Psychological Science最新文献_第3页

How Does the Mind Grow? Cross-Cultural Intuitive Theories of Mental Development. 心灵是如何成长的？心理发展的跨文化直觉理论。

IF 5.4 1区心理学

Psychological Science Pub Date : 2026-07-01 Epub Date: 2026-06-26 DOI: 10.1177/09567976261453926

Xianwei Meng, Ryuji Oguni, Kuniyuki Nishina, Taro Murakami, Yuka Mizuno, Jinjing Jenny Wang

{"title":"How Does the Mind Grow? Cross-Cultural Intuitive Theories of Mental Development.","authors":"Xianwei Meng, Ryuji Oguni, Kuniyuki Nishina, Taro Murakami, Yuka Mizuno, Jinjing Jenny Wang","doi":"10.1177/09567976261453926","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976261453926","url":null,"abstract":"How does the mind grow? Despite centuries of philosophical and psychological inquiry, little is known about how ordinary people intuitively conceptualize mental development. Across six countries (Australia, Japan, Mexico, South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States), adult participants reported their intuitions about mental development by indicating when they think various mental capacities first emerge. Across tasks and cultures, intuitions about mental development were consistently organized along two dimensions: an earlier-developing perceptual and experiential dimension (e.g., seeing, fear, hunger, pain) and a later-developing reflective and evaluative dimension (e.g., reasoning, beliefs, self-restraint, pride). Competing models were ruled out, showing that this structure is unique to lay beliefs about mental development. These dimensions also aligned with participants' intuitions about the origins of mental capacities within a nature-nurture framework. Together, the findings reveal a consistent cross-cultural pattern for reasoning about mental development and illuminate the intuitive architecture of mind perception.","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"493-513"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148339820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Field Experiment Testing Whether Accountability Reduces Racial Gaps in Performance Evaluations. 一项测试问责制是否能减少绩效评估中的种族差距的实地实验。

IF 5.4 1区心理学

Psychological Science Pub Date : 2026-07-01 Epub Date: 2026-07-02 DOI: 10.1177/09567976261458988

Edward H Chang, Erika L Kirgios, Cansin Arslan

{"title":"A Field Experiment Testing Whether Accountability Reduces Racial Gaps in Performance Evaluations.","authors":"Edward H Chang, Erika L Kirgios, Cansin Arslan","doi":"10.1177/09567976261458988","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976261458988","url":null,"abstract":"Accountability is a commonly recommended intervention to reduce discrimination. However, there have been no field experiments testing whether it reduces discrimination in workplaces. Here we present preregistered analyses of a field experiment conducted at a company (n = 3,266 managers rating 17,149 employees) testing whether an accountability intervention reduces performance-evaluation gaps between White and racial-minority employees. We did not find evidence that the accountability intervention closes evaluation gaps. These null effects are likely not driven by a lack of statistical power or by inattentive managers, nor is the manipulation ineffective in all contexts-a supplemental online experiment shows that similar treatment language does change decision-making, underscoring a disconnect between findings in hypothetical settings versus real organizations. These results highlight the need for additional field experiments and theorizing to better understand when and why accountability interventions, as they may typically be implemented in organizations, improve diversity-related outcomes.","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"451-462"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13428895/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148376782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Not All Practice Is Created Equal: Longitudinal Evidence From Over 40,000 Chess Players. 并非所有的练习都是平等的：来自4万多名国际象棋选手的纵向证据。

IF 5.4 1区心理学

Psychological Science Pub Date : 2026-07-01 Epub Date: 2026-06-23 DOI: 10.1177/09567976261452568

Daniel A Southwick, Kyle W Harwell, Garrett Wright, Joseph A Olsen, Benjamin M Ogles

{"title":"Not All Practice Is Created Equal: Longitudinal Evidence From Over 40,000 Chess Players.","authors":"Daniel A Southwick, Kyle W Harwell, Garrett Wright, Joseph A Olsen, Benjamin M Ogles","doi":"10.1177/09567976261452568","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976261452568","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, several scholars have argued that the influence of deliberate practice on expertise has been overstated. Others have contended that these critiques conflate deliberate practice with less effective forms of training. We analyzed a large, longitudinal cohort of Chess.com players (N = 44,213) using objective, time-stamped measures of both practice activity and performance. We tested whether deliberate practice-aligned activities predict greater rating improvement than playing games. Multilevel models revealed that, despite more than 90% of player time being spent on games, deliberate practice was substantially more efficient for learning. Although not all deliberate practice-aligned activities were equally effective, the category as a whole was associated with a 3.61× advantage in learning efficiency relative to gameplay (ps < .001). These findings offer rare real-world evidence in a long-standing theoretical debate about learning efficiency. How individuals train, not just how much, fundamentally shapes the trajectory of skill development.","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"514-523"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13428911/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148309074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Does Testosterone Affect Cognitive Reflection? Evidence From a Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Study of 1,000 Participants. 睾丸激素会影响认知反射吗？来自1000名参与者的双盲、随机对照研究的证据。

IF 5.4 1区心理学

Psychological Science Pub Date : 2026-07-01 Epub Date: 2026-07-02 DOI: 10.1177/09567976261458325

Erik L Knight, Gideon Nave, Steven D Shaw, Coren Apicella, Pierre L Bonin, Anna Dreber, Shawn N Geniole, Magnus Johannesson, Dylan Manfredi, Pranjal Mehta, Valentina Proietti, Steven J Stanton, Francesca R Luberti, Triana Ortiz, Justin M Carré

{"title":"Does Testosterone Affect Cognitive Reflection? Evidence From a Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Study of 1,000 Participants.","authors":"Erik L Knight, Gideon Nave, Steven D Shaw, Coren Apicella, Pierre L Bonin, Anna Dreber, Shawn N Geniole, Magnus Johannesson, Dylan Manfredi, Pranjal Mehta, Valentina Proietti, Steven J Stanton, Francesca R Luberti, Triana Ortiz, Justin M Carré","doi":"10.1177/09567976261458325","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976261458325","url":null,"abstract":"The cognitive reflection test (CRT) measures reliance on intuitive thinking versus deliberate reasoning and predicts important real-world outcomes. Prior research has suggested that testosterone administration impaired CRT performance, but follow-up studies produced null results. To provide a rigorous test, we conducted a large, preregistered, double-blind, placebo-controlled experiment, unprecedented in size, with 1,000 adult men, as part of an adversarial collaboration. Participants received a single dose of intranasal testosterone or placebo, completed the CRT, and rated their confidence level. We found an insignificant treatment effect on the CRT, with the point estimate in the opposite direction of the original hypothesis (βLOGIT = 0.118, 95% confidence interval (CI) = [-0.099, 0.335]). In a second primary test, we found a significant negative treatment effect on confidence (βLOGIT = -0.329, 95% CI = [-0.558, -0.100]), which is also the opposite of our prediction. Our findings challenge earlier claims about testosterone's cognitive effects and highlight the importance of high-powered replications. Long-term or developmental testosterone effects remain potentially important but difficult to study.","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"463-476"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13428848/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148376744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Multitarget Visual Search Flexibly Switches Between Concurrent and Sequential Search Modes. 多目标视觉搜索灵活地在并发和顺序搜索模式之间切换。

IF 5.4 1区心理学

Psychological Science Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-05-19 DOI: 10.1177/09567976261442169

Alex J Hoogerbrugge, Christoph Strauch, Noa Hoevers, Christian N L Olivers, Tanja C W Nijboer, Stefan Van der Stigchel

{"title":"Multitarget Visual Search Flexibly Switches Between Concurrent and Sequential Search Modes.","authors":"Alex J Hoogerbrugge, Christoph Strauch, Noa Hoevers, Christian N L Olivers, Tanja C W Nijboer, Stefan Van der Stigchel","doi":"10.1177/09567976261442169","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976261442169","url":null,"abstract":"Investigations into people's ability to use multiple working memory representations to concurrently search for targets have led to mixed findings. Although the discourse has predominantly centered around capacity limits in multitarget search, we here propose that people can switch between sequential and concurrent search. In Experiment 1 (n = 16 adults), manual responses and oculomotor behavior revealed that participants could search sequentially, and concurrently for at least two targets, when instructed. In Experiments 2a (n = 16 adults) and 2b (n = 16 adults), participants were free to choose how they searched. Trial-level modeling showed that participants primarily used sequential and concurrent search as specific modes and flexibly adjusted between either mode depending on template set size, template availability, stimulus properties, and individual preference. Our findings stress the dynamic and adaptive nature of visual search. Moreover, understanding that different search modes can be flexibly picked as \"tools from the toolbox\" may reconcile inconsistencies in prior findings.","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"411-427"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13424252/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147974623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Retributive Sentiments Track Both Deterrent and Compensatory Concerns in a Small-Scale Society and a WEIRD Sample. 报复情绪在小规模社会和WEIRD样本中追踪威慑和补偿关注。

IF 5.4 1区心理学

Psychological Science Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-05-11 DOI: 10.1177/09567976261439088

Léo Fitouchi, Manvir Singh

{"title":"Retributive Sentiments Track Both Deterrent and Compensatory Concerns in a Small-Scale Society and a WEIRD Sample.","authors":"Léo Fitouchi, Manvir Singh","doi":"10.1177/09567976261439088","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976261439088","url":null,"abstract":"Evolutionary theories suggest that retributive sentiments evolved to deter antisocial behavior, yet psychological evidence shows punitive sentiments imperfectly optimize deterrence. Recent theories resolve this paradox, suggesting that retributive sentiments serve to restore mutual benefit between partners by both compensating the victim and imposing an additional deterrent cost on the transgressor. In four experiments, we tested predictions of this hypothesis with adults from a small-scale, politically decentralized society (Mentawai horticulturalists, Indonesia; N = 74) and a large-scale society (the United States; N = 600). Consistent with compensatory concerns, participants demanded that victims be rewarded in the currency of their loss and that more severe punishment be imposed when victims suffered more, holding aggressor benefit constant. Consistent with compensation being entangled with deterrence, participants endorsed additional penalties beyond restitution that were higher for recidivism and intentional offenses. This proximate entanglement of compensation and deterrence helps resolve apparent contradictions about the function of punishment in humans.","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"392-410"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147875513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Eye Glint as a Novel Perceptual Cue in Human Vision. 闪烁是人类视觉中一种新的感知线索。

IF 5.4 1区心理学

Psychological Science Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-06-17 DOI: 10.1177/09567976261446892

Gwenisha J Liaw, Colin J Palmer

引用次数: 0

Motive Alignment Promotes Adolescents' Proenvironmental Behavior: A Field Experiment in Two Cultures. 动机结盟促进青少年亲环境行为：两种文化的实地实验。

IF 5.4 1区心理学

Psychological Science Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-05-11 DOI: 10.1177/09567976261440239

Jenna Spitzer, Stathis Grapsas, Astrid M G Poorthuis, Fan Li, Yue Song, Sander Thomaes

{"title":"Motive Alignment Promotes Adolescents' Proenvironmental Behavior: A Field Experiment in Two Cultures.","authors":"Jenna Spitzer, Stathis Grapsas, Astrid M G Poorthuis, Fan Li, Yue Song, Sander Thomaes","doi":"10.1177/09567976261440239","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976261440239","url":null,"abstract":"Realizing a sustainable future requires the active participation of today's young generations. How can we foster adolescents' proenvironmental engagement? In a preregistered, cross-national, longitudinal field experiment, we tested a novel approach to promoting adolescent behavior change: motive alignment. We hypothesized that presenting proenvironmental behavior as aligned with adolescents' developmentally salient motives (in this case, autonomy and peer status) would enhance their engagement. In Study 1 (the Netherlands), a motive-alignment (versus control) intervention implemented in secondary schools increased adolescents' proenvironmental food choices on the day of the intervention. Although this effect faded after 4 weeks, participants in the intervention condition continued to donate more to an environmental organization at follow-up. In Study 2 (China), we replicated these findings. Motive alignment thus offers a promising approach to strengthen interventions promoting adolescents' proenvironmental behavior; it presents scalable and affordable opportunities to foster youth behavior change.","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"379-391"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13424257/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147875360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Conscious Detection of Spoken Words Depends on Their Valence. 口语词的有意识检测取决于它们的价态。

IF 5.4 1区心理学

Psychological Science Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-04-03 DOI: 10.1177/09567976261434113

Gal R Chen, Zaheera Maswadeh, Leon Deouell, Ran R Hassin

引用次数: 0

Can Italians Understand Spanish? Language Closeness Exacerbates the Illusion of Understanding. 意大利人能听懂西班牙语吗？语言亲近加剧了理解的错觉。

IF 5.4 1区心理学

Psychological Science Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-04-20 DOI: 10.1177/09567976261435965

Ziyu Ren, Leigh H Grant, Boaz Keysar

引用次数: 0