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A Brief Review: Advancement in the Synthesis of Amine through the Leuckart Reaction Leuckart反应合成胺的研究进展
Reactions Pub Date : 2023-01-29 DOI: 10.3390/reactions4010007
Q. Umar, Mei Luo
{"title":"A Brief Review: Advancement in the Synthesis of Amine through the Leuckart Reaction","authors":"Q. Umar, Mei Luo","doi":"10.3390/reactions4010007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/reactions4010007","url":null,"abstract":"This review presents a summary of reactions that take place during the “Leuckart-type reaction”. The significance of, as well as recent advancements in, the synthesis of amines through simple and inexpensive methods using readily available raw materials is discussed. This review includes all catalytic and noncatalytic reactions that involve the Leuckart method. Recent studies have shown that at least a quarter of C–N bond-forming reactions in the pharmaceutical industry are occur with the support of reductive amination. Recently, experimental conditions have achieved excellent yields. The “Leuckart-type reaction” is technically associated with Eschweiler–Clarke methylation. Compounds are grouped in accordance with the precept of action. This includes drugs affecting the central nervous system, cardiovascular system and gastrointestinal tract; anticancer drugs, antibiotics, antiviral and antifungal drugs; drugs affecting anxiety; convulsant, biotic, and HIV drugs; and antidiabetic drugs. Therefore, this review supports the development of the Leuckart-type preparation of nitrogenous compounds, as well as their advancement in other areas of human development.","PeriodicalId":20873,"journal":{"name":"Reactions","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91333358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Employing Molecular Docking Calculations for the Design of Alkyl (2-Alcoxy-2-Hydroxypropanoyl)-L-Tryptophanate Derivatives as Potential Inhibitors of 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 (11β-HSD1) 利用分子对接计算设计11β-羟基类固醇脱氢酶1型(11β-HSD1)抑制剂的烷基(2-醇基-2-羟丙基)- l -色氨酸衍生物
Reactions Pub Date : 2023-01-19 DOI: 10.3390/reactions4010006
Diego Quiroga
{"title":"Employing Molecular Docking Calculations for the Design of Alkyl (2-Alcoxy-2-Hydroxypropanoyl)-L-Tryptophanate Derivatives as Potential Inhibitors of 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 (11β-HSD1)","authors":"Diego Quiroga","doi":"10.3390/reactions4010006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/reactions4010006","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we presented the design by computational tools of novel alkyl (2-alcoxy-2-hydroxypropanoyl)-L-tryptophanate derivatives, which can be potential inhibitors of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1). The molecular structure optimization of a group of 36 compounds was performed employing DFT-B3LYP calculations at the level 6-311G(d,p). Then, molecular docking calculations were performed using Autodock tools software, employing the Lamarckian genetic algorithm (LGA). Four parameters (binding, intermolecular and Van Der Waals hydrogen bonding desolvation energies, and HOMO-LUMO gap) were used to evaluate the potential as 11β-HSD1 inhibitors, which nominate L-tryptophan derivatives as the most promissory molecules. Finally, these molecules were obtained starting from the amino acid and pyruvic acid in a convergent methodology with moderate to low yields.","PeriodicalId":20873,"journal":{"name":"Reactions","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79944334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Acknowledgment to the Reviewers of Reactions in 2022 对2022年《反应》评审者的感谢
Reactions Pub Date : 2023-01-17 DOI: 10.3390/reactions4010005
{"title":"Acknowledgment to the Reviewers of Reactions in 2022","authors":"","doi":"10.3390/reactions4010005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/reactions4010005","url":null,"abstract":"High-quality academic publishing is built on rigorous peer review [...]","PeriodicalId":20873,"journal":{"name":"Reactions","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79078593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Determination of Kinetic Parameters of Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis in the Presence of a Granular Cobalt Catalyst 颗粒钴催化剂存在下费托合成动力学参数的测定
Reactions Pub Date : 2023-01-11 DOI: 10.3390/reactions4010004
L. Sineva, K. Gryaznov, Victor De, Andrei Gorshkov, V. Mordkovich
{"title":"Determination of Kinetic Parameters of Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis in the Presence of a Granular Cobalt Catalyst","authors":"L. Sineva, K. Gryaznov, Victor De, Andrei Gorshkov, V. Mordkovich","doi":"10.3390/reactions4010004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/reactions4010004","url":null,"abstract":"Some kinetic parameters of Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) were determined in the presence of a granular cobalt/zeolite catalyst. Usually, kinetic studies of granular catalysts are considered to be complicated by external and internal diffusion. We managed to obtain a catalyst with a special structure of the active surface, where sites active in FTS are isolated from each other due to the environment of inactive spinel CoAl2O4 and inter-site transport is provided by an extensive intragranular graphitic network serving simultaneously as a heat-conductive medium. As a result, FTS proceeded in the kinetic region. It was found that the reaction kinetics obey the Arrhenius law; whereas, the activation energy is different in different temperature ranges, i.e., 118.2 kJ/mol in the range of 180–210 °C, and 173.6 kJ/mol in the range of 232–243 °C. This behavior is determined by the presence of zeolite, which becomes active in the secondary transformations of FTS products at temperatures beyond 210 °C.","PeriodicalId":20873,"journal":{"name":"Reactions","volume":"154 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75923986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Critical Review of Sustainable Vanillin-modified Vitrimers: Synthesis, Challenge and Prospects 可持续香草素修饰的玻璃体:合成、挑战与展望
Reactions Pub Date : 2023-01-02 DOI: 10.3390/reactions4010003
M. A. Rashid, Md Nabiul Hasan, MD Anisur Rahman Dayan, Mohammad Salman Ibna Jamal, M. K. Patoary
{"title":"A Critical Review of Sustainable Vanillin-modified Vitrimers: Synthesis, Challenge and Prospects","authors":"M. A. Rashid, Md Nabiul Hasan, MD Anisur Rahman Dayan, Mohammad Salman Ibna Jamal, M. K. Patoary","doi":"10.3390/reactions4010003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/reactions4010003","url":null,"abstract":"Nearly 90% of thermosets are produced from petroleum resources, they have remarkable mechanical characteristics, are chemically durable, and dimensionally stable. However, they can contribute to global warming, depletion of petroleum reserves, and environmental contamination during manufacture, use, and disposal. Using renewable resources to form thermosetting materials is one of the most crucial aspects of addressing the aforementioned issues. Vanillin-based raw materials have been used in the industrial manufacturing of polymer materials because they are simple to modify structurally. Conversely, traditional thermosetting materials as a broad class of high-molecular-weight molecules are challenging to heal, decompose and recover owing to their permanent 3-D crosslinking network. Once the products are damaged, recycling issues could arise, causing resource loss and environmental impact. It could be solved by inserting dynamic covalent adaptable networks (DCANs) into the polymer chains, increasing product longevity, and minimizing waste. It also improves the attractiveness of these products in the prospective field. Moreover, it is essential to underline that increasing product lifespan and reducing waste is equivalent to reducing the expense of consuming resources. The detailed synthesis, reprocessing, thermal, and mechanical characteristics of partly and entirely biomass thermosetting polymers made from vanillin-modified monomers are covered in the current work. Finally, the review highlights the benefits, difficulties, and application of these emerging vanillin-modified vitrimers as a potential replacement for conventional non-recyclable thermosets.","PeriodicalId":20873,"journal":{"name":"Reactions","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83644973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 9
Amphotericin B 两性霉素B
Reactions Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40278-023-31885-z
{"title":"Amphotericin B","authors":"","doi":"10.1007/s40278-023-31885-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40278-023-31885-z","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20873,"journal":{"name":"Reactions","volume":"57 1","pages":"5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82282381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Alkyne Zipper Reaction: A Useful Tool in Synthetic Chemistry 炔拉链反应:合成化学中的一个有用工具
Reactions Pub Date : 2022-12-30 DOI: 10.3390/reactions4010002
Åshild Moi Sørskår, Helge Ø. K. Stenstrøm, Y. Stenstrøm, S. Antonsen
{"title":"The Alkyne Zipper Reaction: A Useful Tool in Synthetic Chemistry","authors":"Åshild Moi Sørskår, Helge Ø. K. Stenstrøm, Y. Stenstrøm, S. Antonsen","doi":"10.3390/reactions4010002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/reactions4010002","url":null,"abstract":"The alkyne zipper reaction is an internal-to-terminal alkyne isomerization reaction with many interesting applications in synthetic chemistry, as it constitutes an efficient means of achieving acetylene functionalization. A review of its applications in synthesis processes is presented in this paper, with a brief overview of the mechanistic features of the alkyne zipper reaction, as well as a brief overview of its future potential.","PeriodicalId":20873,"journal":{"name":"Reactions","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89688067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Vanadium Oxide Microstructures with Mixed Oxidation States 水热合成具有混合氧化态的氧化钒微结构
Reactions Pub Date : 2022-12-28 DOI: 10.3390/reactions4010001
D. Navas
{"title":"Hydrothermal Synthesis of Vanadium Oxide Microstructures with Mixed Oxidation States","authors":"D. Navas","doi":"10.3390/reactions4010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/reactions4010001","url":null,"abstract":"This review is based on hydrothermal synthetic procedures that generate different vanadium oxide microstructures with mixed oxidation states, where different vanadium (V5+) precursors (vanadate, vanadium oxide, vanadium alkoxide, etc.,) are used to obtain various types of morphologies and shapes, such as sea urchins, cogs, stars, squares, etc., depending on the amphiphilic molecules (usually surfactants) exhibiting a structural director role containing an organic functional group such as primary amines and thiols, respectively. The performance of sol–gel methodology, where intercalation processes sometimes take place, is crucial prior to the hydrothermal treatment stage to control the V4+/V5+. In every synthesis, many physical and chemical parameters, such as temperature, pH, reaction time., etc., are responsible for influencing the reactions in order to obtain different products; the final material usually corresponds to a mixed oxidation state structure with different content rates. This feature has been used in many technological applications, and some researchers have enhanced it by functionalizing the products to enhance their electrochemical and magnetic properties. Although some results have been auspicious, there are a number of projects underway to improve the synthesis in many ways, including yield, secondary products, size distribution, oxidation state ratio, etc., to achieve the best benefits from these microstructures in the large number of technological, catalytic, and magnetic devices, among other applications.","PeriodicalId":20873,"journal":{"name":"Reactions","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86187490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Study of the Synthetic Approach Influence in Ni/CeO2-Based Catalysts for Methane Dry Reforming 合成方法对Ni/ ceo2基甲烷干重整催化剂影响的研究
Reactions Pub Date : 2022-12-16 DOI: 10.3390/reactions3040043
M. Pizzolato, Giulia Da Pian, E. Ghedini, A. di Michele, F. Menegazzo, G. Cruciani, M. Signoretto
{"title":"Study of the Synthetic Approach Influence in Ni/CeO2-Based Catalysts for Methane Dry Reforming","authors":"M. Pizzolato, Giulia Da Pian, E. Ghedini, A. di Michele, F. Menegazzo, G. Cruciani, M. Signoretto","doi":"10.3390/reactions3040043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/reactions3040043","url":null,"abstract":"This study focuses on the synthetic approach influence in morphostructural features and catalytic performances for Ni/CeO2 catalysts. Incipient wetness impregnation, coprecipitation and nitrate combustion were studied as catalyst preparation approaches, and the materials were then tested at 700 °C for methane dry reforming (MDR). The morphostructural properties of the materials were deeply studied using several techniques, such as temperature programmed reduction (TPR), to investigate reducibility and support-metal interaction, N2 physisorption to evaluate the porosity and the surface area, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to estimate Ni dispersion, and temperature programmed oxidation (TPO) to identify the type and amount of coke formed on catalysts’ surface after reaction. From the data obtained, coprecipitation turned out to be the most suitable technique for this application because this catalyst was able to reach 70% of CO2 conversion and 30% methane conversion, with an H2 yield of 15% and 30% yield of CO at the end of the 30 h test. Moreover, it was also the catalyst with the highest metal dispersion, the strongest interaction with the support, and the lowest coke deposition.","PeriodicalId":20873,"journal":{"name":"Reactions","volume":"122 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88260135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Three-Component Condensation of β-Ketonitriles, 4-Fluorobenzaldehyde, and Secondary Cyclic Amines β-酮腈、4-氟苯甲醛和仲环胺的三组分缩合
Reactions Pub Date : 2022-12-12 DOI: 10.3390/reactions3040042
D. Osipov, K. S. Korzhenko, V. Osyanin
{"title":"Three-Component Condensation of β-Ketonitriles, 4-Fluorobenzaldehyde, and Secondary Cyclic Amines","authors":"D. Osipov, K. S. Korzhenko, V. Osyanin","doi":"10.3390/reactions3040042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/reactions3040042","url":null,"abstract":"A new three-component condensation of β-ketonitriles, 4-fluorobenzaldehyde, and secondary cyclic amines was developed. A possible reaction mechanism has been proposed including Knoevenagel condensation followed by aromatic nucleophilic substitution. It was found that in the case of 3-oxopropanenitrile bearing the 6-amino-1,3-dimethyluracil moiety, the reaction is not accompanied by fluorine substitution in the Knoevenagel adduct, and the Michael addition of a secondary amine occurs followed by oxidation.","PeriodicalId":20873,"journal":{"name":"Reactions","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75369573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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