Psychological Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Response to Professor Uta Frith questioning whether autism has lost its meaning and is leading to misdiagnosis.","authors":"Nicholas Chown, Elsa Suckle","doi":"10.1017/S0033291726106370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291726106370","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20891,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Medicine","volume":"56 ","pages":"e331"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149184097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anterograde and retrograde amnesia following electroconvulsive therapy: A controlled longitudinal study accounting for time and depression.","authors":"André Beyer Mathiassen, Christoffer Cramer Lundsgaard, Birgitte Fagerlund, Kamilla Miskowiak, Poul Videbech","doi":"10.1017/S0033291726106187","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0033291726106187","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) may be accompanied by amnesia. However, the extent to which different memory subtypes are affected is unclear, as well-controlled longitudinal studies are sparse. We aimed to investigate short- and long-term effects of ECT on different aspects of memory.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We recruited patients with depression referred to ECT (<i>n</i> = 31) or other treatment (<i>n</i> = 21) and healthy participants (<i>n</i> = 29). We measured autobiographical (Columbia Autobiographical Memory Interview - Short Form), verbal (Verbal Learning Test - Delayed), and visual (Rey Complex Figure Test) anterograde memory at baseline (T1), post-ECT (T2), and 6-month follow-up (T3). We performed a repeated measures mixed ANOVA for each outcome. An ANCOVA explored whether age and cognitive reserve were associated with severity of amnesia. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04160286.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A substantial effect of ECT on autobiographical memory was indicated by a group-by-time interaction, <i>F</i> (3.45, 103.51) = 22.261, <i>p</i> < 0.001, partial <i>η</i>² = 0.426. The effect remained stable, and inferior to control groups, at T3 (<i>p</i> < 0.001). A large effect of ECT on verbal anterograde memory was suggested by a group-by-time interaction, <i>F</i> (2, 68) = 6.138, <i>p</i> = 0.004, partial <i>η</i>² = 0.153, reflecting transient impairment after ECT (<i>p</i> = 0.009). No ECT-related decline in visual anterograde memory was observed (<i>p</i> = 1.0). Neither age nor cognitive reserve was associated with degree of amnesia.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings suggest that ECT may be associated with autobiographical amnesia, potentially lasting at least 6 months, and transient verbal, but not visual, anterograde amnesia.</p>","PeriodicalId":20891,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Medicine","volume":"56 ","pages":"e328"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149184056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examinations of the heterogeneity in the structural brain connectome in schizophrenia.","authors":"Shuwan Zhao, Qianhui Jin, Zeyao Wang, Miao-Yan Liu, Min Liu, Jia-Ni Zhao, Yu Xu, Ya-Hong Zhang, Wen-Jun Wu, Di Wu, Yong Liu, Yongbin Wei, Long-Biao Cui","doi":"10.1017/S0033291726105972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291726105972","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a heterogeneous disorder characterized by widespread brain dysconnectivity, yet it remains unclear whether variable structural dysconnectivity patterns reflect biologically and clinically meaningful subtypes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We recruited 105 SCZ patients and 97 healthy controls, collecting magnetic resonance imaging, clinical assessment, and laboratory test data. Double generalized linear models were first applied to estimate group differences in the mean and inter-individual variability of structural connectivity between SCZ and controls. Subsequently, nonnegative matrix factorization was used to identify SCZ subtypes according to dysconnectivity profiles.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We observed a significantly altered subnetwork that exhibited increased inter-individual variability in SCZ, with its connections and regions predominantly enriched in the ventral-attention, frontal-parietal, and default-mode networks that support higher-order cognition. Connectivity-derived subtype analysis grouped patients into two subtypes, with subtype-II tending to show more severe positive symptoms (<i>t</i> = 2.272, nominal <i>P</i> = 0.025), a lower neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (<i>t</i> = -2.383, nominal <i>P</i> = 0.025), a better treatment response (<i>t</i> = 2.366, nominal <i>P</i> = 0.021), and greater short-term symptom improvement (<i>t</i> = 3.509, nominal <i>P</i> = 0.006) within the olanzapine monotherapy subgroup. This subtype also demonstrated distinct neuroanatomical features, including a subtype-specific cortical thickness change pattern unrelated to SCZ or bipolar disorder, as well as subtype-specific brain epicenters, such as left posterior cingulate and rostral middle frontal regions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our study demonstrates increased inter-individual variability in the structural connectome of SCZ and highlights the potential of connectome-based subtyping approaches for characterizing disease heterogeneity related to pathophysiological processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":20891,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Medicine","volume":"56 ","pages":"e327"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149184068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cortisol and cognition in psychotic disorders: A systematic review and multi-level meta-analysis.","authors":"Haytham Zhichao Chen, Jia Xin Michelle Yong, Senta M Haussler, Robin M Murray, Carmine M Pariante, Fowzia Ibrahim, Eugenia Kravariti","doi":"10.1017/S0033291726106266","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0033291726106266","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Emerging evidence suggests that dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, particularly cortisol, may contribute to the cognitive deficits commonly observed in psychotic disorders. We conducted the first combined systematic review and quantitative synthesis of associations between cortisol and cognition in psychosis. Twelve studies met inclusion criteria (940 participants; 74.68% cases; 39.57% female; mean age = 31.83 years). Of these, nine studies (822 participants; 71.04% cases; 35.96% female; mean age = 32.72 years) contributed data to three-level meta-analyses examining associations between basal cortisol and composite cognition, attention, working memory and processing speed (AWP), executive functioning (EF), and verbal learning and memory (VM). Cortisol sampling time significantly moderated the relationship between cortisol and EF (<i>F</i> = 10.98, <i>p</i> = .004), with a significant negative association emerging between afternoon/evening cortisol and EF (<i>r</i> = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.42, -0.12], <i>p</i> = .01). No other robust cortisol-cognition associations were observed. However, sensitivity analyses revealed a negative association between morning cortisol and AWP following exclusion of an influential study. These findings do not support a general association between basal cortisol and cognitive functioning in psychosis. Instead, they suggest that cortisol-cognition relationships may be both domain- and sampling-time-specific, with the strongest evidence linking elevated afternoon/evening cortisol to poorer executive functioning. Further research using more precise assessments of cortisol dynamics is needed to clarify the role of HPA-axis dysregulation in cognitive impairment across psychotic disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":20891,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Medicine","volume":"56 ","pages":"e330"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149184065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic architecture of the personality meta-traits - stability and plasticity - and their transdiagnostic overlap with psychopathology.","authors":"Liam J Veltman, Sang Hong Lee, Beben Benyamin, Sarah Cohen-Woods, Elina Hyppönen, David Stacey","doi":"10.1017/S0033291726106308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291726106308","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The Five Factor Model (FFM) personality meta-traits, stability and plasticity, are thought to capture broad individual differences in the parameters of goal-directed, cybernetic mechanisms in the brain, which have implications for transdiagnostic psychopathology risk. It remains unknown whether these meta-traits represent genetically coherent dimensions. Here we conduct a genomic investigation into the FFM meta-traits and characterize their association with 11 psychiatric conditions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We combined recent genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics with data from the 23andMe Research Institute (European ancestry; total <i>N</i> = 279,240-682,707) and applied Genomic Structural Equation Modelling to conduct a multivariate GWAS of the FFM meta-traits. We then conducted transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) and stratified linkage disequilibrium score regression (S-LDSC) to prioritize candidate effector genes and brain cell types for personality traits. Finally, we used LDSC regression and CAUSE Mendelian randomization to characterize the relationship between personality traits and 11 psychiatric conditions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We identified 83 (14 novel) and 13 (4 novel) independent genome-wide significant loci for stability and plasticity respectively. TWAS prioritized hundreds of candidate effector genes for personality, and S-LDSC showed heritability enrichment across several neuronal cell types. Finally, genetic correlation and Mendelian randomization analyses provided genetic evidence suggesting bidirectional links between stability and psychopathology: higher genetic propensity for stability was protective against psychopathology, whereas greater genetic liability to psychopathology was associated with reduced stability.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The personality meta-traits capture modest shared architecture across personality, with genetic liability for lower stability potentially representing a broad transdiagnostic link between personality and psychiatric vulnerability.</p>","PeriodicalId":20891,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Medicine","volume":"56 ","pages":"e329"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149184026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing family history indicators and polygenic scores in depressive disorder.","authors":"Emma Pruin, Yuri Milaneschi, Meike Bartels, Pietro Bassani, Brenda Penninx, Wouter Peyrot","doi":"10.1017/S0033291726106151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291726106151","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Genetic liability of depressive disorder can be captured by psychopathology in relatives (family history). Various methods summarize family history in a single score, differing in included information as well as the underlying model. We systematically compared the performance of family history indicators, including promising new indicators based on the liability threshold model, in predicting depressive disorder.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We calculated selected family history indicators for depression (dichotomous, proportion, novel genetically informed method - Pearson-Aitkens Family Genetic Risk Score [PAFGRS]) in 1339 participants of the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (<i>N_case</i> = 1086). Polygenic scores (PGS) were computed from the most recent GWAS for major depression. We assessed correlations between genetic liability indicators, as well as their prediction of lifetime depressive disorder diagnosis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Correlations of family history indicators with each other were high (<i>r</i> = 0.71-0.99) and much lower with the PGS (<i>r</i> = 0.15). There was a suggested increase in predictive accuracy for more elaborately computed scores, ranging from proportion to PAFGRS. The best-performing family history indicator and the PGS were independently associated with depressive disorder.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our analysis shows that more elaborate family history indicators, including family size, prevalence, heritability, and genetic theory, would be preferable over simpler methods. Family history and PGS were complementary in prediction, showing the added value of including both in future studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":20891,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Medicine","volume":"56 ","pages":"e326"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149169959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of mental health outcomes among trans and gender diverse adults: a global systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Emily Rose Symes, Thomas Santo, Rachel Sutherland, Michelle Lynch, Sophia Taylor, Patrick Lewis, Louisa Degenhardt","doi":"10.1017/S0033291726106254","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0033291726106254","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Existing reviews of mental health outcomes among trans and gender diverse (trans)people have been limited by incomplete coverage, restricted or selected samples, afocus on youth populations, and insufficient exploration of heterogeneity. We aimed togenerate pooled prevalence estimates, and examine variation in mental disorders,suicidality, and non-suicidal selfinjury (NSSI) among trans adults globally. Weconducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies reporting current orlifetime prevalence of mental disorders, assessed using symptom screeninginstruments with validated general-population thresholds or clinical diagnoses,alongside self-reported suicidality and NSSI. MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO weresearched from January 1, 1990-April 7, 2026. Restricted or highly selectedsubpopulations were excluded, except for gender-affirming clinic samples. Estimateswere calculated overall and by gender identity. Subgroup/meta-regression analysesexamined variation by study and sociodemographic characteristics. We identified 207studies with 134,071 trans participants across 52 countries. Pooled prevalenceestimates, combining symptoms exceeding screening thresholds and clinicallydiagnosed disorders, were 40.1% (95% CI 35.6-44.8) for depression, 29.8% (20.3-40.2) for anxiety, and 23.6% (14.9-33.5) for post-traumatic stress disorder. Past-12-month prevalence was 43.1% (38.9-47.3) for suicidal ideation, 9.3%(7.7-11.0) forsuicide attempts, and 26.1% (20.4-32.2) for NSSI. Limited data suggested higherprevalences among non-binary participants. Prevalence estimates varied significantlyby assessment method, recruitment setting, and geographic region. Trans peopleexperience a substantial burden of mental disorders, suicidality, and NSSI. Elevatedprevalence relative to general population comparator estimates indicates a need for affirming, accessible mental healthcare and improved approaches to assessing andinterpreting mental health outcomes in trans populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":20891,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Medicine","volume":"56 ","pages":"e324"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149138054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Re-examining externalizing polygenic risks and psychosocial environments: Are gene-environment correlations really that pervasive?","authors":"LiChen Dong, James J Li","doi":"10.1017/S0033291726106242","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0033291726106242","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Gene-environment correlations (<i>r</i>GEs) are often observed for psychiatric traits, including externalizing problems. Some researchers believe <i>r</i>GEs reflect the effects of offspring genotype on psychosocial environments. Others consider <i>r</i>GEs to be a nuisance, reflecting effects of confounders, such as population stratification, assortative mating, or parental genotypes. Our study aims to examine whether <i>r</i>GEs persist when confounding effects are controlled for in a family-based design.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We examined <i>r</i>GEs between a polygenic score (PGS) for externalizing problems and adolescent psychosocial environments (parent- and child-reported parental relationships, delinquent peer affiliation, and school connectedness) in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. We estimated <i>r</i>GEs within 777 families (1,589 twins/full-siblings) and also at the population-level using 7,635 unrelated individuals.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong><i>r</i>GEs were observed with parental relationships, delinquent peer affiliation, and school connectedness in the population sample. In family-based analyses, <i>r</i>GEs with parental relationships persisted at the within-family level. However, <i>r</i>GE with delinquent peer affiliation was attenuated and non-significant at the within-family level, suggesting the presence of confounding. Analyses regarding school connectedness were inconclusive.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>While PGSs are often associated with psychosocial environments, some of these associations may be subject to substantial confounding. Our findings highlight the importance of testing <i>r</i>GE while controlling for potential confounds in large population-based studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":20891,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Medicine","volume":"56 ","pages":"e325"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149138139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sleep disturbances and functional impairment in severe mental illness: A structural equation modeling study.","authors":"Constanza Sommerhoff, Marta Bort, Victoria Ruiz, María Yudit Rivas, Giovanna Fico, Tábatha Fernández, Michele De Prisco, Vincenzo Oliva, Eduard Vieta, Andrea Murru","doi":"10.1017/S0033291726106023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291726106023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Sleep disturbances are highly prevalent in individuals with severe mental illness (SMI) and are associated with functional impairment. This study examined the prevalence of sleep disturbances and their associations with psychiatric symptoms and functional outcomes in a transdiagnostic SMI sample.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this cross-sectional study, SMI outpatients completed standardized assessments of sleep disturbances (PSQI, ISI, STOP-Bang, ESS, SQ-RLS, and SQ-RBD), psychiatric symptoms (HARS, MADRS, YMRS, PANSS-N, and CGI-S), and functioning (FAST). Bivariate analyses were followed by structural equation modeling (SEM), including latent constructs for insomnia and depressive/anxious symptoms to estimate direct and indirect associations with functional impairment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 229 participants were included, and 69% screened positive for at least one sleep measure, including poor sleep quality (55.5%). Among the specific sleep-related problems, high risk of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) (45.8%) was the most prevalent. Sleep disturbances were associated with greater clinical severity and worse functional impairment. In the SEM, depressive/anxious symptoms (<i>β</i> = 0.45), negative symptoms (<i>β</i> = 0.38), manic symptoms (<i>β</i> = 0.17), and OSA risk (<i>β</i> = 0.41) were independently associated with functional impairment. Insomnia exhibited an inconsistent pattern, with a negative direct effect (<i>β</i> = -0.47) and a positive indirect effect on functional impairment through depressive/anxious symptoms (<i>β</i> = 0.22).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Sleep disturbances are highly prevalent in individuals with SMI and are associated with functional outcomes, particularly insomnia and OSA risk. Systematic screening for sleep disturbances in psychiatric care may help identify clinically relevant and potentially modifiable factors associated with functional impairment.</p>","PeriodicalId":20891,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Medicine","volume":"56 ","pages":"e323"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149138085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accelerated brain aging as a transdiagnostic biomarker: A lifespan MRI brain age study across seven disorders.","authors":"Yubraj Gupta, Feliberto de la Cruz, Maria Geisler, Katrin Rieger, Andy Schumann, Karl-Jürgen Bär","doi":"10.1017/S003329172610587X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329172610587X","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Accelerated brain aging has been associated with several neuropsychiatric disorders; however, findings remain inconsistent due to limited lifespan modeling and inadequate age-bias correction. This study aimed to establish normative brain-aging trajectories across the lifespan and quantify disorder-specific deviations in brain-predicted age difference (brain-PAD) in a large, age-diverse sample.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Brain-age models were trained on structural MRI data from 25,425 healthy individuals (aged 2-95 years) and validated in 270 independent cross-sectional and 188 longitudinal participants from the Dallas Lifespan Brain Study. Clinical analyses included 1,737 patients with schizophrenia (SZ), major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), chronic substance use disorder (CSUD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), compared with 1,793 age-matched controls. Brain-PAD was computed after age-bias correction, regional morphometric differences were assessed using ANCOVA, and model interpretability was evaluated using SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The model achieved a mean absolute error of ~5-7 years across validation and independent cohorts. Healthy individuals showed median brain-PAD values near zero, and longitudinal analyses tracked within-person aging. Significantly elevated Δbrain-PAD values were observed in SZ (+7.64 years), FTD (+7.61 years), AD (+3.24 years), BD (+2.08 years), MDD (+2.76 years), and CSUD (+2.91 years), but not in ADHD. Regional analyses revealed shared and disorder-specific morphometric alterations, and SHAP highlighted key contributions from ventricular enlargement and fronto-parietal cortical features.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Brain-PAD captures biologically meaningful structural variation across disorders and provides a quantitative framework for investigating lifespan brain aging in psychiatric and neurodegenerative conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":20891,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Medicine","volume":"56 ","pages":"e321"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149114194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}