Ilham Oubelhas , Brahim Bouargane , Bahcine Bakiz , Mohamed Ghali Biyoune , Malak Elmeknassi , Yassine Taha , Hamid Ait Said , Alejandro Barba Lobo , Juan Pedro Bolívar , Ali Atbir
{"title":"相图指导下磷石膏与废盐水合成(NH4)2Mg(SO4)2.6H2O和(KNH4)Mg(SO4)2.6H2O肥料","authors":"Ilham Oubelhas , Brahim Bouargane , Bahcine Bakiz , Mohamed Ghali Biyoune , Malak Elmeknassi , Yassine Taha , Hamid Ait Said , Alejandro Barba Lobo , Juan Pedro Bolívar , Ali Atbir","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.107463","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The brine water discharged by desalination plants has exceptionally high salinity levels and contains various chemical compounds that are harmful to the environment. Concurrently, the phosphate industry releases a substantial quantity of phosphogypsum into marine ecosystems or onto terrestrial surfaces near the manufacturing sites, adversely affecting the soil and aquatic environments. In response to environmental concerns, this study aims to valorize phosphogypsum (PG) waste and reject brine water (RBW) by producing (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>Mg(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub><sup>.</sup>6 H<sub>2</sub>O (NMgS) and (KNH<sub>4</sub>)Mg(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub><sup>.</sup>6 H<sub>2</sub>O (KNMgS) for use as fertilizers in agriculture. Experimentally, the starting reagents MgSO<sub>4</sub>·7 H<sub>2</sub>O / K<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> and (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> were recovered from RBW and PG by precipitation and the Merseburg process, respectively. Thus, the manufacturing process for NMgS and KNMgS synthesis and crystallization were performed based on the phase diagram data of the two systems Mg<sup>2+</sup> - NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> // SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup> -H<sub>2</sub>O and K<sup>+</sup>- Mg<sup>2+</sup> - NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> // SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup> -H<sub>2</sub>O at 0 and 25°C. To verify the quality of the prepared products, different complimentary techniques were used (XRD, DTA/DTG, SEM/EDS, and Raman). The obtained results revealed that the produced fertilizers are of high purity and contain elevated levels of soil nutrient elements (i.e., K, N, S and Mg) required for plant growth. It is concluded that the approach applied in this work can help researchers to propose new ways to manage and recycle several wastes using phase diagram equilibrium, facilitating the manufacturing of useful compounds such as fertilizers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 107463"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8000,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Phase diagram-guided synthesis of (NH4)2Mg(SO4)2.6H2O and (KNH4)Mg(SO4)2.6H2O fertilizers from phosphogypsum and reject brine water\",\"authors\":\"Ilham Oubelhas , Brahim Bouargane , Bahcine Bakiz , Mohamed Ghali Biyoune , Malak Elmeknassi , Yassine Taha , Hamid Ait Said , Alejandro Barba Lobo , Juan Pedro Bolívar , Ali Atbir\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.psep.2025.107463\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div><div>The brine water discharged by desalination plants has exceptionally high salinity levels and contains various chemical compounds that are harmful to the environment. Concurrently, the phosphate industry releases a substantial quantity of phosphogypsum into marine ecosystems or onto terrestrial surfaces near the manufacturing sites, adversely affecting the soil and aquatic environments. In response to environmental concerns, this study aims to valorize phosphogypsum (PG) waste and reject brine water (RBW) by producing (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>Mg(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub><sup>.</sup>6 H<sub>2</sub>O (NMgS) and (KNH<sub>4</sub>)Mg(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub><sup>.</sup>6 H<sub>2</sub>O (KNMgS) for use as fertilizers in agriculture. Experimentally, the starting reagents MgSO<sub>4</sub>·7 H<sub>2</sub>O / K<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> and (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> were recovered from RBW and PG by precipitation and the Merseburg process, respectively. Thus, the manufacturing process for NMgS and KNMgS synthesis and crystallization were performed based on the phase diagram data of the two systems Mg<sup>2+</sup> - NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> // SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup> -H<sub>2</sub>O and K<sup>+</sup>- Mg<sup>2+</sup> - NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> // SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup> -H<sub>2</sub>O at 0 and 25°C. To verify the quality of the prepared products, different complimentary techniques were used (XRD, DTA/DTG, SEM/EDS, and Raman). The obtained results revealed that the produced fertilizers are of high purity and contain elevated levels of soil nutrient elements (i.e., K, N, S and Mg) required for plant growth. It is concluded that the approach applied in this work can help researchers to propose new ways to manage and recycle several wastes using phase diagram equilibrium, facilitating the manufacturing of useful compounds such as fertilizers.</div></div>\",\"PeriodicalId\":20743,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Process Safety and Environmental Protection\",\"volume\":\"201 \",\"pages\":\"Article 107463\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":7.8000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-06-17\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Process Safety and Environmental Protection\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"93\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095758202500730X\",\"RegionNum\":2,\"RegionCategory\":\"环境科学与生态学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q1\",\"JCRName\":\"ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","FirstCategoryId":"93","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095758202500730X","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL","Score":null,"Total":0}
Phase diagram-guided synthesis of (NH4)2Mg(SO4)2.6H2O and (KNH4)Mg(SO4)2.6H2O fertilizers from phosphogypsum and reject brine water
The brine water discharged by desalination plants has exceptionally high salinity levels and contains various chemical compounds that are harmful to the environment. Concurrently, the phosphate industry releases a substantial quantity of phosphogypsum into marine ecosystems or onto terrestrial surfaces near the manufacturing sites, adversely affecting the soil and aquatic environments. In response to environmental concerns, this study aims to valorize phosphogypsum (PG) waste and reject brine water (RBW) by producing (NH4)2Mg(SO4)2.6 H2O (NMgS) and (KNH4)Mg(SO4)2.6 H2O (KNMgS) for use as fertilizers in agriculture. Experimentally, the starting reagents MgSO4·7 H2O / K2SO4 and (NH4)2SO4 were recovered from RBW and PG by precipitation and the Merseburg process, respectively. Thus, the manufacturing process for NMgS and KNMgS synthesis and crystallization were performed based on the phase diagram data of the two systems Mg2+ - NH4+ // SO42- -H2O and K+- Mg2+ - NH4+ // SO42- -H2O at 0 and 25°C. To verify the quality of the prepared products, different complimentary techniques were used (XRD, DTA/DTG, SEM/EDS, and Raman). The obtained results revealed that the produced fertilizers are of high purity and contain elevated levels of soil nutrient elements (i.e., K, N, S and Mg) required for plant growth. It is concluded that the approach applied in this work can help researchers to propose new ways to manage and recycle several wastes using phase diagram equilibrium, facilitating the manufacturing of useful compounds such as fertilizers.
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