Process Safety and Environmental Protection最新文献

{"title":"Modeling, analysis and prediction of waste biomass gasification integrated with parallel multi-stack solid oxide fuel cell systems for low CO2 emissions: A mechanistic and data-driven approach","authors":"Xiao-long Wu ,&nbsp;Keye Li ,&nbsp;Yuxiao Yang ,&nbsp;Yuan-wu Xu ,&nbsp;Jingxuan Peng ,&nbsp;Bo Chi ,&nbsp;Zhuo Wang ,&nbsp;Xi Li","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.106998","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.106998","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Developing efficient, eco-friendly power generation systems is crucial for future clean energy policies. Biomass-driven solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) systems promise clean energy, but ensuring efficient, safe operation remains challenging. Additionally, multi-stack SOFC systems are an effective means to ensure fuel utilization efficiency and enhance system reliability. This study uses aggregate modeling to model the gasification-integrated parallel multi-stack SOFC system (GIMCS). Fifteen biomass-derived fuels are passed into the GIMCS to analyse the effects of gasification temperature, water vapor mass flow rate to biomass mass flow rate (S/B) on syngas fractions, and their impact, along with reaction temperature, on power generation performance. Then, the dataset of the GIMCS (15 different biomass gases as fuels) was used for genetic algorithm backpropagation (GA-BP) model training for operating condition prediction (electrical efficiency, net voltage, and current density of each stack). Additionally, CO₂ emissions from waste biomass gasification were compared to those from power generation via a GIMCS. The findings suggest that the GA-BP model provides highly accurate output estimates (R²&gt;0.991, MAPE&lt;0.238, RMSE&lt;0.234) and that the GIMCS emits less CO₂ than waste biomass gasification. This study supports predicting the performance of GIMCS to enhance waste biomass-to-electricity conversion and optimize system operating parameters for efficient and safe operation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 106998"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143642518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving efficiency and sustainability of the waste-economy-environment nexus in isolated island communities: A stochastic inexact mixed-integer fractional optimization model","authors":"Ziyu Wang ,&nbsp;Zehua Lu ,&nbsp;Xiujuan Chen ,&nbsp;Guohe Huang ,&nbsp;Chunjiang An","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.107003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.107003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study develops a stochastic inexact mixed-integer fractional optimization (SIMFO) model to enhance solid waste management (SWM) systems in isolated island communities. The model integrates inexact optimization, chance-constrained optimization, linear fractional programming, and mixed integer linear programming. It aims to maximize waste flow diversion from landfills, minimize system costs, and adhere to environmental emission caps. According to the analysis of a case study in British Columbia, Canada, by optimizing waste flows, implementing a reasonable facility expansion plan, and fully involving transfer stations, the island SWM system is expected to achieve a waste diversion rate of more than 75 %. In the future scenario, the daily amount of waste transported outside the island is reduced from 62 tonnes to zero, thereby reducing costs and environmental burdens. Compared with the present scenario (62.02 billion CO₂e) and optimization programming focusing on cost reduction (69.29 billion CO₂e), the upper limit result of the five-year cycle under the future scenario is 54.92 billion CO₂e, representing reductions of 12 % and 21 %, respectively. The proposed SIMFO framework addresses uncertainties, optimizes facility capacity, and supports dynamic decision-making processes. This research offers a robust tool for policymakers, promoting sustainable SWM practices and long-term environmental stewardship in isolated island regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 107003"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143675649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An eco-friendly processing of stainless-steel slag and copper slag: Crystallization control, modification and detoxification","authors":"Shi-yuan Cao ,&nbsp;Chuan-ming Du ,&nbsp;Zhan-jun Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.107013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.107013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Stainless-steel slag and copper slag are two kinds of bulk and unmanageable metallurgical hazardous wastes. The resource utilization and safe disposal of these slags have attracted extensive attention worldwide. Based on high temperature modification, an eco-friendly processing of stainless-steel slag and copper slag was proposed in this study to achieve control crystallization and heavy metal Cr detoxification. The effects of different mass ratios of stainless-steel slag to copper slag on the transformation of crystalline phase, the Cr enrichment and the detoxification efficiency of modified slag were investigated. The results indicated that the modified slag with the stainless-steel slag to copper slag mass ratio of 8:2 had coarse spinel grain, no obvious other crystalline phases existed, Cr could be selectively enriched to spinel phase, and the Cr enrichment degree was the highest, reaching 98.76 %. Meanwhile, the leaching concentration of Cr and other hazardous elements (Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb and As) was far lower than the leaching limit of hazardous component mass concentration for the corresponding standards, which can be further applied. Additionally, the Cr-rich spinel precipitated at high temperature will be wrapped by Fe-rich spinel generated at low temperature to form large size self-wrapped spinel, which facilitated subsequent separation and reduced the Cr^6 + dissolution risk.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 107013"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143611390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced low-temperature waste heat recovery in ethyl acetate / cyclohexane separation using heat integration and ORC - assisted pressure - swing distillation","authors":"Yanchao Xue,&nbsp;Qingrui Zhang,&nbsp;Shuning Jiang,&nbsp;Cai Wang,&nbsp;Qian Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.106977","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.106977","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to achieve minimum total annual cost (TAC) and total utility cost (TUC) through multi-objective optimization in the field of chemical separation, thereby reducing the impact of carbon emissions on the environment and improving energy efficiency. Focusing on the limitations of traditional heat pump distillation in utilizing low-temperature waste heat, four novel heat pump-assisted pressure swing distillation processes have been devised. Subsequently, the optimal process was studied by multi-objective optimization. By coupling vapour recompression and bottom flash technologies with the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) system, the recovery and reuse of low-temperature waste heat is facilitated. By implementing a heat integration strategy for the waste heat at the top and bottom of the distillation column, the energy-saving and emission-reduction effects of the system are further enhanced. From an environmental perspective, the ORC coupled bottom flashing scheme (CPSD-HP-ORC-BF) is the most energy-efficient. The ORC subsystem using working fluid R236EA achieves a high investment return of 44.83 % and a thermal efficiency of 16.82 %, while simultaneously reducing total annual cost (TAC) by 7.74 % and total utility cost (TUC) by 25.98 %. From a viewpoint of maximizing economic benefits, the bottom heat integration scheme with CPSD-HP (CPSD-HP-TB) is preferred as it realizes a reduction in TAC by 8.62 %, TUC by 17.43 %, CO₂ emissions by 17.6 %, and enhances thermodynamic efficiency by 7.23 %. Additionally, an analysis of component exergy losses across different schemes reveals that the implementation of a heat pump can significantly reduce the exergy losses arising from the irreversibilities of process equipment, with the primary losses being observed within the high-pressure column. This study provides invaluable insights for low-temperature waste heat recovery and sustainable development in the pressure - swing distillation process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 106977"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143620220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing cell phone recycling process: A design science approach integrating blockchain framework, SWOT-AHP strategy, and NFT incentives","authors":"Yuxin Du ,&nbsp;Takeshi Fujiwara ,&nbsp;Habuer ,&nbsp;Yue Zhou ,&nbsp;Jinming Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.107004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.107004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The swift increase in electronic waste, particularly obsolete cell phones (OCPs), poses significant environmental challenges that demand innovative recycling approaches. This study proposes a digital transformation framework for OCP recycling management through a Design Science Research (DSR) methodology. The proposed blockchain-based framework addresses recycling process management and consumer participation by improving information transparency, fostering stakeholder collaboration, and implementing innovative incentives mechanisms. We use an integrated SWOT-AHP methodology to evaluate the feasibility and development potential of blockchain-based digital obsolete cell phone recycling management systems (OCP RMS), thus analyzing the benefits and challenges of digital transformation in OCP recycling processes to gain a comprehensive understanding of strategic priorities. Additionally, we explore the potential of recycled-OCP-based Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) as innovative incentives for consumer participation using the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM). Our findings indicate that digital technologies and innovative incentives can substantially improve resource recovery management and consumer participation, providing valuable information for policymakers and industry stakeholders. These results contribute to the development of sustainable OCP RMS and the advancement of circular economic principles in the electronics sector.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 107004"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143611387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel biomass-to-energy cogeneration system using zeotropic mixtures: Multi-objective optimization and environmental assessment","authors":"Mohammadreza Babaei Khuyinrud ,&nbsp;Ali Shokri Kalan ,&nbsp;Hamed Ghiasirad ,&nbsp;Towhid Gholizadeh ,&nbsp;Xiaoshu Lü ,&nbsp;Ahmad Arabkoohsar","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.106976","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.106976","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The heavy dependence on fossil fuels over the many past decades has resulted to critical environmental and health challenges that must be urgently addressed. Adopting renewable energy sources, e.g. biomass, and maximum utilization of sustainable energy resources, e.g. waste heat recovery, are proven to be a viable and indeed inevitable measures for this. The present study proposes a novel waste-to-energy combined heat and power (CHP) system driven by municipal solid waste (MSW), integrating a biomass gasifier with supercritical CO₂ (s-CO₂), Kalina, and zeotropic organic Rankine cycle (ORC) subsystems. The system is designed to maximize energy efficiency and sustainability by effectively utilizing waste heat streams at varying temperature levels and employing zeotropic mixtures such as R1233zd(E) in the ORC cycle, to enhance thermodynamic performance and reduce environmental impact. Detailed sensitivity analyses are conducted to evaluate the influence of key parameters on the system performance, along with a comprehensive energy, exergy, exergo-economic, and environmental analysis. To achieve a balance between energy efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and emissions reduction, a multi-objective optimization via the genetic algorithm approach combined with TOPSIS method is used. The results indicate that in the base design, the system achieves energy efficiency of 76.65 %, exergy efficiency of 49.06 %, net power output of 3621 kW, a total cost rate of 265.6 $/h, and CO₂ emissions of 489.8 kg/MWh. The optimization efforts enhance these key metrics by 13.93 %, 27.13 %, 28.8 %, −5.42 %, and −12.23 %, respectively. Based on these findings, the system has potential to serve as an efficient and sustainable waste-to-energy system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 106976"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143620097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term water and salt transport patterns during soil reconstruction in coal mining subsidence areas using activated coal gangue","authors":"Junmeng Li ,&nbsp;Yanli Huang ,&nbsp;Guiyuan Wang ,&nbsp;Bo Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.107000","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.107000","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coal mining not only generates large amounts of coal gangue but also causes surface subsidence, soil degradation, and other environmental issues. The utilization of coal gangue for the restoration of degraded soils in subsidence areas represents a crucial approach to simultaneously address the issues of solid waste emissions and soil degradation. In this study, taking degraded soil in the collapsed wind erosion mining area as an example, coal gangue activated by means of calcination and acid leaching was combined with fly ash to improve the soil. Two soil reconstruction schemes, namely single-layer improvement and double-layer improvement, were designed using the improved soil. With the assistance of HYDRUS-3D software, models for the soil reconstruction schemes were established, and continuous soil moisture infiltration experiments were conducted to verify the accuracy of the model. The results show that the <em>R</em>² values range from 0.89 to 0.98 and the root mean square error (<em>RMSE</em>) values range from 0.051 to 0.064. Finally, soil water and salt transport experiments were performed to analyze the water and salt transport characteristics in the three soil reconstruction schemes. The results suggest that the shallow soil moisture content in the single improved layer scheme is 26.02 % and 6.73 % higher than the other two schemes, demonstrating its better water retention. The peak content of salts that accumulate in the surface soil is 7.30 mg/cm³ in the double improved layer scheme, which is 29.3 % and 23.3 % lower than the other two schemes, highlighting its stronger salt isolation effect. The research findings are expected to provide a reference for ecologically utilizing coal-based solid waste and restoring degraded soil in mining areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 107000"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143601540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy, exergy, and economic (3E) analysis of novel heat recovery systems for recovery and optimization of waste flows at a combined cycle power plant","authors":"Farzad Asadi,&nbsp;Ali Jahangiri,&nbsp;Mohammad Ameri,&nbsp;Ali Saedi","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.106987","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.106987","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In different industries, waste heat recovery is considered an efficient approach of maximizing energy utilization. This study addresses the recovery of waste flows from the blowdown tanks (BTs) and deaerators of a Combined Cycle Power Plant (CCPP). To this end, three waste heat recovery scenarios were proposed using the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) and the distributed boosted multi-effect distillation (DBMED) integrated with the CCPP: Scenario 1 (ORC-DBMED), Scenario 2 (ORC-D-DBMED), and Scenario 3 (ORC P-DBMED). The proposed scenarios were evaluated through the energy, exergy, and economic (3E) analysis and were then optimized from an economic perspective. The main exergy destruction occurred in the combustion chamber of the CCPP, the evaporator of the ORC, and the condenser of the DBMED, accounting for 55.4 %, 52 %, and 29.9 %, respectively. According to the results, Scenario 1 demonstrated the shortest payback period (PP) of 1.62 years, while Scenario 2 achieved a slightly higher energy efficiency of 46.7 %. However, the payback period for Scenario 2 was longer, at 2.34 years. Scenario 1, which exhibits superior economic conditions compared to other scenarios, was proposed in this study. In this cycle, 730.1 kW of power and 278.56 m³/day of water were saved by recovering the flows of vents and producing water in the DBMED process. The integration of the cycle led to a 0.21 % rise in the energy efficiency and 0.13 % increase in exergy efficiency for the CCPP.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 106987"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143620219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A CFD study of the unsteady leakage and dispersion of natural gas pipelines containing high-H2S in mountainous terrain","authors":"Jie Wang ,&nbsp;Changjun Li ,&nbsp;Chao Chen ,&nbsp;Wenlong Jia ,&nbsp;Yuhan Liu ,&nbsp;Ke Wang ,&nbsp;Guiliang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.106981","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.106981","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The leakage and diffusion of high-H₂S natural gas pipelines in complex terrain poses significant toxic risks. Previous studies often assumed uniform gas diffusion coefficients and mass flow rates, leading to substantial errors in energy and mass flux calculations, and ultimately, inaccurate assessments of leakage impact and hazard levels. This study corrects the multicomponent gas diffusion coefficient matrix, reducing errors to 5.14 %, and then derived the unsteady mass flow rate through small pipeline leaks, applying these to the flow governing equations. Results show that the effect of wind speed on toxic gas diffusion in small or 2D calculations does not apply to actual 3D conditions. The H₂S SCC (Safety Critical Concentration) range far exceeds methane’s LEL (Lower Explosion Limited) range, highlighting the importance of H₂S toxicity in the incidents. The leakage direction and range are mainly influenced by Fick coefficient, unsteady state mass flow rate, complex terrain, and wind field. Close to the leakage hole, jet effects dominate gas distribution, while farther away, diffusion from concentration gradients prevails. Quantitative analysis shows that H₂S concentration initially rises then falls due to transient mass flow rate. While increases in initial pressure <em>P</em>₀, leakage diameter <em>D</em>_leak, and H₂S content <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>x</mi></mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mi>S</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> all expand the diffusion range, <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>x</mi></mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mi>S</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> has the least impact. The exponential effect of <em>D</em>_leak on leakage time means smaller hole may lead to a larger H₂S SCC range. Therefore, the condition of living organisms at a specific point, will be suffered more hazardous condition when the HSGTP has a higher <em>P</em>₀ or <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>x</mi></mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mi>S</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>, and the larger <em>D</em>_leak may have the opposite effect. Higher wind speed <em>u</em>_{<em>wind</em>} shift the diffusion range from the vertical to the radial direction, while wind direction changes are significantly influenced by terrain barriers. Trees, acting as obstacles, significantly hinder gas diffusion due to the severe kinetic energy loss of the process. These findings provide significant insights for safety insights in future incidents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 106981"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143684688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring large pilot-scale applications of advanced oxidation and GAC filtration for removing micropollutants: Assessment of elimination efficiency and risk reduction","authors":"P. Núñez-Tafalla,&nbsp;I. Salmerón,&nbsp;S. Venditti,&nbsp;J. Hansen","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.106956","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.106956","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study focuses on removing 30 selected micropollutants (MPs) in a large pilot-scale plant of 19 m³ day⁻¹ installed in the rural wastewater treatment plant of Heiderscheidergrund (Luxembourg). It is the first work to evaluate the photo-Fenton process on this scale using lamps operated at neutral pH, addressing challenges in real-world conditions by employing a continuous process and technical-grade reagents. It also introduces a novel integration of photo-Fenton and granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration at this scale, a combination rarely studied, using fresh and regenerated GAC. The system consisted of an advanced oxidation process (AOP) as the first step and GAC filtration as the second step; both technologies were operated at natural pH. Of the 30 selected MPs, 14 were considered relevant for the quaternary treatment. Ten AOP scenarios were evaluated, including UV/H₂O₂ and the photo-Fenton process, using technical-grade and analytical-grade reagents. The photo-Fenton process removal led to a slight improvement compared to UV/H₂O₂. Fresh and regenerated GAC were evaluated for GAC filtration. A slightly lower efficiency was observed for the regenerated GAC (stand-alone process), although the breakthrough of several MPs had not started yet. Besides technical efficiency, a holistic approach was adopted to evaluate the harm posed by the discharged concentrations by combining toxicity assay and mixture risk assessment. No toxicity or phytotoxicity was observed after the quaternary treatment. The risk assessment showed a general decrease in the posed risk, confirming the suitability of the process to improve water quality. The combination of UV/H₂O₂ and GAC filtration was selected as the most suitable option based on MPs removal efficiencies, absence of toxicity, decreased risk and lower operation/maintenance criteria.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 106956"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143629362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}