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Misplaced Divides? Discussing Political Disagreement With Strangers Can Be Unexpectedly Positive. 分歧错位？与陌生人讨论政治分歧会产生意想不到的积极效果。
IF 8.2 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-05-01 Epub Date: 2024-03-28 DOI: 10.1177/09567976241230005
Kristina A Wald, Michael Kardas, Nicholas Epley
{"title":"Misplaced Divides? Discussing Political Disagreement With Strangers Can Be Unexpectedly Positive.","authors":"Kristina A Wald, Michael Kardas, Nicholas Epley","doi":"10.1177/09567976241230005","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976241230005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Differences of opinion between people are common in everyday life, but discussing those differences openly in conversation may be unnecessarily rare. We report three experiments (<i>N =</i> 1,264 U.S.-based adults) demonstrating that people's interest in discussing important but potentially divisive topics is guided by their expectations about how positively the conversation will unfold, leaving them more interested in having a conversation with someone who agrees versus disagrees with them. People's expectations about their conversations, however, were systematically miscalibrated such that people underestimated how positive these conversations would be-especially in cases of disagreement. Miscalibrated expectations stemmed from underestimating the degree of common ground that would emerge in conversation and from failing to appreciate the power of social forces in conversation that create social connection. Misunderstanding the outcomes of conversation could lead people to avoid discussing disagreements more often, creating a misplaced barrier to learning, social connection, free inquiry, and free expression.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"471-488"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140319073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Distinct Constellations of Common Risk Factors Differentially Relate to Executive-Function Ability in Children. 常见风险因素的不同组合与儿童执行功能能力的关系各不相同。
IF 8.2 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-05-01 Epub Date: 2024-03-21 DOI: 10.1177/09567976241235931
Eliya Ben-Asher, Blaire M Porter, Jessica A Church
{"title":"Distinct Constellations of Common Risk Factors Differentially Relate to Executive-Function Ability in Children.","authors":"Eliya Ben-Asher, Blaire M Porter, Jessica A Church","doi":"10.1177/09567976241235931","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976241235931","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Executive functioning (EF) has been shown to relate to academic achievement and well-being. Independent bodies of work have aimed to understand what environmental or personal attributes influence EF ability. However, most research has not considered how constellations of risk factors create distinct patterns of influence on EF ability. The current study tested a sample of children aged 9 to 10 years from the United States (<i>N</i> = 10,323, 48.06% female, <i>M<sub>ag</sub></i><sub>e</sub> = 9.9 years, age range = 8.9-11.08 years) using a latent profile analysis (LPA) to detect subgroups that varied in their combinations of various risk factors. Six distinct groups of risk factors for children emerged, which in turn related to different average EF abilities. We found that family socioeconomic measures related to a subgroup having above- or below-average EF ability, but we also found an effect on EF across different risk factors. These results inform our understanding of individual variations in EF ability and highlight the idea that EF interventions should consider risk holistically.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"489-503"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140185365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Do We Become More Lonely With Age? A Coordinated Data Analysis of Nine Longitudinal Studies 随着年龄增长，我们会变得更加孤独吗？九项纵向研究的协调数据分析
IF 8.2 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-04-30 DOI: 10.1177/09567976241242037
Eileen K. Graham, Emorie D. Beck, Kathryn Jackson, Tomiko Yoneda, Chloe McGhee, Lily Pieramici, Olivia E. Atherton, Jing Luo, Emily C. Willroth, Andrew Steptoe, Daniel K. Mroczek, Anthony D. Ong
{"title":"Do We Become More Lonely With Age? A Coordinated Data Analysis of Nine Longitudinal Studies","authors":"Eileen K. Graham, Emorie D. Beck, Kathryn Jackson, Tomiko Yoneda, Chloe McGhee, Lily Pieramici, Olivia E. Atherton, Jing Luo, Emily C. Willroth, Andrew Steptoe, Daniel K. Mroczek, Anthony D. Ong","doi":"10.1177/09567976241242037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09567976241242037","url":null,"abstract":"Loneliness is a pervasive experience with adverse impacts on health and well-being. Despite its significance, notable gaps impede a full understanding of how loneliness changes across the adult life span and what factors influence these changes. To address this, we conducted a coordinated data analysis of nine longitudinal studies encompassing 128,118 participants ages 13 to 103 from over 20 countries. Using harmonized variables and models, we examined loneliness trajectories and predictors. Analyses revealed that loneliness follows a U-shaped curve, decreasing from young adulthood to midlife and increasing in older adulthood. These patterns were consistent across studies. Several baseline factors (i.e., sex, marital status, physical function, education) were linked to loneliness levels, but few moderated the loneliness trajectories. These findings highlight the dynamic nature of loneliness and underscore the need for targeted interventions to reduce social disparities throughout adulthood.","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140827020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Visual Preference for Socially Relevant Spatial Relations in Humans and Monkeys 人类和猴子对社会相关空间关系的视觉偏好
IF 8.2 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-04-29 DOI: 10.1177/09567976241242995
Nicolas Goupil, Holly Rayson, Émilie Serraille, Alice Massera, Pier Francesco Ferrari, Jean-Rémy Hochmann, Liuba Papeo
{"title":"Visual Preference for Socially Relevant Spatial Relations in Humans and Monkeys","authors":"Nicolas Goupil, Holly Rayson, Émilie Serraille, Alice Massera, Pier Francesco Ferrari, Jean-Rémy Hochmann, Liuba Papeo","doi":"10.1177/09567976241242995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09567976241242995","url":null,"abstract":"As a powerful social signal, a body, face, or gaze facing toward oneself holds an individual’s attention. We asked whether, going beyond an egocentric stance, facingness between others has a similar effect and why. In a preferential-looking time paradigm, human adults showed spontaneous preference to look at two bodies facing toward (vs. away from) each other (Experiment 1a, N = 24). Moreover, facing dyads were rated higher on social semantic dimensions, showing that facingness adds social value to stimuli (Experiment 1b, N = 138). The same visual preference was found in juvenile macaque monkeys (Experiment 2, N = 21). Finally, on the human development timescale, this preference emerged by 5 years, although young infants by 7 months of age already discriminate visual scenes on the basis of body positioning (Experiment 3, N = 120). We discuss how the preference for facing dyads—shared by human adults, young children, and macaques—can signal a new milestone in social cognition development, supporting processing and learning from third-party social interactions.","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140827017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Impact of Relocation Patterns on Psychological Stress 搬迁模式对心理压力的影响
IF 8.2 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.1177/09567976241239915
Chuan-Zhong Deng, Hsiang-Chieh Lee, Lu-Yen A. Chen, Sue-Huei Chen
{"title":"The Impact of Relocation Patterns on Psychological Stress","authors":"Chuan-Zhong Deng, Hsiang-Chieh Lee, Lu-Yen A. Chen, Sue-Huei Chen","doi":"10.1177/09567976241239915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09567976241239915","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated how relocation patterns affect disaster survivors’ psychological stress on the diverse durations and spaces of relocation. It analyzed a 10-year data set of 1,236 families affected by 2009’s Typhoon Morakot in Taiwan, identifying six relocation patterns through dynamic time warping (DTW). A hierarchical linear model was utilized, revealing the discernible impacts of environmental factors, sociocultural factors, and family-level socioeconomic factors on psychological stress. The study revealed that survivors who quickly found stable residences after the disaster initially experienced lower stress levels, but in the long term, their stress increased. Conversely, those with unstable residences experienced higher initial stress but lower long-term stress. Comparing similar patterns, we found that survivors who had more time for preparation and who sought opportunities, coped, or adapted to secondary stressors before long-distance relocation faced lower stress levels. These findings suggest that relocation patterns have a greater impact on the psychosocial stress of disaster survivors than time or relocation distance.","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":"116 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140637477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Caricaturing Shapes in Visual Memory 视觉记忆中的图形漫画
IF 8.2 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.1177/09567976231225091
Zekun Sun, Subin Han, Chaz Firestone
{"title":"Caricaturing Shapes in Visual Memory","authors":"Zekun Sun, Subin Han, Chaz Firestone","doi":"10.1177/09567976231225091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09567976231225091","url":null,"abstract":"When representing high-level stimuli, such as faces and animals, we tend to emphasize salient features—such as a face’s prominent cheekbones or a bird’s pointed beak. Such mental caricaturing leaves traces in memory, which exaggerates these distinctive qualities. How broadly does this phenomenon extend? Here, in six experiments ( N = 700 adults), we explored how memory automatically caricatures basic units of visual processing—simple geometric shapes—even without task-related demands to do so. Participants saw a novel shape and then immediately adjusted a copy of that shape to match what they had seen. Surprisingly, participants reconstructed shapes in exaggerated form, amplifying curvature, enlarging salient parts, and so on. Follow-up experiments generalized this bias to new parameters, ruled out strategic responding, and amplified the effects in serial transmission. Thus, even the most basic stimuli we encounter are remembered as caricatures of themselves.","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140637063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Disagreement Gets Mistaken for Bad Listening 不同意见会被误认为是不善于倾听
IF 8.2 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-04-17 DOI: 10.1177/09567976241239935
Zhiying (Bella) Ren, Rebecca Schaumberg
{"title":"Disagreement Gets Mistaken for Bad Listening","authors":"Zhiying (Bella) Ren, Rebecca Schaumberg","doi":"10.1177/09567976241239935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09567976241239935","url":null,"abstract":"It is important for people to feel listened to in professional and personal communications, and yet they can feel unheard even when others have listened well. We propose that this feeling may arise because speakers conflate agreement with listening quality. In 11 studies ( N = 3,396 adults), we held constant or manipulated a listener’s objective listening behaviors, manipulating only after the conversation whether the listener agreed with the speaker. Across various topics, mediums (e.g., video, chat), and cues of objective listening quality, speakers consistently perceived disagreeing listeners as worse listeners. This effect persisted after controlling for other positive impressions of the listener (e.g., likability). This effect seemed to emerge because speakers believe their views are correct, leading them to infer that a disagreeing listener must not have been listening very well. Indeed, it may be prohibitively difficult for someone to simultaneously convey that they disagree and that they were listening.","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140614506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Biases in Improvement Decisions: People Focus on the Relative Reduction in Bad Outcomes 改进决策中的偏见：人们注重相对减少不良结果
IF 8.2 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-04-16 DOI: 10.1177/09567976241232891
William H. Ryan, Stephen M. Baum, Ellen R. K. Evers
{"title":"Biases in Improvement Decisions: People Focus on the Relative Reduction in Bad Outcomes","authors":"William H. Ryan, Stephen M. Baum, Ellen R. K. Evers","doi":"10.1177/09567976241232891","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09567976241232891","url":null,"abstract":"People often decide whether to invest scarce resources—such as time, money, or energy—to improve their chances of a positive outcome. For example, a doctor might decide whether to utilize scarce medicine to improve a patient’s chances of recovery, or a student might decide whether to study a few additional hours to increase their chances of passing an exam. We conducted 11 studies ( N = 5,342 adults) and found evidence that people behave as if they focus on the relative reduction in bad outcomes caused by such improvements. As a consequence, the same improvements (e.g., 10-percentage-point improvements) are valued very differently depending on whether one’s initial chances of success are high or low. This focus on the relative reduction of bad outcomes drives risk preferences that violate normative standards (Studies 1a–1g and 2a), is amplified when decisions become more consequential (Study 2b), and leads even experienced professionals to make suboptimal decisions (Study 3).","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140614505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Gender-Ambiguous Voices and Social Disfluency 性别模糊的声音和社交障碍
IF 8.2 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-04-15 DOI: 10.1177/09567976241238222
Shahryar Mohsenin, Kurt P. Munz
{"title":"Gender-Ambiguous Voices and Social Disfluency","authors":"Shahryar Mohsenin, Kurt P. Munz","doi":"10.1177/09567976241238222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09567976241238222","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, gender-ambiguous (nonbinary) voices have been added to voice assistants to combat gender stereotypes and foster inclusion. However, if people react negatively to such voices, these laudable efforts may be counterproductive. In five preregistered studies ( N = 3,684 adult participants) we found that people do react negatively, rating products described by narrators with gender-ambiguous voices less favorably than when they are described by clearly male or female narrators. The voices create a feeling of unease, or social disfluency, that affects evaluations of the products being described. These effects are best explained by low familiarity with voices that sound ambiguous. Thus, initial negative reactions can be overcome with more exposure.","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140602922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
People Endorse Harsher Policies in Principle Than in Practice: Asymmetric Beliefs About Which Errors to Prevent Versus Fix 人们赞同原则上比实践中更严厉的政策：关于预防和纠正错误的不对称信念
IF 8.2 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-04-09 DOI: 10.1177/09567976241228504
Eitan D. Rude, Franklin Shaddy
{"title":"People Endorse Harsher Policies in Principle Than in Practice: Asymmetric Beliefs About Which Errors to Prevent Versus Fix","authors":"Eitan D. Rude, Franklin Shaddy","doi":"10.1177/09567976241228504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09567976241228504","url":null,"abstract":"Countless policies are crafted with the intention of punishing all who do wrong or rewarding only those who do right. However, this requires accommodating certain mistakes: some who do not deserve to be punished might be, and some who deserve to be rewarded might not be. Six preregistered experiments ( N = 3,484 U.S. adults) reveal that people are more willing to accept this trade-off in principle, before errors occur, than in practice, after errors occur. The result is an asymmetry such that for punishments, people believe it is more important to prevent false negatives (e.g., criminals escaping justice) than to fix them, and more important to fix false positives (e.g., wrongful convictions) than to prevent them. For rewards, people believe it is more important to prevent false positives (e.g., welfare fraud) than to fix them and more important to fix false negatives (e.g., improperly denied benefits) than to prevent them.","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140570024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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