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*Social Rewards Protection Theory: Why People Morally Derogate Prosocial Actors for Undisclosed Personal Benefits. *社会奖励保护理论：为什么人们为了未公开的个人利益而在道德上贬低亲社会行为者。
IF 5.4 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-29 DOI: 10.1177/09567976251398454
Sebastian Hafenbrädl
{"title":"*Social Rewards Protection Theory: Why People Morally Derogate Prosocial Actors for Undisclosed Personal Benefits.","authors":"Sebastian Hafenbrädl","doi":"10.1177/09567976251398454","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976251398454","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Prosocial behavior is common and often socially rewarded (e.g., via liking, status, and trust). Yet prior research has found that if actors themselves also benefit from their prosocial behavior, then they are morally derogated: They are evaluated as worse than purely selfish actors. This <i>tainted-altruism effect</i> has been explained by the use of different counterfactuals for the evaluation of prosocial and selfish actors. Here I propose <i>social rewards protection theory</i>, which explains why evaluators use these different counterfactuals in the first place: Social rewards are treated as being reserved for costly prosocial actions. Claiming such rewards without incurring costs seems like cheating and thus deserves moral derogation. Accordingly, being transparent about the action's costs and benefits prevents such derogation. I conducted six experiments (five preregistered) with Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) workers in the United States and lab participants in Spain (total <i>N</i> = 4,732 adults). The findings provide support for the proposed functional explanation of tainted altruism, which also sheds light on related phenomena, such as overhead aversion and hypocrisy.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":"37 1","pages":"55-77"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13507646/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146086851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Choice Set Size Neglect in Predicting Others' Preferences. 预测他人偏好的选择集大小忽略。
IF 5.4 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-07 DOI: 10.1177/09567976251400333
Beidi Hu, Alice Moon, Eric VanEpps
{"title":"Choice Set Size Neglect in Predicting Others' Preferences.","authors":"Beidi Hu, Alice Moon, Eric VanEpps","doi":"10.1177/09567976251400333","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976251400333","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An inherent feature of any choice is the set size from which that choice is made (i.e., the number of available options in a choice set). Choice set size impacts the likelihood of landing on a more preferred option: Larger sets are more likely to contain an option matching one's preferences. Nevertheless, in six preregistered experiments with 10,092 U.S. adults, we demonstrated that people consistently underestimated the effect of set size when predicting others' liking for a chosen option. We propose this effect arises because, although people recognize that set size predicts liking of a chosen option, they typically fail to attend to it when considering others' choices. Accordingly, this effect was attenuated when attention was drawn to set size, specifically (a) when participants considered multiple set sizes simultaneously, (b) when the decision process was framed as ranking rather than choosing, or (c) when participants were prompted to recall set size before predicting others' preferences.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"30-42"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13428897/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145917992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Listeners Systematically Integrate Hierarchical Tonal Context, Regardless of Musical Training. 听众系统地整合层次调性背景，无论音乐训练。
IF 5.4 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-19 DOI: 10.1177/09567976251400331
Riesa Y Cassano-Coleman, Sarah C Izen, Elise A Piazza
{"title":"Listeners Systematically Integrate Hierarchical Tonal Context, Regardless of Musical Training.","authors":"Riesa Y Cassano-Coleman, Sarah C Izen, Elise A Piazza","doi":"10.1177/09567976251400331","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976251400331","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Context drives our interpretations of music as surprising, frightening, or awe-inspiring. However, it remains unclear how formal musical training affects our ability to hierarchically integrate complex tonal information to efficiently predict, remember, and segment music. We scrambled naturalistic music at multiple timescales to manipulate coherent tonal context while controlling for multiple acoustic cues. Memory (Experiment 1; <i>n</i> = 108, age range = 19-41 years) and prediction (Experiment 2; <i>n</i> = 108, age range = 20-41 years) improved with more intact context for both musicians and nonmusicians. Listeners' event boundaries were influenced by the amount of tonal context but also reflected nested phrase structure, and musicians were more sensitive to longer-timescale \"hyperphrase\" structure (Experiment 3; <i>n</i> = 95, age range = 20-42 years) and could better identify the amount of scrambling (Experiment 4; <i>n</i> = 108, age range = 19-41 years). These results indicate that listeners integrate tonal context across complex phrases to efficiently encode, predict, and segment naturalistic music and that in general, training has surprisingly little impact on this integration.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"3-17"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145794529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Do the Effects of a Preschool Language Intervention Last in the Long Run? A 4-Year Follow-Up Study. 学龄前语言干预的效果能否长期持续？一项为期四年的随访研究。
IF 5.4 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-21 DOI: 10.1177/09567976251392219
Åste Mjelve Hagen, Kristin Rogde, Monica Melby-Lervåg, Arne Lervåg
{"title":"Do the Effects of a Preschool Language Intervention Last in the Long Run? A 4-Year Follow-Up Study.","authors":"Åste Mjelve Hagen, Kristin Rogde, Monica Melby-Lervåg, Arne Lervåg","doi":"10.1177/09567976251392219","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976251392219","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Childhood language interventions appear promising for improving children's lives and yielding economic returns. However, few studies have evaluated long-term effects of these interventions. Our study did this using a large, cluster-randomized trial of a preschool intervention for Norwegian children aged 4 to 5 years whose vocabulary was more limited than that of their peers. Results showed that effects on expressive language were maintained at the 7-month follow-up when the children were in first grade and that those with the weakest language skills initially had the largest and most persistent effects. However, 4 years after the intervention, the differences between the intervention and control groups were negligible. Thus, although effects from the preschool language intervention lasted into the first year of elementary school, effects eventually faded and were completely absent in fourth grade. Our findings suggest the need for a sustained approach to language and literacy support, focusing on persistent interventions and high-quality adapted instruction.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"887-898"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13428939/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145574206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Persistence of Homophobia in Men's Friendship Norms. 男性友谊规范中同性恋恐惧症的持续存在。
IF 5.4 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-03 DOI: 10.1177/09567976251396084
Sherrie Y Xue, Stephanie C Lin, Christilene du Plessis
{"title":"The Persistence of Homophobia in Men's Friendship Norms.","authors":"Sherrie Y Xue, Stephanie C Lin, Christilene du Plessis","doi":"10.1177/09567976251396084","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976251396084","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Across five studies and one supplementary study (five preregistered; <i>N</i> = 3,215 adults), we found that men, more than women, avoided shared experiences (e.g., going to the movies, sharing food) with individuals of the same gender. Furthermore, persistent societal expectations that men should be unambiguously heterosexual underpinned this pattern: Men felt more apprehensive about signaling same-gender romance in platonic relationships than women did. In turn, romantic prototypicality drove the pattern of men (more than women) avoiding shared activities, above and beyond differences in how hedonic, enjoyable, and feminine the activities were; our findings further suggested that men's reluctance to share these experiences was due to pressure to conform to societal expectations rather than solely a personal preference. This research offers insight into how, despite evolving societal attitudes, heterosexual norms can lead men to make suboptimal consumption decisions and to forgo opportunities to connect with other men, ultimately perpetuating a stigma against intimacy between men.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"913-929"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145669501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Public Speakers With Nonnative Accents Garner Less Engagement. 使用非母语口音的公众演讲者的参与度更低。
IF 5.4 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-03 DOI: 10.1177/09567976251398471
Aliah Zewail, Amir Sepehri, Reihane Boghrati, Mohammad Atari
{"title":"Public Speakers With Nonnative Accents Garner Less Engagement.","authors":"Aliah Zewail, Amir Sepehri, Reihane Boghrati, Mohammad Atari","doi":"10.1177/09567976251398471","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976251398471","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Can nonnative English accents become barriers to garnering attention in public discourse? The current study examined this question. Analyzing 5,367 TED Talks through computational methodologies such as voice recognition, natural language processing, and vision models, we investigated the relationship between speakers' accents and online engagement. After adjusting for various control variables with a series of robustness checks, we found a sizeable disparity in public discourse: Speakers with nonnative accents received less engagement than speakers with native accents. To complement our findings, we conducted a controlled social-psychological experiment among English-speaking American adults (<i>N</i> = 462) and a direct replication (<i>N</i> = 916) that corroborated our computational analyses and highlighted stereotyping and processing disfluency as key factors driving reduced engagement in accented speakers. Our research highlights the pervasive impact of accent discrimination in global communication and emphasizes the need for strategies to mitigate its detrimental effects on knowledge exchange across cultural and linguistic boundaries.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"899-912"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145669514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Is Overconfidence a Trait? An Adversarial Collaboration. 过度自信是一种特质吗？对抗性合作。
IF 5.4 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-16 DOI: 10.1177/09567976251401538
Jabin Binnendyk, Sophia Li, Thomas Costello, Randall Hale, Don A Moore, Gordon Pennycook
{"title":"Is Overconfidence a Trait? An Adversarial Collaboration.","authors":"Jabin Binnendyk, Sophia Li, Thomas Costello, Randall Hale, Don A Moore, Gordon Pennycook","doi":"10.1177/09567976251401538","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976251401538","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A fundamental underlying question about the nature of overconfidence has continued to be subject to scholarly dispute: Is overconfidence a genuine psychological trait? To advance this contested research topic, we engaged in an adversarial collaboration in which two research teams agreed upon a set of critical tests and preregistered their analyses and predictions prior to data collection. Our study (<i>N</i> = 942; U.S. adults from CloudConnect) leverages a methodological innovation: To measure trait overconfidence absent task-related confounds, we developed a set of novel tasks in which performance is ostensibly random. When we assess confidence this way, we find robust relationships across tasks as measured by both confirmatory factor analyses and raw correlations. This indicates that some people do believe that they are able to perform relatively well on tasks even when there is little reason for that confidence. Our results support the claim that overconfidence might be a trait.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":"36 12","pages":"941-951"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145768963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Representational Momentum Transcends Motion. 表征动量超越运动。
IF 5.4 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-08 DOI: 10.1177/09567976251395074
Dillon Plunkett, Jorge Morales
{"title":"Representational Momentum Transcends Motion.","authors":"Dillon Plunkett, Jorge Morales","doi":"10.1177/09567976251395074","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976251395074","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To navigate the world, our minds must represent not only how things are now (perception) but also how they are about to be (prediction). However, perception and prediction blur together for objects in motion, a classic finding known as \"representational momentum.\" If you glance at a photo of a person diving into a lake, you will tend to remember them closer to the water than they really were. In seven experiments (with adult participants from the United States) we show that this phenomenon transcends motion: Our minds make predictions that distort our memories about changes that involve no motion whatsoever, including changes in brightness, color saturation, and proportion. Additionally, we use representational momentum to map the limits of automatic prediction, showing that there are no analogous effects for changes in hue. Our automatic predictions distort our memories in many domains-not just motion-and the presence or absence of these distortions expose the inner workings of perception, cognition, and memory.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"930-940"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13428936/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145708822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Reply to "A Tendency to Answer Consistently Can Generate Apparent Failures to Learn From Failure". 回复“一贯的回答倾向会导致明显的失败，从而从失败中吸取教训”。
IF 5.4 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-04 DOI: 10.1177/09567976251391180
Lauren Eskreis-Winkler, Ayelet Fishbach
{"title":"Reply to \"A Tendency to Answer Consistently Can Generate Apparent Failures to Learn From Failure\".","authors":"Lauren Eskreis-Winkler, Ayelet Fishbach","doi":"10.1177/09567976251391180","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976251391180","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In Eskreis-Winkler and Fishbach (2019), failure stymies learning: People learn less from failure than success. The commentary proposes that the failure to learn from failure could be due to a tendency to respond consistently. Although a consistent response pattern explains why people struggle to learn from failure in some paradigms, we argue that it does not explain the results of the original paradigm. Certain consistency mechanisms require that people assume they should be consistent with their initial intuition instead of updating as they learn new information. This assumption does not apply to the original paradigm. We discuss how the commentary helps sharpen the criteria for assessing learning from failure and the role of consistency as one potential barrier to learning.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"882-884"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145445505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Mapping the Ecology of Risk: 100 Risky Choices of Modern Life. 绘制风险生态：现代生活的100个风险选择。
IF 5.4 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-06 DOI: 10.1177/09567976251384975
Renato Frey, Olivia Fischer
{"title":"Mapping the Ecology of Risk: 100 Risky Choices of Modern Life.","authors":"Renato Frey, Olivia Fischer","doi":"10.1177/09567976251384975","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976251384975","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>What are the risky choices people face in our complex and fast-changing world? This article reports on a series of population surveys in Switzerland (<i>N</i> = 4,380) that collected those risky choices that are relevant in people's everyday lives. Using this empirical basis, we developed an inventory consisting of 100 unique real-life choices to address open questions regarding the structure, life domains, and stability of the current ecology of risk. Moreover, a follow-up study (<i>N</i> = 933) indicated some degree of generalizability of the construct of risk preference to the newly identified real-life choices. The five key insights that emerged from our analyses may be useful for researchers studying decision-making under risk and uncertainty (e.g., what criteria to use when developing novel measurement instruments) and policymaking in applied settings (e.g., addressing how swiftly the risks of modern life change).</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"846-861"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13080786/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145459549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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