality-controlled radial wind enhanced the model's forecast skill on cyclone prediction, which can potentially contribute for improving early warning systems and reducing storm impacts.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":21078,"journal":{"name":"pure and applied geophysics","volume":"182 7","pages":"2957 - 2981"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144814580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monthly Simulation of Pan Evaporation Using Copula-Based Models Considering the Effect of Heteroscedasticity","authors":"Ali Lalehpour,&nbsp;Keivan Khalili,&nbsp;Hossein Rezaei,&nbsp;Mohammad Nazeri Tahroudi","doi":"10.1007/s00024-025-03748-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00024-025-03748-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study presents a simulation-based investigation of time series models in high-dimensional settings, focusing on improving the simulation of pan evaporation values using contemporaneous time series models enhanced by a proposed approach based on vine copulas. The research utilizes monthly pan evaporation data (in millimeters) from 1992 to 2020, collected from stations located in provincial centers across Iran. Additional meteorological variables, including wind speed, dew point temperature, average temperature, average wet-bulb temperature, sunshine duration, relative humidity, precipitation, and cloudiness, were also incorporated into the analysis. The study begins by examining data dependencies and conducting an eight-variable simulation using the contemporaneous autoregressive moving average (CARMA) model during both the training and testing phases, based on 1000 simulations. Subsequently, the residual series from the CARMA model were extracted and fitted with conditional variance models, leading to the development of a hybrid CARMA-generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (GARCH) model for simulating pan evaporation. In the final step, a novel approach was introduced to simulate the residual series of the CARMA model. This approach employed the conditional density of vine copulas and their tree sequence, which demonstrated strong performance in simulating the residual series, as evidenced by their distributional characteristics. The findings revealed that incorporating variance heterogeneity into the CARMA models significantly reduced error rates in simulating pan evaporation values. Specifically, the hybrid CARMA-GARCH model improved error rates by an average of 25% in the training phase and 24% in the testing phase compared to the standard CARMA model. Furthermore, the proposed CARMA-Copula approach demonstrated substantial improvements, reducing simulation errors by 50% in both the training and testing phases. The Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) statistic, exceeding 94%, underscores the high efficacy of the proposed approach in simulating pan evaporation values. The results indicate that the proposed CARMA-Copula approach, leveraging the marginal distribution of the residual series, conditional density, and an optimized tree sequence, serves as a robust alternative to both CARMA and CARMA-GARCH models. Compared to the CARMA-GARCH model, the CARMA-Copula approach achieved error rate improvements of approximately 36%, 39%, and 35% in the minimum, maximum, and average cases, respectively. These outcomes highlight the potential of the proposed methodology to enhance the accuracy and reliability of pan evaporation simulations in high-dimensional settings.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":21078,"journal":{"name":"pure and applied geophysics","volume":"182 6","pages":"2603 - 2630"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145163870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applied In-Situ Gamma-Ray Spectrometry for Evaluating Erosion and Fertilizer Accumulation in the Tropical Soil Around Small Isolated Wetland","authors":"César Augusto Moreira,&nbsp;José Silvio Govone,&nbsp;Victória Marchetti,&nbsp;Lucas Moreira Furlan,&nbsp;Vania Rosolen","doi":"10.1007/s00024-025-03745-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00024-025-03745-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Gamma-ray spectrometry has great potential to enhance the understanding of tropical soil properties, including those under intensive agriculture. We utilized gamma-ray spectrometry to assess erosion and the potential accumulation of NPK fertilizer in soil intensively cultivated for sugarcane monoculture, surrounding a small isolated wetland. Conducted in southeastern Brazil, our study involved measurements at 899 soil surface points using gamma-ray spectrometry to detect emissions from radionuclides such as uranium (U²³⁸), thorium (Th²³²), and potassium (K⁴⁰). Additionally, we measured the hydraulic conductivity (<i>Ksat</i>) at 42 points to evaluate the hydro-physical attributes of the soil surface. The γ-radiation exhibited a close relationship with soil texture, leaching, and prevailing chemical removal. Hydric erosion that affects upslope soil shows high <i>Ksat</i> and very low K. The results indicate that the low K radionuclide contents in the upper soil horizon surrounding the small wetland are attributed to advanced tropical pedogenesis intensified by hydric erosion, with a high correlation with soil texture. The spatial analysis indicates heterogeneity of eU, and to a lesser extent eTh, exhibited levels lower than those found in the parent material, saprolite, and upper soil layers from the weathering profile. This suggests that soluble fertilizers have limited impact on the concentration of the radionuclides in agricultural areas surrounding the small wetland. Significant mobility, particularly of eU, can be associated with pedogenesis. Gamma-spectrometry detected variations in the distribution of the autocorrelated eU and eTh, suggesting a complex bonding with Fe-oxides or clay contents influenced by the small wetland.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":21078,"journal":{"name":"pure and applied geophysics","volume":"182 6","pages":"2475 - 2487"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145162629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatio-temporal Variability, Trends and Key Drivers of Rainfall over Narmada River Basin, India","authors":"Jyoti Sharma,&nbsp;Omvir Singh","doi":"10.1007/s00024-025-03722-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00024-025-03722-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study evaluates the trends and variations in annual, seasonal and monthly rainfall over the Narmada River basin during 1981–2020 and examines its relationship with geographical and climatic factors. The time-series data on different parameters (rainfall, temperature, sea surface temperature (SST), dipole mode index (DMI), and oceanic niño index (ONI)) have been obtained from the secondary sources and analysed using different statistical measures (average, percentage, standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variation (CV), and correlation coefficient) and trend tests (parametric and non-parametric). The results have revealed large interannual variations in the occurrence of rainfall, varying from 667.90 mm in 2000 to 1583.98 mm in 2013, with a mean value of 1063.67 mm (CV = 19.78 percent and SD = 203.42 mm). At a seasonal scale, the highest rainfall has been observed in the monsoon season (973.53 mm), followed by the post-monsoon (41.41 mm), winter (26.61 mm), and pre-monsoon (22.57 mm), indicating that rainfall distribution is primarily controlled by southwest monsoon over the basin. Likewise, monthly distribution shows that more than 90 percent of annual rainfall pours only in four months (June–September). Further, trend analysis has revealed a non-significant increase in annual (1.97 mm), monsoon (2.54 mm), and pre-monsoon (0.17 mm) rainfall, whereas post-monsoon (-0.27 mm) and winter (−0.16 mm) seasons have demonstrated decreasing tendencies. The majority of the rainfall excess (deficit) years have occurred with positive (negative) Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) and negative (positive) ONI years. Notably, rainfall has been found positively correlated with latitude, longitude, elevation, SST, and DMI, whereas air temperature and ONI have affected it negatively. Finally, the findings of the present study may help the planners, water resource administrators, and risk-reduction managers in formulating policies related to the management and sustainable use of regional water resources, designing hydraulic structures, forecasting floods and droughts, and resolving the issues associated with these extreme events.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":21078,"journal":{"name":"pure and applied geophysics","volume":"182 6","pages":"2675 - 2701"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145142682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the Relationship Between Bolide Entry Angle and Apparent Direction of Infrasound Signal Arrivals","authors":"Elizabeth A. Silber","doi":"10.1007/s00024-025-03706-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00024-025-03706-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Infrasound sensing offers critical capabilities for detecting and geolocating bolide events globally. However, the observed back azimuths, directions from which infrasound signals arrive at stations, often differ from the theoretical expectations based on the bolide’s peak brightness location. For objects with shallow entry angles, which traverse longer atmospheric paths, acoustic energy may be emitted from multiple points along the trajectory, leading to substantial variability in back azimuth residuals. This study investigates how the entry angle of energetic bolides affects the back azimuth deviations, independent of extrinsic factors such as atmospheric propagation, station noise, and signal processing methodologies. A theoretical framework, the Bolide Infrasound Back-Azimuth EXplorer Model (BIBEX-M), was developed to compute predicted back azimuths solely from geometric considerations. The model quantifies how these residuals vary as a function of source-to-receiver distance, revealing that bolides entering at shallow angles, e.g., 10°, can produce average residuals of 20°, with deviations reaching up to 46° at distances below 1000 km, and remaining significant even at 5000 km (up to 8°). In contrast, bolides with steeper entry angles, e.g., &gt; 60°, show smaller deviations, typically under 5° at 1000 km and diminishing to less than ~1° beyond 5000 km. These findings attest to the need for careful interpretation when evaluating signal detections and estimating bolide locations. This work is not only pertinent to bolides but also to other high-energy, extended-duration atmospheric phenomena such as space debris and reentry events, where similar geometric considerations can influence infrasound arrival directions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":21078,"journal":{"name":"pure and applied geophysics","volume":"182 6","pages":"2373 - 2392"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00024-025-03706-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145162209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structure of Rise in Monthly Temperature in Europe as Estimated by Machine Learning","authors":"Anna Franczyk,&nbsp;Robert Twardosz,&nbsp;Adam Walanus","doi":"10.1007/s00024-025-03742-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00024-025-03742-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The rise in air temperature is a leading research topic. This is not only from the cognitive point of view, but also for practical reasons because it involves many effects that are dangerous to humans and their activities. Although this is not a new issue, it requires continuous monitoring as well as the application of multiple methods, including the latest, apparently most objective methods offered by, inter alia, artificial intelligence. In the present paper, the authors have undertaken to investigate the structure of the rise in mean monthly air temperatures in Europe using unsupervised machine learning methods. The last 70 years can be divided into two periods, one of which is relatively stable and the second of which shows an evident rise in temperature. The correct determination of the year in which that change occurred is crucial. Mean monthly temperatures in Europe and its direct surroundings were used for this purpose. The data originated from 210 meteorological stations and covered the period 1951–2020. The analysis was performed using the hierarchical clustering and <i>k</i>-means clustering methods. The research was conducted in two phases. The first phase involved the analysis of area-average values, followed by the analysis of each station separately. Clear results were obtained, which confirms the usefulness of machine learning as a tool for monitoring temperature change. The quantitative change in the behavior of monthly temperature recorded from 1950 all over Europe is positioned at 1999, when the linear rise started.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":21078,"journal":{"name":"pure and applied geophysics","volume":"182 6","pages":"2631 - 2653"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00024-025-03742-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145142549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Low-Pressure Systems on Hydrometeorological Conditions at the Sea Coast of the Kaliningrad Region (Baltic Sea) and Examples of Damage of Coastal Constructions in Autumn–Winter 2023–2024","authors":"Zh. I. Stont,&nbsp;E. E. Esiukova,&nbsp;M. O. Ulyanova,&nbsp;E. D. Piterniex,&nbsp;E. M. Burnashov","doi":"10.1007/s00024-025-03747-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00024-025-03747-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The autumn–winter period 2023–2024 was characterized by high storm activity in all European waters. We report an analysis of the characteristics of a series of cyclones that passed over the southeastern Baltic Sea in the autumn–winter season 2023–2024. Each year has its own features that influence the characteristics of cyclones: the start of the storm period, the track of the cyclone and its depth, the duration of the cyclone impact and the \"windows of good weather\". These factors must be taken into account when assessing the causes and intensity of coastal damage in order to select coastal protection measures. Data on the synoptic situation (air pressure and temperature, precipitation, height of maximum waves) at offshore and onshore weather stations in the Kaliningrad region revealed an early start (beginning of October) of the storm season. The analysis of the data of the last two decades explains that such an early start in autumn 2023 is an expression of the general regional trend. October 2023 was the stormiest (by gale duration) month during studied period. HYSPLIT backward trajectory calculation model revealed that a characteristic feature of the study period was that most of the cyclones arrived on a westerly trajectory. Such a trajectory is not as destructive for the studied coasts as northern \"diving\" cyclones. However, cyclones coming from the west, at different stages of their development, affect both the western and northern coasts. Northern cyclones destroy only the northern coast. The increased construction of coast protection on the northern coast of the Sambia peninsula also contributes to the stability of the coastal zone. However, the materials used in coastal protection structures (particularly geotextiles) enter the marine environment after storms and become pollutants. Numerous releases of significant amounts of mega/macro/meso/micro debris, predominantly plastic, into the marine environment have been observed through photo monitoring.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":21078,"journal":{"name":"pure and applied geophysics","volume":"182 6","pages":"2333 - 2350"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145160544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}