Process Safety and Environmental Protection最新文献

{"title":"Preparation of superhydrophobic melamine sponge based on in-situ polymerization for oil-water separation","authors":"Hongxia Zhang,&nbsp;Yaozhong Ran,&nbsp;Zhenyu Zhou,&nbsp;Fei Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.107901","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.107901","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the continuous increase in energy demand and the growing severity of environmental issues, oily wastewater has become one of the key sources of pollution. In this study, through the in-situ polymerization reaction of trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TMPTMA), acrylic acid (AA), and perfluorooctyl acrylate (PFA), a fluoropolymer (FP) layer was directly constructed on the surface of commercial melamine sponge (MS), successfully preparing the hydrophobic MS@FP sponge. By adjusting the ratio of TMPTMA to PFAc, the content of the fluoropolymer layer on the MS surface can be effectively controlled. This fluoropolymer layer significantly improves the interfacial properties of the sponge and reduces its surface energy, with the static water contact angle of the MS@FP-2 sponge reaching as high as 151°. In addition, the adsorption performance, acid and alkali resistance, and oil-water separation performance of the MS@FP sponge were systematically investigated. The results show that the MS@FP-2 sponge maintains excellent hydrophobicity in strong acid and alkali solutions, demonstrating good chemical stability. The sponge can achieve continuous and efficient separation of chloroform-water mixtures, and the surface fluoropolymer layer is stable, with separation efficiency remaining above 95 % after multiple cycles of separation. The MS@FP-2 sponge, with its outstanding hydrophobic and oleophilic properties, chemical stability, and recyclability, holds broad application prospects in the field of complex industrial wastewater treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 107901"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145103949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trenchless rehabilitation materials and technologies for water supply pipes: A comprehensive review","authors":"Wenjing Xing ,&nbsp;Chao Zhang ,&nbsp;Yangyang Xia ,&nbsp;Cuixia Wang ,&nbsp;Hongyuan Fang ,&nbsp;Xinxin Sang","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.107896","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.107896","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Water supply pipes are a fundamental element of urban infrastructure, serving as a critical component of the underground lifeline system in a city. However, these pipes have faced several issues such as corrosion, aging, cracking, and leaks due to early deterioration, non-standardized construction practices, overloading, multiple load impacts, and environmental changes during service. This review highlights recent progress in trenchless rehabilitation technologies for water supply pipes, focusing on trenchless rehabilitation techniques and materials. The advantages, limitations, and application for each technology were systematically compared to highlight the superior benefits of UV-CIPP. In addition, 21 domestic and international technical standards related to trenchless rehabilitation for water supply pipes were collected to illustrate the current standard construction status. Moreover, a new clean lining material suitable for ultraviolet cure-in-place pipe (UV-CIPP) rehabilitation of water supply pipes was introduced. The issue of styrene emissions during the curing process, a significant environmental limitation of UV-CIPP technology, was effectively controlled by this development, thereby preventing potential risks to water quality. Finally, the problems and prospects of UV-CIPP rehabilitation for water supply pipes were addressed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 107896"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145159081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of the effect of coal mine operating parameters on multi-slit virtual impact separator","authors":"Yifan Wang ,&nbsp;Bingyou Jiang ,&nbsp;Jie Wang ,&nbsp;Liang Zhu ,&nbsp;Yasi Qin ,&nbsp;Yang Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.107898","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.107898","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Respirable dust is a major factor in coal workers’ pneumoconiosis. To effectively separate respirable dust from total dust for detection, this work designed a multi-slit virtual impactor based on sheath flow technology for respirable dust separation. Using response surface methodology, the flow parameters of the separator were optimized. Separation efficiency was calculated, an accurate control scheme for the operating parameters of the separator was derived. The results showed that the maximum error between experimental results and BMRC standard of the separation efficiency was 4.98 %. With an increase in sheath-flow ratio, the separation efficiency of separator decreases. As minor-flow ratio increases, the fit between efficiency curves and BMRC standard decreases, then increases. When sampling flow speed increases, the separation efficiency curves show a declining trend. The flow control scheme was determined: sheath-flow ratio is 111.41 %, minor-flow ratio is 10.68 %, and sampling flow speed is 3.45 m/s. The effect of temperature and humidity of the environment on the separation performance was generalized and enhanced the device environmental adaptability. The time span required for cleaning of separator over 18 days was extended by more than 100 %. This study saves cleanup costs and provides support for optimizing the performance of respirable dust separators.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 107898"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145268806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic utilization of red mud and solid wastes for aggregate-free composite stabilized materials: Process engineering design and safe disposal strategies","authors":"Jie Wang ,&nbsp;Yanlong Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaoming Liu ,&nbsp;Zengqi Zhang ,&nbsp;Yinming Sun ,&nbsp;Jianyang Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.107900","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.107900","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The global increase in industrial solid waste generation poses serious environmental and engineering challenges, particularly in the context of sustainable infrastructure development. This study developed a red mud-based cement-stabilized layer (RCSL) material by co-utilizing circulating fluidized bed fly ash and flue gas desulfurization residues, aiming to improve performance and promote large-scale waste utilization in road engineering. The effects of raw material, particularly the calcium-to-silicon (CaO/SiO₂) ratio, on the mechanical properties, durability, and microstructure of the RCSL were systematically investigated. Results show that the RCSL sample with a CaO/SiO₂ ratio of 0.53 yielded the optimal performance with a 7 days unconfined compressive strength of 9.4 MPa. The optimal sample also had a strength retention ratio of 91.26 %, and a frost resistance parameter of 94.7 %, which reflected its strong resistance to deformation, water-induced damage, and drying shrinkage respectively. Microstructural analysis of the optimal sample revealed the formation of a larger amount of ettringite and C-(A)-S-H gels beyond that of other samples, which contributed to its superior strength and heavy metal immobilization. After 28 days of curing, leaching concentrations of As, Cr, Ni, Cu, and Pb were all below the limits set by Class III groundwater and Class II seawater standards. Without using natural aggregates, the total solid waste content exceeded 95 wt%, with red mud accounting for over 50 wt%. This work demonstrates an effective strategy for high-volume industrial waste utilization and offers a scalable, eco-friendly solution for next-generation green infrastructure materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 107900"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145103950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coupled thermal–oxygen–methane field evolution and coordinated prevention strategy in goaf under surface borehole drainage","authors":"Shicheng Liu,&nbsp;Yuzhong Yang,&nbsp;Liyun Wu,&nbsp;Yaowei Zhai,&nbsp;Wanli Yang,&nbsp;Lei Li,&nbsp;Junqi Lei","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.107897","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.107897","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the multi-physics coupling effects and spontaneous combustion risks in the goaf of high-gas and combustion-prone coal seams under surface borehole drainage. Field monitoring of the spontaneous combustion “three-zone” structure, SF₆ tracer gas tests, and multi-field coupled simulations were conducted to analyze the evolution of flow, gas migration, and thermal fields, and to design a collaborative drainage–nitrogen injection strategy. Results show that surface borehole drainage establishes negative-pressure-driven seepage channels, enabling oxygen intrusion along the strike direction and promoting oxidation zone expansion toward the return-air side and deep regions, forming a high-risk pattern of “multi-directional leakage–deep activation.” While drainage reduces methane concentration, it also enhances oxygen supply and accelerates coal oxidation, enlarging high-temperature areas and increasing spontaneous combustion risk. Among the tested scenarios, Scheme III (three boreholes at 50 m, 130 m, and 210 m with graded suction of 5, 10, and 20 kPa) optimally balances methane drainage and oxidation suppression, achieving collaborative control of “efficient drainage–low-oxygen activation.” Building on this, a coordinated drainage–segmented nitrogen injection strategy (1000 m³/h at 70 m on the intake side and 500 m³/h at 110 m on the return side) reduced the oxidation zone by 80.8 %, restrained high-temperature development, and increased total methane extraction by 20 % compared with drainage alone. These results highlight a synergistic mechanism of “flow promotion–permeability enhancement–oxidation suppression,” offering a scientific and practical pathway for integrated fire prevention and gas control in goaf environments of high-gas, spontaneous combustion-prone coal seams.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 107897"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145110040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An open-source dataset of heat-integrated side-stream extractive distillation process to support development of fault diagnosis algorithms","authors":"Xingyu Wen ,&nbsp;Wenshuai Bai ,&nbsp;Tailin Ren ,&nbsp;Jingxin Wang ,&nbsp;Alex Kummer ,&nbsp;Jianhua Lv","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.107884","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.107884","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Datasets are crucial for the development of fault diagnosis and detection (FDD) methods. This study presents the development and application of an open-source dataset for a heat-integrated side-stream extractive distillation (HSSED) process. The HSSED process is a multi-column complex system combining heat recovery and side-stream extraction. Firstly, a steady-state simulation for the benzene–isopropanol–water azeotropic system was built, and multi-objective optimization was carried out to minimize total annual cost, CO₂ emissions, and the process route index. The integrated digital workflow, which combines optimal design, control, and data acquisition, produced an open-access HSSED dataset containing normal operating conditions and twenty-five faults, each simulated at four severity levels for a total of one hundred fault scenarios. Each scenario is accompanied by time series data for 39 measurement variables, including liquid level, flow rate, temperature, pressure, and purity variables. The HSSED dataset offers a new benchmark for FDD and can be downloaded at: <span><span>https://github.com/wsbai321/HSSED</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>. For this dataset, we have developed a bidirectional hybrid model with the architecture GRU(64) – BN – BiLSTM(64) – BN – GRU(128) – FC. The accuracy and layer-wise visualization show the effectiveness of the hybrid model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 107884"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145097741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on explosion venting efficacy of thermal runaway gases from lithium-ion batteries in a confined space: Impact of venting area","authors":"Chunyuan Liu ,&nbsp;Guowei Zhang ,&nbsp;Xinru Li ,&nbsp;Diping Yuan ,&nbsp;Guoqing Zhu ,&nbsp;Changhui Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.107876","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.107876","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In thermal runaway (TR) incidents of lithium-ion battery (LIB) energy storage systems (ESSs), large quantities of toxic, flammable, and explosive gases are released. When these combustible gases accumulate in an enclosed space, they can easily trigger severe combustion and explosion events upon encountering an ignition source. Explosion venting is commonly employed as an effective measure to mitigate explosion hazards. This study investigated the TR explosion venting characteristics of 26700-type cells: a TR gas explosion experimental platform was constructed to trigger cell TR through electrical heating and ignite the released high-temperature gases, examining flame characteristics and explosion overpressure under different vent areas. Dimensionless coefficients <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>v</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> and <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> are used to quantify the venting capacity of the explosion vent. The research found that during the explosion venting process, the flame color transitions from initial yellow-white to red. After the flame front descends to the height of the vent, it transforms into oscillating flame. Three overpressure peaks occur inside the test chamber during the TR gas explosion of LIBs. The explosion overpressure can be reduced by more than 93 % through the installation of a vent in the 80 L test chamber. The dimensionless venting coefficient <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>v</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> effectively characterizes the nonlinear relationship between vent area and explosion hazards: as <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>v</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> decreases from 74.26 to 6.19, the average maximum overpressure peak drops from 27 kPa to 7.2 kPa, and the average deflagration index decreases from 220.73 kPa<span><math><mo>∙</mo></math></span>m/s to 3.96 kPa<span><math><mo>∙</mo></math></span>m/s. The venting efficiency is maximized when <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>v</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> =8.25. This research verifies the effective protection of explosion vent design against TR gas explosions in LIBs and provides quantitative guidance for vent area design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 107876"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145097739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scenario generation and aggregation to enhance resilience assessment in chemical processes using dynamic simulations","authors":"Yifei Meng ,&nbsp;Yu Wang ,&nbsp;Meng Qi ,&nbsp;Shangzhi Liu ,&nbsp;Yi Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.107895","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.107895","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An integrated resilience assessment framework for chemical process systems (CPSs) is proposed to address limitations in disturbance-scenario selection and multi-scenario analysis within existing dynamic simulation-based methods. The framework first employs a signed directed graph (SDG) to generate multi-source disturbance scenarios from safety-critical variables (SCVs), thereby ensuring comprehensive and accurate scenario identification. Next, process dynamic simulation models are established, with time-varying process parameters used to depict how system performance evolves under different disturbances. Finally, by weighting individual resilience indices according to disturbance frequencies and scenario occurrence probabilities, the framework yields a clear quantification of overall system resilience. When applied to a methanol–water distillation process, the proposed method precisely captures the system’s inherent resilience under routine disturbances in dynamic response and scenario adaptability. This work provides a systematic theoretical methodology for resilience assessment of complex systems, laying a solid foundation for subsequent decision-making and design optimization considering process resilience. It provides effective support for mitigating process safety accidents induced by operational disturbances and reducing system risks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 107895"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145097735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Migratory behavior of FeMn at the suspended particulate matter-water interface on the Yangtze River Basin Scale: Environmental implications and controlling factors","authors":"Guolian Li ,&nbsp;Yang Wang ,&nbsp;Xing Chen ,&nbsp;Chunshan Xu ,&nbsp;Shanshan Xi ,&nbsp;Mingyu Fang ,&nbsp;Jiamei Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiangxiang Wang ,&nbsp;Haibin Li ,&nbsp;Fazhi Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.107866","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.107866","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) are prone to migration and transformation at the suspended particulate matter (SPM)-water interface when environmental conditions change, which significantly impacts the aquatic ecosystem and the behavior of pollutants. Nevertheless, the mechanisms and influencing factors governing Fe and Mn transport at the interface in the waters of the Yangtze River Basin remain poorly understood. In this study, 84 surface water samples were systematically collected from the mainstream, eight tributaries, and representative lakes in the Yangtze River basin to investigate the enrichment characteristics of Fe and Mn, their partitioning behaviour at the SPM–water interface, and the associated controlling factors. The results showed that the average concentrations of Fe and Mn in the SPM of the waters in the mainstreams, tributaries, and lakes all exceeded the background soil values of the Yangtze River basin. The mean Fe partition coefficients followed the trend: mainstream (5.65) &gt; tributaries (5.52) &gt; lakes (5.48), while Mn partition coefficients followed the opposite trend: lakes (5.43) &gt; tributaries (5.42) &gt; mainstream (5.41). Fe partition coefficients were significantly correlated with the dissolved oxygen of the water (p &lt; 0.05), and the Mn partition coefficients were significantly correlated with the pH of the water (p &lt; 0.05). The microbial communities in the water of the mainstream and tributaries were dominated by Pseudomonadota, Actinomycetota, and Bacteroidota, and the concentrations of dissolved Fe were significantly negatively correlated with the relative abundances of Actinomycetota group (P &lt; 0.01). In addition, carbon (DOC,DIC) were found to have significant effects on the FeMn interface migration in the mainstream. Positive matrix factorization indicated that Fe and Mn enrichment in Yangtze River Basin is primarily driven by inputs from of industrial and mining activities. These findings provide a scientific basis and theoretical support for water resources management and ecological protection in Yangtze River Basin.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 107866"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145159083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction of ammonia and total nitrogen in large freshwater lake watershed based on small sample data and analysis of their spatiotemporal variation and driving mechanism","authors":"Chengming Luo ,&nbsp;Xihua Wang ,&nbsp;Y. Jun Xu ,&nbsp;Shunqing Jia ,&nbsp;Zejun Liu ,&nbsp;Boyang Mao ,&nbsp;Qinya Lv ,&nbsp;Xuming Ji ,&nbsp;Yanxin Rong ,&nbsp;Yan Dai","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.107887","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.107887","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) and total nitrogen (TN) pollution pose serious threats to freshwater lake ecosystems, making accurate prediction essential for watershed management. However, limited and variable-quality data challenge the performance of existing prediction models. This study proposed an integrated prediction framework combining sample enhancement, adaptive feature selection, and multiple machine learning methods to improve NH₃-N and TN prediction in the Poyang Lake watershed. Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Network with Gradient Penalty (WGAN-GP) was used to generate high-quality virtual samples, enhancing data availability. Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE) was then applied to identify key variables and remove redundancy, improving model efficiency. Four models, Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Bidirectional LSTM (Bi-LSTM), Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU), and Extreme Learning Machine, were used to construct prediction models and compared. Meanwhile, Spearman correlation analysis and principal component analysis methods were used to reveal the main sources of TN and NH₃-N pollution. Results showed clear spatiotemporal heterogeneity in NH₃-N and TN levels, with the Fuhe River sub-basin being the most polluted. Agricultural runoff, domestic sewage, and industrial discharge were identified as key pollution sources. WGAN-GP and RFE significantly improved model performance: the R² of the best prediction model (GRU) for TN improved from 0.515 to 0.709 and the best prediction model (Bi-LSTM) for NH₃-N improved from 0.369 to 0.909. The deep learning models demonstrated similar predictive capabilities and could be integrated to enhance accuracy and stability. This study offers an effective, data-efficient approach for water quality prediction under small-sample conditions and provides scientific guidance for watershed environmental management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 107887"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145097734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}