Process Safety and Environmental Protection最新文献

{"title":"A benchmark of industrial polymerization process for thermal runaway process monitoring","authors":"Simin Li, Shuang-hua Yang, Yi Cao, Xiaoping Jiang, Chenchen Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.11.057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2024.11.057","url":null,"abstract":"Polymer production is of paramount importance in the chemical manufacturing industry. However, safety concerns are prevalent due to the exothermic nature of polymerization reactions, which can cause thermal runaway. The limitations of the current industry-standard monitoring methods underscore the need for novel techniques to detect faults early. To facilitate the development and evaluation of such algorithms, benchmarks that enable direct comparisons of performance are required. Addressing this gap, the present work first introduces an open-source polymerization benchmark model and associated datasets. Derived from reaction kinetics, mass balance, and energy balance analysis, the differential equation forms the basis of our model. By manipulating relative parameters, we intentionally induce five typical faults that can lead to thermal runaway. As a result, our benchmark model serves as an invaluable tool for advancing and validating algorithms for thermal runaway process monitoring, significantly enhancing the safety of the polymerization process. The effectiveness of the model and dataset is demonstrated by testing multivariate statistical process monitoring algorithms and deep learning algorithms.","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142691079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of oxygen carrier on NOx and N2O emissions in biomass combustion within fluidized beds","authors":"Guang Sun, Lin Li, Dennis Lu, Ming Hu, Zhenkun Sun, Rongtao Wang, Yuqing Chen, Lunbo Duan","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.11.066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2024.11.066","url":null,"abstract":"The Oxygen Carrier Aided Combustion (OCAC) technology has the potential to enhance the combustion efficiency and stability of biomass, while simultaneously facilitating the conversion of NO to N<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>. However, current research lacks sufficient investigation into the impact of oxygen carriers on the conventional fuel nitrogen (fuel-N) conversion pathway, particularly in relation to N<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>O. This study comprehensively examines the key operating parameters, including ilmenite ore (OC) ratio, O<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> concentration, fluidization velocity, and bed temperature, on NO and N<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>O emissions during the OCAC of rice husk in a bubbling fluidized bed reactor. The findings suggest that when OC is used as bed material, the conversion of fuel-N to NO decreases by 8.84 % under a 3 % O<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> concentration at 750 °C, compared to the sand case. This beneficial effect is further enhanced as the temperature increases. Conversely, the conversion of fuel-N to NO increases by 12.15 % and 7.70 % under 6 % and 9 % O<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> concentrations, respectively, compared to the sand case. This suggests a distinct influence mechanism between OCAC and traditional combustion conditions, potentially due to the chemical phases of OC during the redox process. The OCAC operations can lead to an increase in the emission of HCN and N<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>O under all tested conditions. The potential conversion pathway of fuel-N under OCAC conditions is summarized.","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"255 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142691081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decontamination of fish aquarium wastewater by ozonation catalyzed by multi-metal loaded activated carbons for sustainable aquaculture","authors":"Amir Ikhlaq, Mamoona Kanwal, Osama Shaheen Rizvi, Naveed Ramzan, Asia Akram, Umair Yaqub Qazi, Fei Qi, Sadaf Ul Hassan, Rahat Javaid","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.11.062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2024.11.062","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to promote sustainable aquaculture for fish farming practices for long-term application. The potential of catalytic ozonation was evaluated for the successful purification and recycling of fish aquarium wastewater. Before continuous testing, ozone dosage, catalyst dose, reaction time, and adsorbent dose were optimized to obtain values of 1.8 mg/min, 15 g/L, 45 min, and 150 g, respectively. During this work, two different goldfish aquarium setups were installed at the lab scale to compare the treated aquarium water (tank A) with the untreated water (tank B). Tank A was a kind of continuous tank, where the water in the aquarium was continuously treated by the catalytic ozonation process. For the first time, activated carbon (AC) loaded with iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) (Fe-Zn-AC) was used as the catalyst for fish water purification. Around 170 L of water was conserved through water purification in comparison with a normal fish aquarium setup (tank B). The results indicated successful decontamination by the decline in parameters such as ammonia, COD, BOD<ce:inf loc=\"post\">5</ce:inf>, turbidity, and potentially toxic metals as compared to untreated fish aquarium wastewater. Additionally, catalytic ozonation (Fe-Zn-AC/O<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf>), was more efficient for the removal of nitrogenous compounds. It is concluded that catalytic ozonation provides more efficient removal of contaminants to facilitate the establishment of a sustainably disease-free environment and better growth of fish inside a recirculating setup.","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142691082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of concentration gradients on the explosion characteristics of methane/air premixed gases","authors":"Kechen Tang, Longhai Wu, Dongyang Qiu, Chuyuan Huang, Weikang Sun, Lijuan Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.11.058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2024.11.058","url":null,"abstract":"Non-uniform concentration fields increase the risk of combustible gas explosions under practical industrial conditions. To investigate the effects of transverse and vertical concentration gradients on methane explosion characteristics, experiments were conducted near the stoichiometric ratio in a square pipeline, focusing on flame structure, velocity, pressure, and temperature. By adjusting ignition delay time and transverse methane concentration, a non-uniform concentration field was created, and CFD simulations were used to validate the gas distribution. Based on these simulations, the study found that at an ignition delay time of 0, flames propagated forward along the upper wall of the pipeline in an inclined 'tongue' structure. The flame evolved from 'multiple tulip' structures to a forward-moving 'tongue' shape as the ignition delay increased. The internal explosion pressure curve underwent three stages: rapid rise, slow rise, and rapid fall creating a “step” distribution with increased ignition delay. Temperature delays and peak reductions were observed with increased ignition delay and concentration gradients, indicating a decrease in flame propagation speed.","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"190 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142691083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inhibitory performance and mechanism analysis of modified fly-ash inhibitor on the coal spontaneous combustion: A combined study of laboratory experiments and molecular dynamic simulation","authors":"Mingqiu Wu, Haitao Li, Jiachen Wang, Liang Wang, Shanshan Li, Yu Wang, Minggao Yu, Jie Li, Chi-Min Shu","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.11.049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2024.11.049","url":null,"abstract":"To effectively inhibit the occurrence and development of coal spontaneous combustion (CSC), ammonium polyphosphate was grafted onto fly ash cenospheres (FAC) through co-condensation, acid-base modification, and amidation to prepare a modified fly ash inhibitor (PMFAC) in this study. Then, SEM, TG-FTIR, in-situ FTIR, and molecular dynamics simulation were synthetically utilized to explore the inhibition effect and mechanism of PMFAC on CSC. The results demonstrated that the nitrogen- and phosphorus-containing compounds were successfully attached to the surface of PMFAC, which are effective components for inhibiting CSC. Besides, PMFAC effectively increased the characteristic temperatures in CSC process, and an addition of 45 % PMFAC increased the ignition point by 16 °C. The inhibitors can significantly inhibit the production of CO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>, CO, CH<ce:inf loc=\"post\">4</ce:inf>, and H<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>O during the CSC process. Additionally, PMFAC also had a strong inhibitory effect on hydroxyl, alkyl, and carbonyl groups involved in the reaction process. The <mml:math altimg=\"si0007.svg\"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>E</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>α</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math> increased progressively with the increase of PMFAC concentration, with the largest growth rate reaching 64.4 %. The main reaction path of •OH/•O/O<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> consumption during CSC under the action of PMFAC was obtained through molecular dynamics simulations. The research results have important theoretical and engineering significance for preventing CSC in goaf.","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142691084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immobilization and coordination chemistry of Friedel’s salt (Ca/Al-LDHs) on heavy metals removal","authors":"Chengcheng Fan, Baomin Wang, Hu Feng, Hongyu Zhou, Yihan Zhang, Weigao Ding, Fei Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.11.035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2024.11.035","url":null,"abstract":"Friedel’s salt (F’s salt, FS, Ca/Al-LDHs) was prepared via coprecipitation synthesis to remove Pb(II) and Zn(II). The adsorption of F’s salt on Pb(II) and Zn(II) was a physical adsorption process and could be well described by pseudo-second order kinetics. The adsorption process is mainly completed by surface adsorption of pore structure and interlayer structure. In addition, the crystal microstructure parameter, molecular structure and elemental spatial distribution analysis results demonstrated that Pb(II) and Zn(II) could form new solid solutions such as Pb/CaAl-Cl-LDHs, CaZn/Al-Cl-LDHs and Zn/CaAl-Cl-LDHs via lattice replacement, and then effectively immobilized in F’s salt crystals. Unlike Pb(II), there are two fixed lattice substitution pathways for Zn(II), that is, Ca(II) and Al(III) can be used as replacement objects. Notably, the chemical bonding mechanism is more prominent for the solidification of Pb(II) than that of Zn(II) in F’s salt. Moreover, the superficial coordination chemistry analysis results revealed that the abundant OH groups distributed in the main layer laminate structure can also serve as the binding sites for Pb(II) and Zn(II). This study provides a theoretical basis and novel insights into the immobilization mechanism of Pb(II) and Zn(II) in F’s salt.","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142691100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Activation of bio-oil with or without pre-carbonization makes marked difference in pore development","authors":"Xin Zhong ,&nbsp;Chao Li ,&nbsp;Yuewen Shao ,&nbsp;Lijun Zhang ,&nbsp;Shu Zhang ,&nbsp;Xun Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.11.046","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.11.046","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bio-oil, a major product from biomass pyrolysis, is a renewable source for production of functional carbon materials such as activated carbon (AC). Bio-oil can be activated directly via mixing with an activator or be pre-carbonized followed by subsequent activation. These two processes feature with distinct reaction network and might affect pore characteristics in different ways. This was investigated herein by direct activation of bio-oil or biochar from pre-carbonization of bio-oil using K₂C₂O₄ or KOH as the activator at 800 ºC. The results indicated that bio-oil was pre-carbonized into biochar at 500 ºC improved yields of AC (83.6 % versus 17.5 % from direct activation of bio-oil with K₂C₂O₄) through enhanced aromatic degree and resistivity to cracking. This also diminished specific surface area of resulting AC (716.3 versus 1035.5 m²g⁻¹ from direct activation). Much more intensive cracking reactions in direct activation of bio-oil with K₂C₂O₄ were confirmed with <em>in-situ</em> IR technique. This not only formed AC of more developed pore structures, especially more mesopores/macropores, but also generated gases as dominate product (yield: 74.5 %). Similar result was observed from activation with KOH, but KOH was more effective than K₂C₂O₄ for cracking. This, however, did not result in AC of more developed pore structures, as the K₂CO₃ derived from KOH tended to be wrapped with organics in direct activation of bio-oil and was difficult to be washed away, blocking pores generated.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"193 ","pages":"Pages 183-194"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142660972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy-saving research on the separation of isopropyl acetate and isopropanol azeotrope using pressure-swing distillation based on phase equilibrium","authors":"Lianzheng Zhang, Zhihong Shen, Jian Zhong, Zeyu Hu, Yixin Ma, Shanshan Liu, Jun Gao, Sam Fong Yau Li, Yinglong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.11.054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2024.11.054","url":null,"abstract":"In high purity thioglycolic acid production, isopropyl acetate is used to extract the acid from intermediates, but it hydrolyzes and forms azeotrope with isopropanol under acidic conditions. To achieve environmental conservation, resource utilization, and clean production goals, the design of economically profitable separation processes becomes imperative. Pressure-swing distillation (PSD) with process intensification is employed after derived binary interaction parameters from VLE data at lower pressures, and sequential iteration simplified optimization is performed. Further to overcome the high energy consumption encountered in traditional PSD, heat integration and steam recompression technology were incorporated, resulting in four energy-saving PSD designs. And temperature-enthalpy diagrams were utilized to assess their energy consumption. Based on evaluation indicators of total annual cost (TAC), total energy consumption (TEC), and CO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> emissions, all improved PSD processes significantly reduced TAC and CO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> emissions. Among them, heat pump (HP-PSD) demonstrating the highest economy and eco-friendliness with a 30.1 % and 82.4 % reduction in TAC and CO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> emissions. Heat pump assisted heat integration (HP-HIPSD) also attracted significant attention of reducing TAC by 16.3 %. A longer payback period is expected to yield higher cost savings from all enhanced designs. This study provides invaluable insights for the separation and sustainable development of alcohol ester azeotropes.","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142691099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revealing the nitrogen and phosphorus removal potential: Insights into surface flow and subsurface flow constructed wetlands employing integrated iron and sulfur electron donors","authors":"Azharuddin Chachar, Shanshan Sun, Yuanyuan Peng, Xushun Gu, Yu Zhang, Shengbing He","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.11.052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2024.11.052","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the differences in nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) removal performance, nitrous oxide (N<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>O) emissions, and microbial community structure between surface flow (SF) and subsurface flow (SSF) constructed wetlands (CWs) using iron scraps (ISs) and elemental sulfur (S<ce:sup loc=\"post\">0</ce:sup>) as integrated electron donors. Four configurations were examined: control SFCW (SF-C), ISs and S<ce:sup loc=\"post\">0</ce:sup> SFCW (SF-Fe+S), control SSFCW (SSF-C), and ISs and S<ce:sup loc=\"post\">0</ce:sup> SSFCW (SSF-Fe+S). The results indicated that both CW types utilizing combined ISs and S<ce:sup loc=\"post\">0</ce:sup> were effective in removing N, with SF-Fe+S (35.73–72.71 %) exhibiting higher nitrate removal efficiency compared to SSF-Fe+S (10.05–61.27 %). However, SSF-Fe+S (77.88–85.72 %) demonstrated a greater efficiency in removing total phosphorus (TP) than SF-Fe+S (50.78–67.91 %). In addition, both SSFCWs, SSF-C (7.22 mg/m<ce:sup loc=\"post\">2</ce:sup>/d) and SSF-Fe+S (3.39 mg/m<ce:sup loc=\"post\">2</ce:sup>/d) exhibited higher N<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>O emissions compared to SFCWs, SF-C (3.05 mg/m<ce:sup loc=\"post\">2</ce:sup>/d) and SF-Fe+S (1.94 mg/m<ce:sup loc=\"post\">2</ce:sup>/d). Microbial community analysis revealed distinct differences between CW types; <ce:italic>Dechloromonas</ce:italic> (22.45 %) and <ce:italic>Ferritrophicum</ce:italic> (18.23 %) were the dominant genera in SF-Fe+S, whereas <ce:italic>Ferritrophicum</ce:italic> (37.13 %) and <ce:italic>Acinetobacter</ce:italic> (21.80 %) predominated in SSF-Fe+S. In addition, TP removal was potentially enhanced by substrate adsorption and coprecipitation through iron (Fe<ce:sup loc=\"post\">2+</ce:sup> and Fe<ce:sup loc=\"post\">3+</ce:sup>) ions released from ISs corrosion reacting with phosphate (PO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">4</ce:inf><ce:sup loc=\"post\">3−</ce:sup>) ions. The study reveals that the type of CW and the combination of electron donors significantly influence their effectiveness in removing N and P, reducing N<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>O emissions, and enhancing microbial community composition, thus providing valuable insights.","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142691085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pyrolysis of nitrilotriacetic acid-Mn/Fe to produce MnFe2O4/C nanoparticles: Excellent performance of activating periodate to degrade organic pollutants","authors":"Li Chen, Yingchun Yang, Wenjing Tang, Haolan Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.11.030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2024.11.030","url":null,"abstract":"The abuse of tetracycline (TC) may lead to environmental risks and cause harm to human health. Advanced oxidation process (AOPs) can produce highly reactive free radicals, which can effectively degrade pollutants. Periodate (PI) has received more attention in AOPs due to its excellent oxidation property. To improve the degradation efficiency of pollutants, nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) formed complexes with Fe and Mn, then MnFe<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>O<ce:inf loc=\"post\">4</ce:inf>/C was successfully synthesized by pyrolysis to activate PI. The catalyst dosage, PI concentration, and pH values were investigated. Under optimal conditions (catalyst = 200 mg/L, PI = 500 mg/L, and pH = 4.0), the degradation efficiency of TC reached 94.0 % at 60 min. The excellent PI activation performance of MnFe<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>O<ce:inf loc=\"post\">4</ce:inf>/C was attributed to the redox cycle of Mn<ce:sup loc=\"post\">3+</ce:sup>/Mn<ce:sup loc=\"post\">2+</ce:sup> and Fe<ce:sup loc=\"post\">3+</ce:sup>/Fe<ce:sup loc=\"post\">2+</ce:sup>. Through quenching experiments, it has been demonstrated that iodine radical (IO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf><ce:sup loc=\"post\">•</ce:sup>) was the main active species for TC degradation. Furthermore, the degradation efficiency of TC in this system was not seriously affected by SO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">4</ce:inf><ce:sup loc=\"post\">2<ce:glyph name=\"sbnd\"></ce:glyph></ce:sup>, Cl<ce:sup loc=\"post\"><ce:glyph name=\"sbnd\"></ce:glyph></ce:sup>, CO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf><ce:sup loc=\"post\">2<ce:glyph name=\"sbnd\"></ce:glyph></ce:sup>, HCO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf><ce:sup loc=\"post\"><ce:glyph name=\"sbnd\"></ce:glyph></ce:sup>, NO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf><ce:sup loc=\"post\"><ce:glyph name=\"sbnd\"></ce:glyph></ce:sup>, and humic acid (HA). Finally, the degradation pathways of TC were proposed by high performance liquid chromatography mass (HPLC-MS) and density functional theory (DFT). The intermediates were not seriously toxic, and no toxic iodine species (I<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>, I<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf><ce:sup loc=\"post\"><ce:glyph name=\"sbnd\"></ce:glyph></ce:sup>, HOI) were produced. Overall, this study did not generate toxic substances in the process of degradation of pollutants, which is safe and environmentally friendly.","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142691150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}