Hydrothermal Synthesis of Vanadium Oxide Microstructures with Mixed Oxidation States

Abstract

This review is based on hydrothermal synthetic procedures that generate different vanadium oxide microstructures with mixed oxidation states, where different vanadium (V5+) precursors (vanadate, vanadium oxide, vanadium alkoxide, etc.,) are used to obtain various types of morphologies and shapes, such as sea urchins, cogs, stars, squares, etc., depending on the amphiphilic molecules (usually surfactants) exhibiting a structural director role containing an organic functional group such as primary amines and thiols, respectively. The performance of sol–gel methodology, where intercalation processes sometimes take place, is crucial prior to the hydrothermal treatment stage to control the V4+/V5+. In every synthesis, many physical and chemical parameters, such as temperature, pH, reaction time., etc., are responsible for influencing the reactions in order to obtain different products; the final material usually corresponds to a mixed oxidation state structure with different content rates. This feature has been used in many technological applications, and some researchers have enhanced it by functionalizing the products to enhance their electrochemical and magnetic properties. Although some results have been auspicious, there are a number of projects underway to improve the synthesis in many ways, including yield, secondary products, size distribution, oxidation state ratio, etc., to achieve the best benefits from these microstructures in the large number of technological, catalytic, and magnetic devices, among other applications.