Psychoneuroendocrinology最新文献

{"title":"Testosterone and cortisol jointly mediate and modulate trust behavior in early adolescence","authors":"Rui Su ,&nbsp;Xuting Jiang ,&nbsp;Xiang Ma ,&nbsp;Huagen Wang ,&nbsp;Chao Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.psyneuen.2025.107483","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psyneuen.2025.107483","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During early adolescence, individuals undergo significant changes in neuroendocrine systems, neurodevelopment, and social sensitivity. Placing trust in the appropriate person becomes especially crucial for adolescents, given their increased peer interaction and heightened susceptibility to peer influence during this period. Adolescents take social distance into account when making trust decisions. However, the biological and cognitive mechanisms involved in trust decision-making towards peers of different social distances remain unclear. The present study investigated the interactions among hormonal (basal cortisol and basal testosterone), cognitive (impulsivity and theory of mind), and contextual (friends and strange peers) factors underlying trust decision-making in a sample of 142 adolescents (45 % females, <em>M</em>_age = 12.32 years, <em>SD</em>_age = 0.60). Using a balloon analog risk task, a cartoon story reasoning task, and a modified version of the trust game, we assessed adolescents’ impulsivity, theory of mind, as well as trust investment and evaluation of return possibility towards their friends and strangers, separately. The results showed a unique hormonal-cognitive-contextual mechanism underlying trust investment, despite adolescents demonstrating a preference for trusting friends over strangers in both trust investment and trust evaluation. Cortisol predominantly influenced adolescents’ general trust, directly and indirectly through impulsivity. Testosterone appeared to modulate the indirect effect of cortisol via impulsivity on general trust and impacted their strategic trust decisions through the theory of mind. These findings highlight the role of cortisol and testosterone in trust and its potential cognitive process and provide guidance for tailored interventions for promoting healthy social development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20836,"journal":{"name":"Psychoneuroendocrinology","volume":"178 ","pages":"Article 107483"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143928691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experiences of discrimination during pregnancy predict altered neonatal hair cortisol at birth","authors":"Kimberly D’Anna-Hernandez ,&nbsp;LillyBelle K. Deer ,&nbsp;Özlü Aran ,&nbsp;Kenia M. Rivera ,&nbsp;Melissa Nevarez-Brewster ,&nbsp;Jenalee R. Doom ,&nbsp;Benjamin L. Hankin ,&nbsp;M. Camille Hoffman ,&nbsp;Elysia Poggi Davis","doi":"10.1016/j.psyneuen.2025.107482","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psyneuen.2025.107482","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Prenatal glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol) are a widely proposed prenatal programming mechanism, yet few studies directly measure fetal cortisol. Neonatal hair provides a non-invasive method to assess fetal cortisol. The current studies test the association between maternal exposure to discrimination and fetal cortisol, as measured in neonatal hair, in two cohorts.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div><strong>Study 1:</strong> Pregnant individuals (<em>N</em> = 65) and their neonates (61.8 % female) participated in study 1 between 2017 and 2021. Participants self-identified as Asian (6.2 %), Black (21.5 %), Latinx (35.4 %), Multiracial or Multiethnic (35.4 %), and Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander (1.5 %). Experiences of discrimination were measured using the Everyday Discrimination Scale. Neonatal hair samples were collected close to birth (Median_days=1.30, IQR_days=0.96–2.03).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div><strong>Study 1:</strong> Higher experiences of everyday discrimination among pregnant individuals were associated with lower hair cortisol levels in neonates (<em>r</em> = -.28, <em>p</em> = .031).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div><strong>Study 2:</strong> Pregnant individuals of Mexican descent (<em>N</em> = 73) and their neonates (50.7 % female) participated in study 2 between 2017 and 2020. Participants reported on their exposure to experiences of discrimination using the Discrimination Stress Scale, and neonatal hair samples were collected shortly after birth (Median_days=13.0, IQR_days=11–18).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div><strong>Study 2:</strong> Those who had higher discrimination stress during pregnancy had neonates with higher cortisol than those with low discrimination (<em>F</em>(1,70)= 3.78, <em>p</em> = .03), but this relation did not remain significant after controlling for gestational age.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Across two cohorts, higher experiences of discrimination were associated with alterations in neonatal hair cortisol. Both higher and lower neonatal hair cortisol are linked to poorer neonatal development, indicating that experiences of discrimination might be a potential source of health disparities in the next generation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20836,"journal":{"name":"Psychoneuroendocrinology","volume":"178 ","pages":"Article 107482"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144090302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of sex and gender role self-concept in stress reactivity: Evidence from the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST)","authors":"Stephanie Zintel ,&nbsp;Laura I. Schmidt ,&nbsp;Andreas B. Neubauer ,&nbsp;Martin Stoffel ,&nbsp;Yasaman Rafiee ,&nbsp;Beate Ditzen ,&nbsp;Monika Sieverding","doi":"10.1016/j.psyneuen.2025.107480","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psyneuen.2025.107480","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aim</h3><div>To investigate biological sex and gender role self-concept in stress reactivity, utilizing the Trier Social Stress Test for Groups (TSST-G).</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>A sample of 175 participants (56 % women, <em>M</em> = 39.2 years, <em>SD</em> = 12.5) underwent the TSST-G. Subjective and biological stress indicators (salivary cortisol sCort) and sex hormones (estradiol, testosterone) were assessed. Gender role self-concept (Bem Sex Role Inventory), in particular agency (stereotypically associated with masculinity), and biological sex were considered.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Women reported higher subjective stress, whereas men had a steeper increase in sCort levels throughout the TSST-G. Results suggest lower subjective stress responses in more agentic people, independently of sex. Agency was not associated with sCort levels. Exploratory analyses revealed no interaction between agency and sex hormones.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Our study identified correlations between gender role self-concept and subjective stress in a large, non-student sample. The data confirm associations of biological sex with sCort response.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20836,"journal":{"name":"Psychoneuroendocrinology","volume":"178 ","pages":"Article 107480"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143937109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"α-GalCer regulates acute stress-induced steroidogenesis by modulating lipid metabolism in female BALB/c mice","authors":"Yafei Gao ,&nbsp;Paiyu Liu ,&nbsp;Li Peng ,&nbsp;Min Li ,&nbsp;Bing Ni","doi":"10.1016/j.psyneuen.2025.107481","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psyneuen.2025.107481","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The immune system orchestrates the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response to stress. However, the impact of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cell activation on stress-induced glucocorticoid levels remains poorly understood. Alpha-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer), a specific agonist for iNKT cells, activates iNKT cells to produce inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-4 and interferon (IFN)-γ. Our findings indicate that treatment with α-GalCer 3 hours before acute restraint stress suppressed the elevation of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) but did not affect the increase in corticosterone (CORT) in mice. However, treatment with α-GalCer 24 hours prior to restraint stress did not alter the rise in ACTH but reduced the increase in CORT by about half. This dissociation between stress-induced ACTH and CORT levels suggests an intra-adrenal regulation of HPA axis responses to acute stress following α-GalCer treatment. We further found that administration of α-GalCer enhances lipid utilization within adrenocortical cells and elicits a hyperresponsive reaction to ACTH stimulation. Mechanistically, IL-4 elevates the expression of type II 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase (HSD3B2) and scavenger receptor class B type I (SRBI) protein in adrenocortical cells, thereby facilitating ACTH-induced glucocorticoid release. Additionally, we observed that acute stress amplifies both α-GalCer-induced IL-4 and IFN-γ production as well as liver injury. Our findings not only elucidate the mechanistic basis underlying interactions between immunity and stress but also highlight potential targets for therapeutic intervention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20836,"journal":{"name":"Psychoneuroendocrinology","volume":"178 ","pages":"Article 107481"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143903963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diurnal cortisol profiles and subjective well-being: Longitudinal associations among children and adolescents","authors":"Yanjia Zhang ,&nbsp;Jianing Sun ,&nbsp;Mingjun Xie ,&nbsp;Shan Zhao ,&nbsp;Wei Wang ,&nbsp;Shiyuan Xiang ,&nbsp;Danhua Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.psyneuen.2025.107479","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psyneuen.2025.107479","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>There has been evidence suggesting that cortisol is related to subjective well-being. (i.e., positive affect, negative affect, life satisfaction). However, longitudinal associations between diurnal cortisol and subjective well-being remain inadequately explored, and less is known about how combinations of multiple diurnal cortisol indicators may impact subjective well-being. To address these gaps, the current study revealed heterogeneity in diurnal cortisol patterns and examined whether these diurnal cortisol patterns were prospectively associated with subjective well-being six months and one year later among 304 Chinese children and adolescents aged 9–13 (<em>M</em>_age = 10.80, <em>SD</em> = 0.84; 67.1 % boys). Latent profile analysis, a person-centered approach, was conducted using multiple diurnal cortisol indicators (i.e., waking cortisol level, cortisol awakening response, diurnal cortisol slope, area under the curve, and bedtime cortisol level), and identified four distinct diurnal cortisol patterns: <em>steep/medium</em> (57.6 %)<em>, moderate/high</em> (25.7 %)<em>, flat/high</em> (10.5 %)<em>, and steep/low</em> (6.2 %). The <em>flat/high</em> pattern, characterized by sustained elevated cortisol levels throughout the day, was associated with impaired subjective well-being six months and one year later. The <em>moderate/high</em> pattern, which had the same waking cortisol level as the <em>flat/high</em> pattern but demonstrated lower cortisol awakening response and steeper diurnal cortisol slope, was associated with more negative affect six months later. These findings facilitate understanding the heterogeneity in diurnal cortisol rhythm and their implications to subjective well-being over time, which may support targeted psychosocial interventions for promoting subjective well-being among children and adolescents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20836,"journal":{"name":"Psychoneuroendocrinology","volume":"178 ","pages":"Article 107479"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143928690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Salivary cortisol trajectories among inpatients undergoing substance use disorder treatment: A prospective repeated-measures study","authors":"Eli Otterholt ,&nbsp;Petter Laake ,&nbsp;Stål Bjørkly ,&nbsp;Helle Wessel Andersson","doi":"10.1016/j.psyneuen.2025.107477","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psyneuen.2025.107477","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>A growing body of research among inpatients with substance use disorders (SUD) suggests a link between cortisol levels and treatment outcomes. However, there is limited insight into the pattern of cortisol level during an inpatient SUD treatment stay.</div></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><div>The aim was to investigate changes in salivary cortisol levels during 8 weeks of an inpatient SUD treatment stay, and to determine whether the primary SUD diagnosis exerted a distinct effect on cortisol level trajectories.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We employed a prospective repeated-measures design and followed a cohort of patients with various SUD diagnoses. Salivary cortisol samples were collected at four time points during the first 8 weeks of the treatment stay (t1: week 2 (baseline); t2: week 4; t3: week 6; and t4: week 8). We assessed basal cortisol concentration by calculating the area under the curve with respect to ground (AUC_G), which represents total daily cortisol output. Associations were determined using Linear mixed model analyses (LMMs).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The analytic sample comprised 173 patients. The full LMM model, including covariates (i.e. polysubstance disorder, age, gender, treatment history, treatment unit, mental distress) revealed that cortisol levels decreased from t1 to t2 (β = –7.218; 95 % CI: –11.126 to −3.310; p &lt; 0.001) and stabilized thereafter. Patients with opioid use disorders (OUD) had lower cortisol level trajectories than patients with stimulant use disorders (β=-20.357; 95 % CI: −29.394 to −11.319; p &lt; 0.001), while patients treated in the long-term unit showed elevated cortisol trajectories relative to those in the short-term unit (β=6.650; 95 % CI: 0.072–13.229; p = 0.048).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study showed a decline in cortisol levels during the first 4 weeks of SUD inpatient treatment, followed by stabilization. Patients with stimulant use disorders had higher cortisol levels over time than those with OUD. Further research should explore the clinical implications of the current findings. In particular, greater insight into the moderating effects of polysubstance disorders on cortisol levels may contribute to the development of individual tailored treatment approaches.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20836,"journal":{"name":"Psychoneuroendocrinology","volume":"178 ","pages":"Article 107477"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143924767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lifetime heterosexist victimization and diurnal cortisol predict depression trajectories among sexual and gender minority emerging adults","authors":"Luis A. Parra ,&nbsp;Jonathan L. Helm ,&nbsp;Paul D. Hastings","doi":"10.1016/j.psyneuen.2025.107476","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psyneuen.2025.107476","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Heterosexist victimization constitutes a severe source of social stress with enduring effects on mental health and the adrenocortical functioning of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGTBQ) emerging adults. However, it is unknown what roles lower or higher diurnal cortisol at waking (cortisol intercepts) and less variable fluctuations (“flatter” slopes) play in the links between heterosexist victimization and depressive symptoms. In accordance with diathesis-stress, allostatic load, and biological embedding perspectives, we examined whether cortisol intercepts and slopes moderated or mediated the predictive associations of heterosexist victimization with depressive symptoms over 24-months. Heterosexist victimization was expected to predict depressive symptoms most strongly for LGBTQ emerging adults with flatter cortisol slopes (i.e., moderation), and cortisol intercepts and slopes were expected to indirectly link heterosexist victimization with depressive symptoms (i.e., mediation). Latinx and White LGBTQ emerging adults (<em>N</em> = 97; ages 18–29, <em>M</em> = 23.91 years, <em>SD</em> = 2.63) provided saliva samples and questionnaire responses during a four-day testing protocol at baseline; two additional assessments of depressive symptoms were completed 9- and 24-months later. Cortisol intercepts and slopes moderated associations of heterosexist victimization with both contemporaneous and prospective depressive symptoms. Heterosexist victimization was positively associated with contemporaneous depressive symptoms and decreases in depressive symptoms over two years when LGBTQ emerging adults also had steeper cortisol slopes. Heterosexist discrimination was associated with increases in depressive symptoms prospectively among participants with lower cortisol intercepts. There was no evidence for mediation. Thus, patterns of diurnal adrenocortical functioning may distinguish between LGBTQ emerging adults who are more prone to acute versus prolonged depressive symptoms when they experience heterosexist victimization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20836,"journal":{"name":"Psychoneuroendocrinology","volume":"178 ","pages":"Article 107476"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143937111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of early life stress on network and behavioral states","authors":"Garrett B. Scarpa,&nbsp;Pantelis Antonoudiou,&nbsp;Grant L. Weiss,&nbsp;Bradly T. Stone,&nbsp;Jamie L. Maguire","doi":"10.1016/j.psyneuen.2025.107475","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psyneuen.2025.107475","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with numerous detriments in health, including increased vulnerability to psychiatric illnesses. Early life stress (ELS) in rodents has been shown to effectively model several of the behavioral and endocrine impacts of ACEs and has been utilized to investigate the underlying mechanisms contributing to disease. However, the precise neural mechanisms responsible for mediating the impact of ELS on vulnerability to psychiatric illnesses remain largely unknown.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We use behavior, immunoassay, <em>in vivo</em> local field potential (LFP) recording, histology, and patch clamp to describe the effects of ELS on stress-related behaviors, endocrine changes, network states, protein expression, and cellular physiology in male and female mice.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>We demonstrate that a murine maternal separation (MS) ELS model causes male-specific alterations in behavioral and hormonal responses following an acute stressor. LFP recordings in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and frontal cortex (FC) reveal similar sex-specific alterations at baseline and in response to acute ethological stress. Furthermore, altered physiology of BLA principal neurons in males and BLA parvalbumin (PV) interneurons in females suggests a likely mechanism through which these effects may be mediated. These findings support a large body of literature demonstrating that these network states contribute to stress reactivity and vulnerability to psychiatric illnesses.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Collectively, these results implicate distinct, novel male- and female-specific mechanisms through which ACEs may impact psychiatric health, including altered cellular physiology and network states involved in emotional processing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20836,"journal":{"name":"Psychoneuroendocrinology","volume":"177 ","pages":"Article 107475"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143886475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cortisol and psychological responses to natural disasters","authors":"Mark V. Flinn ,&nbsp;Edward Thum ,&nbsp;Inev Lau ,&nbsp;Shreyas Srinivasan ,&nbsp;Zahabia Kanchwala ,&nbsp;Christy Varghese ,&nbsp;Kiron Ang ,&nbsp;Blair Coe Schweiger","doi":"10.1016/j.psyneuen.2025.107474","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psyneuen.2025.107474","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Natural disasters are an increasing global health issue. Psychological outcomes from traumatic experiences appear linked to the glucocorticoid hormone cortisol. Here we analyze relations among salivary cortisol, traumatic events, and mental health from a 37-year study of a rural community in Dominica. The community has experienced multiple natural disasters. Our investigations of physiological responses to these traumatic experiences and downstream mental health outcomes are exploratory in nature because this research area is in early stages of methodological and theoretical development, and we are applying current biomedical and psychiatric concepts in a non-western culture. Our analyses suggest that temporal profiles of cortisol response are linked to mental health conditions associated with natural disasters including grief, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorders.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20836,"journal":{"name":"Psychoneuroendocrinology","volume":"177 ","pages":"Article 107474"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143898646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A focused review of saliva biomarkers in cognitive fatigue: Current challenges and future directions","authors":"Yunxian Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.psyneuen.2025.107473","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psyneuen.2025.107473","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study provides a focused review on the use of saliva biomarkers, particularly salivary cortisol, for measuring cognitive fatigue. Through a systematic review and analysis of 25 articles sourced from five academic databases, we examine the relationship between cognitive fatigue and saliva biomarkers. The findings highlight the potential of salivary cortisol as an effective marker of cognitive fatigue, while also identifying limitations in current methodologies, including inconsistent saliva collection and analysis procedures. Although prior reviews have explored saliva biomarkers, our analysis focuses on gaps related to the empirical connection between cognitive fatigue and biomarkers. This review further meta-analysis reveals that cortisol and alpha-amylase levels significantly increased after completing cognitive fatigue-inducing tasks. Moreover, this review emphasizes the need for updated, standardized protocols and real-time detection methods. Future research should aim to conduct more focused empirical investigations to advance the field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20836,"journal":{"name":"Psychoneuroendocrinology","volume":"177 ","pages":"Article 107473"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143863647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}