Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging最新文献

{"title":"Characterization of neural networks involved in transdiagnostic emotion dysregulation from a pilot randomized controlled trial of a neurostimulation-enhanced behavioral intervention","authors":"Andrada D. Neacsiu ,&nbsp;Nimesha Gerlus ,&nbsp;John L. Graner ,&nbsp;Lysianne Beynel ,&nbsp;Moria J. Smoski ,&nbsp;Kevin S. LaBar","doi":"10.1016/j.pscychresns.2024.111891","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pscychresns.2024.111891","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Emotional dysregulation is a serious and impairing mental health problem. We examined functional activity and connectivity of neural networks involved in emotional dysregulation at baseline and following a pilot neurostimulation-enhanced cognitive restructuring intervention in a transdiagnostic clinical adult sample.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Neuroimaging data were analyzed from adults who scored 89 or higher on the Difficulties with Emotion Regulation (DERS) scale and had at least one DSM-5 diagnosis. These participants were part of a pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial combining a single therapeutic session of cognitive restructuring with active or sham transcranial magnetic stimulation over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. During the study, participants engaged in an emotional regulation task using personalized autobiographical stressors while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) before and after the pilot intervention. The fMRI task required participants to either experience the emotions associated with the memories or apply cognitive restructuring strategies to reduce their distress.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Whole-brain fMRI results during regulation at baseline revealed increased activation in the dorsal frontoparietal network but decreased activation in the supplementary motor area, cingulate cortex, insula, and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC). Emotion dysregulation was associated with greater vmPFC and amygdala activation and functional connectivity between these regions. The strength of functional connectivity between the dlPFC and other frontal regions was also a marker of emotional dysregulation. Preliminary findings from a subset of participants who completed the follow-up fMRI scan showed that active neurostimulation improved behavioral indices of emotion regulation more than sham stimulation. A whole-brain generalized psychophysiological interaction analysis indicated that active neurostimulation selectively increased occipital cortex connectivity with both the insula and the dlPFC. Region-of-interest functional connectivity analyses showed that active neurostimulation selectively increased dlPFC connectivity with the insula and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Insufficient neural specificity during the emotion regulation process and over-involvement of frontal regions may be a marker of emotional dysregulation across disorders. OFC, vlPFC, insula activity, and connectivity are associated with improved emotion regulation in transdiagnostic adults. In this pilot study, active neurostimulation led to neural changes in the emotion regulation network after a single session; however, the intervention findings are preliminary, given the small sample size. These functional network properties can inform future neuroscience-driven interventions and larger-scale studies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20776,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 111891"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142232416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Borderline personality trait is associated with neural differentiation of self-other processing: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study","authors":"Do Yeon Yoo,&nbsp;Da Won Jeong,&nbsp;Min Kyoung Kim,&nbsp;Seyul Kwak","doi":"10.1016/j.pscychresns.2024.111882","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pscychresns.2024.111882","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Individuals with borderline personality traits are known to have disturbed representations of self and others. Specifically, an unstable self-identity and difficulties distinguishing between self and others can impair their mentalizing abilities in interpersonal situations. However, it is unclear whether these traits are linked to differences in neural representation of self and others.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>In this study involving 156 young adults, changes in neural function during self-other processing were measured using a Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) task and a self-report survey. During the fNIRS task, participants were asked about their own traits, others' traits, how they believed others perceived them, and the basic meaning of words. The study aimed to determine whether the degree of neural differentiation between the task conditions was related to borderline personality traits.</p></div><div><h3>Result</h3><p>The study found that traits indicative of identity instability could be predicted by similarities in task-dependent connectivity. Specifically, the neural patterns when individuals estimated how others perceived them were more similar to the patterns when they judged their own traits.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>These findings suggest that borderline personality traits related to identity issues may reflect difficulties in distinguishing between neural patterns when processing self and other information.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20776,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 111882"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142146097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hyperactivity and altered functional connectivity of the ventral striatum in schizophrenia compared with bipolar disorder: A resting state fMRI study","authors":"Li Zhang ,&nbsp;Wenli Wang ,&nbsp;Yuan Ruan ,&nbsp;Zhiyong Li ,&nbsp;Yanjun ,&nbsp;Gong-Jun Ji ,&nbsp;Yanghua Tian ,&nbsp;Kai Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.pscychresns.2024.111881","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pscychresns.2024.111881","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Schizophrenia patients frequently present with structural and functional abnormalities of the ventral striatum (VS).</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>we examined basal activation state and functional connectivity (FC) in four subregions of the bilateral ventral striatum: left inferior ventral striatum (VSi_L), left superior ventral striatum(VSs_L), right inferior ventral striatum(VSi_R), and right superior ventral striatum(VSs_R). Resting-state functional magnetic resonance images were obtained from 62 schizophrenia patients (SCH), 57 bipolar disorder (BD) patients, and 26 healthy controls (HCs).</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The schizophrenia group exhibited greater fALFF in bilateral VS subregions compared to BD and HC groups as well as greater FC between the bilateral VSi and multiple brain regions, including the thalamus, putamen, posterior cingulate gyrus (PCC), frontal cortex and caudate. Moreover, the fALFF values of the bilateral ventral striatum were positively correlated with the severity of positive symptoms. We also found the functional connectivity between the bilateral inferior ventral striatum and some brain regions aforementioned were positively correlated with the severity of negative symptoms.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>These findings confirm a crucial contribution of ventral striatum dysfunction, especially of the bilateral VSi in schizophrenia. Functionally dissociated regions of the ventral striatum are differentially disturbed in schizophrenia.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20776,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 111881"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142230319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"tDCS for the treatment of negative symptoms in youth at clinical-high-risk for psychosis: A feasibility study","authors":"Paul D. Metzak ,&nbsp;Marilena M. DeMayo ,&nbsp;Kali Brummitt ,&nbsp;Signe Bray ,&nbsp;Frank MacMaster ,&nbsp;Ashley Harris ,&nbsp;Alexander McGirr ,&nbsp;Jean Addington","doi":"10.1016/j.pscychresns.2024.111879","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pscychresns.2024.111879","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Negative symptoms are often found in youth at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis. The present study explored the feasibility of using tDCS in conjunction with CBT in the treatment of negative symptoms in 5 youths at CHR. We sought to determine whether the protocol was feasible given the requirement for repeated visits over a three-week period, and to determine if measures of neurobiological change could be included, both acutely and following three weeks of stimulation. The results from this study suggest that the protocol is feasible for these youth, and the inclusion of MRI scanning sessions yielded good quality data.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20776,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging","volume":"344 ","pages":"Article 111879"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142095440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dysconnectivity of the cerebellum and somatomotor network correlates with the severity of alogia in chronic schizophrenia","authors":"Wiktor Więcławski ,&nbsp;Krzysztof Bielski ,&nbsp;Martin Jani ,&nbsp;Marek Binder ,&nbsp;Przemysław Adamczyk","doi":"10.1016/j.pscychresns.2024.111883","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pscychresns.2024.111883","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Recent fMRI resting-state findings show aberrant functional connectivity within somatomotor network (SMN) in schizophrenia. Moreover, functional connectivity aberrations of the motor system are often reported to be related to the severity of psychotic symptoms. Thus, it is important to validate those findings and confirm their relationship with psychopathology. Therefore, we decided to take an entirely data-driven approach in our fMRI resting-state study of 30 chronic schizophrenia outpatients and 30 matched control subjects. We used independent component analysis (ICA), dual regression, and seed-based connectivity analysis. We found reduced functional connectivity within SMN in schizophrenia patients compared to controls and SMN hypoconnectivity with the cerebellum in schizophrenia patients. The latter was strongly correlated with the severity of alogia, one of the main psychotic symptoms, i.e. poverty of speech and reduction in spontaneous speech,. Our results are consistent with the recent knowledge about the role of the cerebellum in cognitive functioning and its abnormalities in psychiatric disorders, e.g. schizophrenia. In conclusion, the presented results, for the first time clearly showed the involvement of the cerebellum hypoconnectivity with SMN in the persistence and severity of alogia symptoms in schizophrenia.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20776,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 111883"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925492724001069/pdfft?md5=27b0e56973e4c8e018bafd248cdd5236&pid=1-s2.0-S0925492724001069-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142146098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuroimaging evidence of disturbed self-appraisal in posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review","authors":"J. Agathos ,&nbsp;A. Putica ,&nbsp;T. Steward ,&nbsp;K.L. Felmingham ,&nbsp;M.L. O'Donnell ,&nbsp;C. Davey ,&nbsp;B.J. Harrison","doi":"10.1016/j.pscychresns.2024.111888","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pscychresns.2024.111888","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The experience of self-hood in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is altered cognitively and somatically. Dysfunctional negative cognitions about the self are a central mechanism of PTSD symptomatology and treatment. However, while higher-order brain models of disturbances in self-appraisal (i.e., cognitive processes relating to evaluating the self) have been examined in other psychiatric disorders, it is unclear how normative brain function during self-appraisal is impaired in PTSD.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>This paper presents a PRISMA systematic review of functional neuroimaging studies (<em>n</em> = 5), to establish a neurobiological account of how self-appraisal processes are disturbed in PTSD. The review was prospectively registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023450509).</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Self-appraisal in PTSD is linked to disrupted activity in core self-processing regions of the Default Mode Network (DMN); and regions involved in cognitive control and emotion regulation, salience and valuation.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>Because self-appraisal in PTSD is relatively under-studied, only a small number of studies could be included for review. Cross-study heterogeneity in analytic approaches and trauma-exposure history prohibited a quantitative meta-analysis.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>This paper proposes a mechanistic account of how neural dysfunctions may manifest clinically in PTSD and inform targeted selection of appropriate treatment options. We present a research agenda for future work to advance the field.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20776,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging","volume":"344 ","pages":"Article 111888"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925492724001112/pdfft?md5=1fe8e41970d270a2ce02f341fe0f352a&pid=1-s2.0-S0925492724001112-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142136464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changed ventral striatum structural covariance and grey matter volume in depression during a one-year follow-up","authors":"Yong-ming Wang ,&nbsp;Liang-liang Chen ,&nbsp;Cheng-lei Wang ,&nbsp;Chao Yan ,&nbsp;Guang-rong Xie ,&nbsp;Xin-hua Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.pscychresns.2024.111887","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pscychresns.2024.111887","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Empirical findings suggest reduced cortico-striatal structural connectivity in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). However, the relationship between the abnormal structural covariance and one-year outcome of first-episode drug-naive patients has not been evaluated. This longitudinal study aimed to identify specific changes of ventral striatum-related brain structural covariance and grey matter volume in forty-two first-episode patients with major depression disorder compared with thirty-seven healthy controls at the baseline and the one-year follow-up conditions. At the baseline, patients showed decreased structural covariance between the left ventral striatum and the bilateral superior frontal gyrus (SFG), bilateral middle frontal gyrus (MFG), right supplementary motor area (SMA) and left precentral gyrus and increased grey matter volume at the left fusiform and left parahippocampus. At the one-year follow-up, patients showed decreased structural covariance between the left ventral striatum and the right SFG, right MFG, left precentral gyrus and left postcentral gyrus, and increased structural covariance between the right ventral striatum and the right amygdala, right hippocampus, right parahippocampus, right superior temporal pole, right insula and right olfactory bulb and decreased volume at the left SMA compared with controls. These findings suggest that specific ventral striatum connectivity changes contribute to the early brain development of the MDD.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20776,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging","volume":"344 ","pages":"Article 111887"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142136466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"No significant alteration in white matter microstructure in first-degree relatives of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder","authors":"Hirofumi Tomiyama ,&nbsp;Keitaro Murayama ,&nbsp;Kiyotaka Nemoto ,&nbsp;Kenta Kato ,&nbsp;Akira Matsuo ,&nbsp;Mingi Kang ,&nbsp;Kenta Sashikata ,&nbsp;Osamu Togao ,&nbsp;Tomohiro Nakao","doi":"10.1016/j.pscychresns.2024.111884","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pscychresns.2024.111884","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by structural alteration within white matter tissues of cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical, temporal and occipital circuits. However, the presence of microstructural changes in the white matter tracts of unaffected first-degree relatives of patients with OCD as a vulnerability marker remains unclear. Therefore, here, diffusion-tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DTI) data were obtained from 29 first-degree relatives of patients with OCD and 59 healthy controls. We investigated the group differences in FA using whole-brain analysis (DTI analysis). For additional regions of interest (ROI) analysis, we focused on the posterior thalamic radiation and sagittal stratum, shown in recent meta-analysis of patients with OCD. In both whole-brain and ROI analyses, using a strict statistical threshold (family-wise error rate [FWE] corrected <em>p</em>&lt;.05 for whole-brain analyses, and <em>p</em>&lt;.0125 (0.05/4) with Bonferroni correction for ROI analyses), we found no significant group differences in FA. Subtle reductions were observed in the anterior corona radiata, forceps minor, cingulum bundle, and corpus callosum only when a lenient statistical was applied (FWE corrected <em>p</em>&lt;.20). These findings suggest that alterations in the white matter microstructure of first-degree relatives, as potential vulnerability markers for OCD, are likely subtle.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20776,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging","volume":"344 ","pages":"Article 111884"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925492724001070/pdfft?md5=ec23e326b0b39f3faccc171125d1a4aa&pid=1-s2.0-S0925492724001070-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142136465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Schizophrenia diagnosis using the GRU-layer's alpha-EEG rhythm's dependability","authors":"Pankaj Kumar Sahu,&nbsp;Karan Jain","doi":"10.1016/j.pscychresns.2024.111886","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pscychresns.2024.111886","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Verifying schizophrenia (SZ) can be assisted by deep learning techniques and patterns in brain activity observed in alpha-EEG recordings. The suggested research provides evidence of the reliability of alpha-EEG rhythm in a Gated-Recurrent-Unit-based deep-learning model for investigating SZ. This study suggests Rudiment Densely-Coupled Convolutional Gated Recurrent Unit (RDCGRU) for the various EEG-rhythm-based (gamma, beta, alpha, theta, and delta) diagnoses of SZ. The model includes multiple 1-D-Convolution (Con-1-D) folds with steps greater than 1, which enables the model to programmatically and effectively learn how to reduce the incoming signal. The Con-1-D layers and numerous Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) layers comprise the Exponential-Linear-Unit activation function. This powerful activation function facilitates in-deep-network training and improves classification performance. The Densely-Coupled Convolutional Gated Recurrent Unit (DCGRU) layers enable RDCGRU to address the training accuracy loss brought on by vanishing or exploding gradients, and this might make it possible to develop intense, deep versions of RDCGRU for more complex problems. The sigmoid activation function is implemented in the digital (binary) classifier's output nodes. The RDCGRU deep learning model attained the most excellent accuracy, 88.88 %, with alpha-EEG rhythm. The research achievements: The RDCGRU deep learning model's GRU cells responded superiorly to the alpha-EEG rhythm in EEG-based verification of SZ.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20776,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging","volume":"344 ","pages":"Article 111886"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142095867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Atlas-based structural analysis of prefrontal cortex atrophy in major depressive disorder: Correlations with severity and episode frequency","authors":"Aybars Kokce ,&nbsp;Merve Şahin Can ,&nbsp;Omur Karaca ,&nbsp;Emrah Ozcan ,&nbsp;İlter Kuş","doi":"10.1016/j.pscychresns.2024.111885","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pscychresns.2024.111885","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Current models of major depressive disorder (MDD) primarily focus on the structural and functional changes in key prefrontal areas responsible for emotional regulation. Among these regions some sections such as the dorsal prefrontal area, has received limited attention regarding its structural abnormalities in MDD. This study aims to evaluate volumetric abnormalities in brain regions associated with markers of depression severity and episode frequency.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The study included 33 MDD patients and 33 healthy subjects. Using an atlas-based method, we measured the volumes of several key brain regions based on MRI data. The regions of interest included prefrontal and posterior sections of the middle frontal gyrus (MFG) and superior frontal gyrus (SFG). Additionally, we evaluated the volumes of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), perigenual (rostral) anterior cingulate cortex (pgACC), subgenual cingulate cortex (sgACC), posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), hippocampus (HPC), and parahippocampus (paraHPC). Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D) scores and count of the depressive episodes of patients were also obtained. A regression analysis with sex as the confounding factor has been made.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Analysis of covariances, controlling for sex, showed significant atrophy in the sgACC in the depression group: F(1, 63) = 4.013, p = 0.049 (left) and F(1, 63) = 8.786, <em>p &lt;</em> 0.004 (right). Poisson regression, also controlling for sex, found that each additional depressive episode was associated with a significant reduction in left posterior MFG volume (0.952 times, 95 % CI, 0.906 to 1.000; p = 0.049).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Findings in this study highlight the structural abnormalities in MDD patients in correlation to either current depression severity or chronicity of the disease.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20776,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging","volume":"344 ","pages":"Article 111885"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142095439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}