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The Basic Units of Working Memory Manipulation Are Boolean Maps, Not Objects. 工作记忆操作的基本单位是布尔图，而不是对象。
IF 4.8 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-18 DOI: 10.1177/09567976241257443
Huichao Ji, Kaiyue Wang, Garry Kong, Xiaodan Zhang, Wenzhen He, Xiaowei Ding
{"title":"The Basic Units of Working Memory Manipulation Are Boolean Maps, Not Objects.","authors":"Huichao Ji, Kaiyue Wang, Garry Kong, Xiaodan Zhang, Wenzhen He, Xiaowei Ding","doi":"10.1177/09567976241257443","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976241257443","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Determining the manipulation unit of working memory is one of the fundamental questions in understanding how working memory functions. The prevalent object-based theory in cognitive research predicts that memory manipulation is performed on the level of objects. Here we show instead that the basic units of working memory manipulation are <i>Boolean maps</i>, a data structure describing what can be perceived in an instant. We developed four new manipulation tasks (with data from 80 adults) and showed that manipulation times only increased when the number of Boolean maps manipulated increased. Increasing the number of orientations manipulated did not induce longer manipulation times, consistent with a key prediction of the Boolean map theory. Our results show that Boolean maps are the manipulation unit of working memory.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"887-899"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141420563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Risky-Choice Framing Effects Result Partly From Mismatched Option Descriptions in Gains and Losses. 风险选择框架效应部分源于收益和损失中不匹配的期权描述。
IF 4.8 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-18 DOI: 10.1177/09567976241249183
Michael L DeKay, Shiyu Dou
{"title":"Risky-Choice Framing Effects Result Partly From Mismatched Option Descriptions in Gains and Losses.","authors":"Michael L DeKay, Shiyu Dou","doi":"10.1177/09567976241249183","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976241249183","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Textbook psychology holds that people usually prefer a certain option over a risky one when options are framed as gains but prefer the opposite when options are framed as losses. However, this pattern can be amplified, eliminated, or reversed depending on whether option descriptions include only positive information (e.g., \"200 people will be saved\"), only negative information (e.g., \"400 people will not be saved\"), or both. Previous studies suggest that framing effects arise only when option descriptions are mismatched across frames. Using online and student samples (<i>N</i>s = 906 and 521), we investigated 81 framing-effect variants created from matched and mismatched pairs of 18 option descriptions (nine in each frame). Description valence or gist explained substantial variation in risk preferences (prospect theory does not predict such variation), but a considerable framing effect remained in our balanced design. Risky-choice framing effects appear to be partly-but not completely-the result of mismatched comparisons.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"918-932"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141420562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
People Have Systematically Different Ownership Intuitions in Seemingly Simple Cases. 在看似简单的情况下，人们的所有权直觉却存在系统性差异。
IF 4.8 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Epub Date: 2024-05-14 DOI: 10.1177/09567976241240424
Xiuyuan Zhang, Paul Bloom, Julian Jara-Ettinger
{"title":"People Have Systematically Different Ownership Intuitions in Seemingly Simple Cases.","authors":"Xiuyuan Zhang, Paul Bloom, Julian Jara-Ettinger","doi":"10.1177/09567976241240424","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976241240424","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Our understanding of ownership influences how we interact with objects and with each other. Here, we studied people's intuitions about ownership transfer using a set of simple, parametrically varied events. We found that people (<i>N</i> = 120 U.S. adults) had similar intuitions about ownership for some events but sharply opposing intuitions for others (Experiment 1). People (<i>N</i> = 120 U.S. adults) were unaware of these conflicts and overestimated ownership consensus (Experiment 2). Moreover, differences in people's ownership intuitions predicted their intuitions about the acceptability of using, altering, controlling, and destroying the owned object (<i>N</i> = 130 U.S. adults; Experiment 3), even when ownership was not explicitly mentioned (<i>N</i> = 130 U.S. adults; Experiment 4). Subject-level analyses suggest that these disagreements reflect at least two underlying intuitive theories, one in which intentions are central to ownership and another in which physical possession is prioritized.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"858-871"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140922942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Promoting Erroneous Divergent Opinions Increases the Wisdom of Crowds. 宣传错误的不同意见会增加群众的智慧。
IF 4.8 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-12 DOI: 10.1177/09567976241252138
Federico Barrera-Lemarchand, Pablo Balenzuela, Bahador Bahrami, Ophelia Deroy, Joaquin Navajas
{"title":"Promoting Erroneous Divergent Opinions Increases the Wisdom of Crowds.","authors":"Federico Barrera-Lemarchand, Pablo Balenzuela, Bahador Bahrami, Ophelia Deroy, Joaquin Navajas","doi":"10.1177/09567976241252138","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976241252138","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aggregation of many lay judgments generates surprisingly accurate estimates. This phenomenon, called the \"wisdom of crowds,\" has been demonstrated in domains such as medical decision-making and financial forecasting. Previous research identified two factors driving this effect: the accuracy of individual assessments and the diversity of opinions. Most available strategies to enhance the wisdom of crowds have focused on improving individual accuracy while neglecting the potential of increasing opinion diversity. Here, we study a complementary approach to reduce collective error by promoting erroneous divergent opinions. This strategy proposes to anchor half of the crowd to a small value and the other half to a large value before eliciting and averaging all estimates. Consistent with our mathematical modeling, four experiments (<i>N</i> = 1,362 adults) demonstrated that this method is effective for estimation and forecasting tasks. Beyond the practical implications, these findings offer new theoretical insights into the epistemic value of collective decision-making.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"872-886"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141311529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Not Everybody Has an Inner Voice: Behavioral Consequences of Anendophasia. 不是每个人都有内心的声音：无声症的行为后果。
IF 4.8 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-05-10 DOI: 10.1177/09567976241243004
Johanne S K Nedergaard, Gary Lupyan
{"title":"Not Everybody Has an Inner Voice: Behavioral Consequences of Anendophasia.","authors":"Johanne S K Nedergaard, Gary Lupyan","doi":"10.1177/09567976241243004","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976241243004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It is commonly assumed that inner speech-the experience of thought as occurring in a natural language-is a human universal. Recent evidence, however, suggests that the experience of inner speech in adults varies from near constant to nonexistent. We propose a name for a lack of the experience of inner speech-anendophasia-and report four studies examining some of its behavioral consequences. We found that adults who reported low levels of inner speech (<i>N</i> = 46) had lower performance on a verbal working memory task and more difficulty performing rhyme judgments compared with adults who reported high levels of inner speech (<i>N</i> = 47). Task-switching performance-previously linked to endogenous verbal cueing-and categorical effects on perceptual judgments were unrelated to differences in inner speech.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"780-797"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140904552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Cutting Through the Noise: Auditory Scenes and Their Effects on Visual Object Processing. 穿越噪音：听觉场景及其对视觉对象处理的影响
IF 4.8 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-18 DOI: 10.1177/09567976241237737
Jamal R Williams, Viola S Störmer
{"title":"Cutting Through the Noise: Auditory Scenes and Their Effects on Visual Object Processing.","authors":"Jamal R Williams, Viola S Störmer","doi":"10.1177/09567976241237737","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976241237737","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite the intuitive feeling that our visual experience is coherent and comprehensive, the world is full of ambiguous and indeterminate information. Here we explore how the visual system might take advantage of ambient sounds to resolve this ambiguity. Young adults (<i>n</i>s = 20-30) were tasked with identifying an object slowly fading in through visual noise while a task-irrelevant sound played. We found that participants demanded more visual information when the auditory object was incongruent with the visual object compared to when it was not. Auditory scenes, which are only probabilistically related to specific objects, produced similar facilitation even for unheard objects (e.g., a bench). Notably, these effects traverse categorical and specific auditory and visual-processing domains as participants performed across-category and within-category visual tasks, underscoring cross-modal integration across multiple levels of perceptual processing. To summarize, our study reveals the importance of audiovisual interactions to support meaningful perceptual experiences in naturalistic settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"814-824"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141420561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Ambivalent Sexism and Tolerance of Violence Against Women in India. 印度矛盾的性别主义和对暴力侵害妇女行为的容忍。
IF 4.8 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-13 DOI: 10.1177/09567976241254312
Nikhil K Sengupta, Matthew D Hammond, Chris K Deak, Ragini Saira Malhotra
{"title":"Ambivalent Sexism and Tolerance of Violence Against Women in India.","authors":"Nikhil K Sengupta, Matthew D Hammond, Chris K Deak, Ragini Saira Malhotra","doi":"10.1177/09567976241254312","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976241254312","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We examined associations between sexist beliefs and tolerance of violence against women in India using a nationally representative probability sample of adults (<i>n</i> = 133,398). Research consistently indicates that hostile sexism fosters tolerance of violence against women. However, benevolent sexism is sometimes associated with higher tolerance and sometimes with lower tolerance of violence. We proposed that this inconsistency could be resolved by considering the source of violence: Is violence perpetrated by <i>outsiders</i> or <i>intimate partners</i>? Results of a multigroup structural equation model showed that endorsement of hostile sexism was related to greater tolerance of violence regardless of the source. In contrast, endorsement of benevolent sexism was associated with lower tolerance of violence from outsiders but was simultaneously associated with higher tolerance of spousal violence. These opposing processes indicate that although benevolent sexism promises women protection from violence, the very same ideology legitimizes spousal violence, thereby reinforcing men's power within intimate relationships.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"712-721"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141318131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Transparency Is Now the Default at Psychological Science. 现在，"透明 "已成为《心理科学》的默认原则。
IF 4.8 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2023-12-27 DOI: 10.1177/09567976231221573
Tom E Hardwicke, Simine Vazire
{"title":"Transparency Is Now the Default at <i>Psychological Science</i>.","authors":"Tom E Hardwicke, Simine Vazire","doi":"10.1177/09567976231221573","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976231221573","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"708-711"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139049191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Divergent and Convergent Creativity Are Different Kinds of Foraging. 发散型创造力和聚合型创造力是不同类型的觅食。
IF 4.8 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-05-07 DOI: 10.1177/09567976241245695
Soran Malaie, Michael J Spivey, Tyler Marghetis
{"title":"Divergent and Convergent Creativity Are Different Kinds of Foraging.","authors":"Soran Malaie, Michael J Spivey, Tyler Marghetis","doi":"10.1177/09567976241245695","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976241245695","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>According to accounts of neural reuse and embodied cognition, higher-level cognitive abilities recycle evolutionarily ancient mechanisms for perception and action. Here, building on these accounts, we investigate whether creativity builds on our capacity to forage in space (\"creativity as strategic foraging\"). We report systematic connections between specific forms of creative thinking-divergent and convergent-and corresponding strategies for searching in space. U.S. American adults completed two tasks designed to measure creativity. Before each creativity trial, participants completed an unrelated search of a city map. Between subjects, we manipulated the search pattern, with some participants seeking multiple, dispersed spatial locations and others repeatedly converging on the same location. Participants who searched divergently in space were better at divergent thinking but worse at convergent thinking; this pattern reversed for participants who had converged repeatedly on a single location. These results demonstrate a targeted link between foraging and creativity, thus advancing our understanding of the origins and mechanisms of high-level cognition.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"749-759"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140850345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Preregistered Replication and Extension of "Moral Hypocrisy: Social Groups and the Flexibility of Virtue". 道德虚伪：社会群体与美德的灵活性"。
IF 4.8 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-05-14 DOI: 10.1177/09567976241246552
Claire E Robertson, Madison Akles, Jay J Van Bavel
{"title":"Preregistered Replication and Extension of \"Moral Hypocrisy: Social Groups and the Flexibility of Virtue\".","authors":"Claire E Robertson, Madison Akles, Jay J Van Bavel","doi":"10.1177/09567976241246552","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976241246552","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The tendency for people to consider themselves morally good while behaving selfishly is known as moral hypocrisy. Influential work by Valdesolo and DeSteno (2007) found evidence for intergroup moral hypocrisy such that people were more forgiving of transgressions when they were committed by an in-group member than an out-group member. We conducted two experiments to examine moral hypocrisy and group membership in an online paradigm with Prolific workers from the United States: a direct replication of the original work with minimal groups (<i>N</i> = 610; nationally representative) and a conceptual replication with political groups (<i>N</i> = 606; 50% Democrats and 50% Republicans). Although the results did not replicate the original findings, we observed evidence of in-group favoritism in minimal groups and out-group derogation in political groups. The current research finds mixed evidence of intergroup moral hypocrisy and has implications for understanding the contextual dependencies of intergroup bias and partisanship.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"798-813"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140922953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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