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Syntactic and Semantic Gender Biases in the Language on Children's Television: Evidence From a Corpus of 98 Shows From 1960 to 2018. 儿童电视节目语言的句法和语义性别偏见：来自1960 - 2018年98个节目语料库的证据
IF 4.8 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-14 DOI: 10.1177/09567976251349815
Andrea C Vial, Aida Mostafazadeh Davani, Ruyuan Zuo, Shreya Havaldar, Eleanor K Chestnut, Morteza Dehghani, Andrei Cimpian
{"title":"Syntactic and Semantic Gender Biases in the Language on Children's Television: Evidence From a Corpus of 98 Shows From 1960 to 2018.","authors":"Andrea C Vial, Aida Mostafazadeh Davani, Ruyuan Zuo, Shreya Havaldar, Eleanor K Chestnut, Morteza Dehghani, Andrei Cimpian","doi":"10.1177/09567976251349815","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976251349815","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biased media content shapes children's social concepts and identities. We examined gender bias in a large corpus of scripts from 98 children's television programs from the United States spanning the years 1960 to 2018 (6,600 episodes, ~2.7 million sentences, ~16 million words). We focused on agency and communion, the fundamental psychological dimensions underlying gender stereotypes. At the syntactic level, words referring to men or boys (vs. women or girls) appear more often in the agent (vs. patient) role. This syntactic bias remained stable between 1960 and 2018. At the semantic level, words referring to men or boys (vs. women or girls) co-occurred more often with words denoting agency. Words denoting communion showed both stereotypical and counterstereotypical associations. Some semantic gender biases have remained unchanged or have weakened over time; others have grown. These findings suggest that gender stereotypes are built into the core of children's stories. Whether we are closer today to gender equality in children's media depends on where one looks.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"574-588"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144637806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Cognitive Abilities and Educational Attainment as Antecedents of Mental Disorders: A Total Population Study of Males. 认知能力和受教育程度是精神障碍的前因：一项男性总人口研究。
IF 5.1 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-26 DOI: 10.1177/09567976251347221
Magnus Nordmo, Hans Fredrik Sunde, Thomas H Kleppestø, Morten Nordmo, Avshalom Caspi, Terrie E Moffitt, Fartein Ask Torvik
{"title":"Cognitive Abilities and Educational Attainment as Antecedents of Mental Disorders: A Total Population Study of Males.","authors":"Magnus Nordmo, Hans Fredrik Sunde, Thomas H Kleppestø, Morten Nordmo, Avshalom Caspi, Terrie E Moffitt, Fartein Ask Torvik","doi":"10.1177/09567976251347221","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976251347221","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The positive relation between mental health and educational attainment is well established, yet the extent to which cognitive abilities influence this gradient or independently predict mental health outcomes remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the association between adolescent cognitive abilities, educational attainment, and adult mental health. Cognitive ability was ascertained in Norwegian military conscript test data (<i>N</i> = 272,351; mean age 17.8 years; males only), whereas mental disorders were ascertained using the Norwegian register of primary care diagnoses received between the age of 36-40. Higher cognitive abilities were associated with a monotonically decreasing risk of developing all the studied mental disorders except bipolar disorder. The association held even when comparing the cognitive abilities of brothers raised in the same family, attesting that cognitive ability and mental disorders are not associated because both arise from the same family background circumstances. Similarly, individuals with higher educational attainment had fewer mental health disorders. The association between low cognitive abilities and the risk of mental disorders was notably stronger in males with low educational attainment, compared to those with high educational attainment. These individuals may be an underutilized target group for mental-disorder prevention.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"499-513"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12335617/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144497890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
How Convincing Is a Crowd? Quantifying the Persuasiveness of a Consensus for Different Individuals and Types of Claims. 人群的说服力有多大？量化不同的个人和类型的索赔共识的说服力。
IF 4.8 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-11 DOI: 10.1177/09567976251344549
Manikya Alister, Keith Ransom, Saoirse Connor Desai, Ee Von Soh, Brett Hayes, Andrew Perfors
{"title":"How Convincing Is a Crowd? Quantifying the Persuasiveness of a Consensus for Different Individuals and Types of Claims.","authors":"Manikya Alister, Keith Ransom, Saoirse Connor Desai, Ee Von Soh, Brett Hayes, Andrew Perfors","doi":"10.1177/09567976251344549","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976251344549","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A powerful cue when reasoning is whether an apparent consensus has been reached. However, we do not yet know how the strength of this cue varies between different individuals and types of claims. In the current study (<i>N</i> = 78 U.S. adults, recruited from Prolific), we evaluated this with a realistic mock social-media paradigm in which each participant evaluated 60 diverse, real-world claims based on posts from people who either disagreed with each other, formed a consensus independently, or formed a consensus using shared sources. Almost all participants revised their beliefs to align with the consensus; many also qualitatively changed their minds. A consensus was also more persuasive for claims more likely to have a ground truth (i.e., more knowable claims). Although most people were insensitive to consensus independence, some were more persuaded by a consensus formed independently, whereas some were equally convinced by a consensus formed using the same sources.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"483-498"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144275827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Economic Consequences of Numerical Adaptation. 数字适应的经济后果。
IF 4.8 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-20 DOI: 10.1177/09567976251339195
Michele Garagnani, Ferdinand M Vieider
{"title":"Economic Consequences of Numerical Adaptation.","authors":"Michele Garagnani, Ferdinand M Vieider","doi":"10.1177/09567976251339195","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976251339195","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Resource constraints in neural information processing imply that numerical discriminability optimally adapts to the frequency of numerical magnitudes in a decision maker's environment. Here, we tested the economic consequences of efficient numerical range adaptation in representative samples of the United Kingdom and Japan (<i>N</i> = 2,309) and in a replication in Austria and Hungary (<i>N</i> = 607). We exploited natural variation in currency units and combined it with an orthogonal variation in experimental currency units to detect the effect of habitual versus nonhabitual numerical ranges on the incidence of errors in decisions under risk. The results highlight the direct economic importance of numerical adaptation, thus calling into question standard assumptions that choice quantities are perceived without noise.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"407-420"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144111310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Agent Preference in Chasing Interactions in Guinea Baboons (Papio papio): Uncovering the Roots of Subject-Object Order in Language. 几内亚狒狒追逐互动中的主体偏好：揭示语言主客体顺序的根源。
IF 4.8 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-06 DOI: 10.1177/09567976251344581
Floor Meewis, Joël Fagot, Nicolas Claidière, Isabelle Dautriche
{"title":"Agent Preference in Chasing Interactions in Guinea Baboons (<i>Papio papio</i>): Uncovering the Roots of Subject-Object Order in Language.","authors":"Floor Meewis, Joël Fagot, Nicolas Claidière, Isabelle Dautriche","doi":"10.1177/09567976251344581","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976251344581","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Languages tend to describe \"who is doing what to whom\" by placing subjects before objects. This may reflect a bias for agents in event cognition: Agents capture more attention than patients in human adults and infants. We investigated whether this agent preference is shared with nonhuman animals. We presented Guinea baboons (<i>Papio papio; N</i> = 13) with a change-detection paradigm on chasing animations. The baboons were trained to respond to a color change that was applied to either the chaser/agent or the chasee/patient. They were faster to detect a change to the chaser than to the chasee, which could not be explained by low-level features in our stimuli such as the chaser's motion pattern or position. An agent preference may be an evolutionarily old mechanism that is shared between humans and other primates that could have become externalized in language as a tendency to place the subject first.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"465-477"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144249357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Using the Nested Structure of Knowledge to Infer What Others Know. 使用知识的嵌套结构来推断别人知道什么。
IF 4.8 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-29 DOI: 10.1177/09567976251339633
Edgar Dubourg, Thomas Dheilly, Hugo Mercier, Olivier Morin
{"title":"Using the Nested Structure of Knowledge to Infer What Others Know.","authors":"Edgar Dubourg, Thomas Dheilly, Hugo Mercier, Olivier Morin","doi":"10.1177/09567976251339633","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976251339633","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Humans rely on more knowledgeable individuals to acquire information. But when we are ignorant, how are we to tell who is knowledgeable? We propose that human knowledge is nested: People who know only a few things tend to know very common pieces of information, whereas rare pieces of information are known only by people who know many things, including common things. This leads to the possibility of reliably inferring knowledgeability from minimal cues. In this study (<i>N</i> = 848 U.S. adults recruited online), we show that individuals can accurately gauge others' knowledgeability on the basis of very limited information, relying on their ability to estimate the rarity of different pieces of knowledge and on the fact that knowing a rare piece of information indicates a high likelihood of knowing more information in the same theme. Even participants who are largely ignorant of a theme can infer how knowledgeable other individuals are on the basis of the possession of a single piece of knowledge.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"443-450"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144181078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
On the Robustness and Provenance of the Gambler's Fallacy. 论赌徒谬误的稳健性及其来源。
IF 4.8 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-05 DOI: 10.1177/09567976251344570
Yang Xiang, Kevin Dorst, Samuel J Gershman
{"title":"On the Robustness and Provenance of the Gambler's Fallacy.","authors":"Yang Xiang, Kevin Dorst, Samuel J Gershman","doi":"10.1177/09567976251344570","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976251344570","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The gambler's fallacy is typically defined as the false belief that a random event is less likely to occur if it has occurred recently. Although forms of this fallacy have been documented numerous times, past work either has not actually measured probabilistic predictions but rather point predictions or used sequences that were not independent. To address these problems, we conducted a series of high-powered, preregistered studies in which we asked 750 adult Amazon Mechanical Turk workers from the United States to report probabilistic predictions for truly independent sequences. In contrast to point predictions, which generated a significant gambler's fallacy, probabilistic predictions were not found to lead to a gambler's fallacy. Moreover, the point predictions could not be reconstructed by sampling from the probability judgments. This suggests that the gambler's fallacy originates at the decision stage rather than in probabilistic reasoning, as posited by several leading theories. New theories of the gambler's fallacy may be needed to explain these findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"451-464"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144234950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
What We Think Others Think and Do About Climate Change: A Multicountry Test of Pluralistic Ignorance and Public-Consensus Messaging. 我们认为其他人对气候变化的看法和行动：多元无知和公众共识信息的多国测试。
IF 4.8 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-22 DOI: 10.1177/09567976251335585
Sandra J Geiger, Jana K Köhler, Zenith N C Delabrida, Karla A Garduño-Realivazquez, Christian A P Haugestad, Hirotaka Imada, Aishwarya Iyer, Carya Maharja, Daniel C Mann, Michalina Marczak, Olivia Melville, Sari R R Nijssen, Nattavudh Powdthavee, Radisti A Praptiwi, Gargi Ranade, Claudio D Rosa, Valeria Vitale, Małgorzata Winkowska, Lei Zhang, Mathew P White
{"title":"What We Think Others Think and Do About Climate Change: A Multicountry Test of Pluralistic Ignorance and Public-Consensus Messaging.","authors":"Sandra J Geiger, Jana K Köhler, Zenith N C Delabrida, Karla A Garduño-Realivazquez, Christian A P Haugestad, Hirotaka Imada, Aishwarya Iyer, Carya Maharja, Daniel C Mann, Michalina Marczak, Olivia Melville, Sari R R Nijssen, Nattavudh Powdthavee, Radisti A Praptiwi, Gargi Ranade, Claudio D Rosa, Valeria Vitale, Małgorzata Winkowska, Lei Zhang, Mathew P White","doi":"10.1177/09567976251335585","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976251335585","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Most people believe in human-caused climate change, yet this public consensus can be collectively underestimated (<i>pluralistic ignorance</i>). Across two studies using primary data (<i>n</i> = 3,653 adult participants; 11 countries) and secondary data (<i>n</i>s = 60,230 and 22,496 adult participants; 55 countries), we tested (a) the generalizability of pluralistic ignorance about climate-change beliefs, (b) the effects of a public-consensus intervention on climate action, and (c) the possibility that cultural tightness-looseness might serve as a country-level predictor of pluralistic ignorance. In Study 1, people across 11 countries underestimated the prevalence of proclimate views by at least 7.5% in Indonesia (90% credible interval, or CrI = [5.0, 10.1]), and up to 20.8% in Brazil (90% CrI = [18.2, 23.4]. Providing information about the actual public consensus on climate change was largely ineffective, except for a slight increase in willingness to express one's proclimate opinion, δ = 0.05 (90% CrI = [-0.02, 0.11]). In Study 2, pluralistic ignorance about willingness to contribute financially to fight climate change was slightly more pronounced in looser than tighter cultures, highlighting the particular need for pluralistic-ignorance research in these countries.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"421-442"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144128423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Why Should You Trust Research Published in Psychological Science? 为什么要相信发表在《心理科学》上的研究？
IF 4.8 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2025-05-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-07 DOI: 10.1177/09567976251336246
Simine Vazire
{"title":"Why Should You Trust Research Published in <i>Psychological Science</i>?","authors":"Simine Vazire","doi":"10.1177/09567976251336246","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976251336246","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"311-315"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144041881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Bidirectional Relationships Between Well-Being and Cognitive Function. 幸福感与认知功能的双向关系。
IF 5.1 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2025-05-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-12 DOI: 10.1177/09567976251335578
Gabrielle N Pfund, Bryan D James, Emily C Willroth
{"title":"Bidirectional Relationships Between Well-Being and Cognitive Function.","authors":"Gabrielle N Pfund, Bryan D James, Emily C Willroth","doi":"10.1177/09567976251335578","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976251335578","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The current study examined bidirectional relationships between well-being and cognitive function using up to 10 annual assessments (<i>M =</i> 5.67, <i>SD =</i> 3.43) of different types of well-being and a comprehensive cognitive battery from a sample of older adults living in the Chicago metropolitan area (<i>N</i> = 1,702; mean age = 81.07 years, <i>SD</i> = 8.04; 75.1% White Americans, 23.9% Black Americans). Bivariate latent growth curve models indicated older adults who started out with better well-being also had better cognitive function, and sharper decreases in well-being were associated with sharper declines in cognitive function. Random-intercept cross-lagged panel models indicated older adults with better well-being on average had better cognitive function on average. Further, well-being change at one time point predicted subsequent cognitive change and vice versa. These findings were stronger for eudaimonic well-being and sense of purpose than for life satisfaction. Findings highlight the role of well-being in the goal to combat cognitive decline, as well as the importance of supporting well-being in individuals experiencing cognitive decline.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"350-366"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12321248/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144008678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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