Process Safety and Environmental Protection最新文献

{"title":"Effect of inorganic salt composition on strength, microstructure and leaching toxicity of coal-based solid waste backfill materials","authors":"Weiji Sun ,&nbsp;Lang Liu ,&nbsp;Jing Zhou ,&nbsp;Yuanyuan Zhao ,&nbsp;Chengcheng Shao ,&nbsp;Yongzhe Lyu","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.112","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.112","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores the potential of coal-fired slag, desulfurized gypsum and modified magnesium slag as cementing agents for coal-based solid waste backfill materials. Inorganic salts like CaCl₂, Na₂SO₄ and Na₂SiO₃ were used as excitants to investigate their combined impact on the mechanical properties, microstructure and leaching risk of hazardous elements from the coal-based solid waste backfill materials. The findings show that the addition of inorganic salt boosts the alkalinity within the liquid-phase reaction system. This disrupted the hydration-blocking membrane, accelerating the dissolution and reaction rate of the silica-alumina mineral components within the cementitious material. Concurrently, the inorganic salt ions consumed the early alkaline hydration products, destroying the hydration reaction equilibrium and facilitating the formation of hydration products like AFt, C-S-H gel, C-A-S-H gel, and Friedel's salt. This increase in the solid-phase volume content and microscopic densities in the reaction system improved the early mechanical properties of the coal-based solid waste backfill materials. Additionally, after a 28-day curing period, the leaching concentration of deleterious elements in the coal-based solid waste backfill material containing inorganic salt components was below the permissible concentration limit of the Class III groundwater quality standard. This eco-friendly backfill material is promising for mine backfilling, a potential substitute for traditional cement-based backfill material.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"192 ","pages":"Pages 1110-1126"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142587459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of hyperspectral band selection method based on deep reinforcement learning to low-value recyclable waste classification","authors":"Zhenxing Cai ,&nbsp;Huaiying Fang ,&nbsp;Jianhong Yang ,&nbsp;Lulu Fan ,&nbsp;Tianchen Ji ,&nbsp;Yangyang Hu ,&nbsp;Xin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.116","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.116","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hyperspectral images (HSIs) have proven effective for classification of Low-value Recyclable Waste (LVRW). However, the high correlation between bands in HSIs introduces redundant information. In this paper, to overcome the challenge of low applicability of existing band selection methods of LVRW HSIs, we propose a Dueling Double Deep Q Network based on Supervised Band Selection method (D3QN-SBS). Specifically, we formulate band selection as a reinforcement learning problem, treating it as a combinatorial optimization task that explores band combinations within a discrete space, using overall accuracy as the reward to tune the policy and optimise the state-action value function. The results of comparative experiments show that D3QN-SBS outperforms other methods when selecting 2–10 bands, where achieves an accuracy of about 99.24 %, 99.10 %, 99.05 %, and 99.16 % in k-NN, SVM-RBF, RF, and MLP based on 10 bands, the precision, recall, and F1-score are nearly 100 % for OTHERS and are more than 99 % for PS. In K-fold cross-validation, the majority of the folds under four classifiers achieves above 98 % for four evaluation metrics and the average F1-scores are 99.25 %, 99.01 %, 99.06 %, and 99.17 %. This approach can be deployed in LVRW sorting equipment, contributing to the advancement of hyperspectral imaging technologies in plastic waste sorting field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"192 ","pages":"Pages 1138-1150"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142587408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing safety in hydrogen storage: Understanding the dynamic process in hydrogen-methane mixtures during the pressurized leakage","authors":"Qin Huang, Z.Y. Sun, Ya-Long Du","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.100","url":null,"abstract":"Using natural gas pipelines for hydrogen-doped transportation represents a cost-effective solution for large-scale and long-distance hydrogen transport. However, concerns have been raised regarding the potential for leakage under high-pressure conditions, which could result in the spontaneous combustion of the leaking hydrogen. It is, therefore, imperative to understand the gas dynamics involved in methane-hydrogen mixtures during high-pressure leaks to ensure the safety of hydrogen storage. In the present work, the release process and the spontaneous ignition of hydrogen/methane mixtures with a hydrogen blending ratio from 0.1 to 1.0 from pressurized storage containers (20 MPa) have been numerically studied upon validated models. The findings indicate that spontaneous ignition occurs in the mixtures with any hydrogen blending ratios under the releasing pressure of 20 MPa, but the methane component is not involved in the initial combustion if the hydrogen blending ratio is less than 0.5. As the hydrogen blending ratio increases, more combustible components are involved in the initial ignition, and the location of the initial ignition turns closer to the leakage port. Meanwhile, as the hydrogen blending ratio rises from 0.1 to 1.0, the shockwave propagation is accelerated with the moment the shockwave first reflects is advanced from 58 to 60 μs to 22–24 μs, and the maximum temperature in the early leakage will exceed 3000 K. Furthermore, a higher hydrogen blending ratio leads to a more rapid pressure rise in the external space (reaching peak pressure at 191 μs for pure hydrogen) and forming a Mach disk structure with higher Mach numbers (around 7). These findings provide critical insights for understanding the combustion behavior of hydrogen/methane mixtures in high-pressure pipelines and offer valuable guidance for developing safety protocols and infrastructure designs.","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142643146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scrupulous analysis of the carbon footprint of sustainable electricity produced from raw bagasse, torrefied bagasse, and filter cake pellets in Thailand","authors":"Kaittisak Pajampa ,&nbsp;Amnart Suksri ,&nbsp;Kanit Manatura ,&nbsp;Pattarabordee Khaigunha ,&nbsp;Tanakorn Wongwuttanasatian","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.091","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.091","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluates the carbon footprint of a 25 MW biomass power plant in a sugar factory, focusing on its 8 MW grid supply. Six key activities were assessed: fuel preparation, combustion, power generation, particulate removal, and water production (soft and cooling). The research compares greenhouse gas (GHG) emission from three scenarios: 100 % raw bagasse (RB), RB mixed with torrefied bagasse (TB), and RB with filter cake pellets (FP) at ratios of 95:5, 97:3, and 99:1. Data collected throughout 2023 revealed that the plant consumed 119,769.89 tons of RB (51 % moisture, 7740.40 kJ/kg heating value), generating 31,552,711.00 kWh annually. Emissions were calculated in kg CO₂eq/kWh using the 2006 IPCC Guideline (The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). Results showed that 100 % RB emitted (0.184+0.006, −0.005) kg CO2eq/kWh. Incorporating TB reduced emissions to 5 % = (0.178±0.005), 3 % = (0.178+0.006, −0.005) and 1 % = (0.178+0.006, −0.005) kg CO₂eq/kWh due to decreased diesel oil, electricity, and steam usage in fuel preparation. Remarkably, using FP further decreased emissions, with 5 % FP resulting in negative total GHG emissions of (-0.225+0.015, −0.017) kg CO2eq/kWh, primarily due to the FP preparation process (-15,096,234.40±56,716.07 kg CO2eq/year). The study concludes that combining RB with TB or FP significantly reduces emissions and increases electricity production 5 % torrefied bagasse decreased 0.30 %, 3 % torrefied bagasse decreased 1.34 % and 1 % torrefied bagasse decreased 2.41 %, 5 % pelletized filter cake decreased 229.95 %, 3 % pelletized filter cake decreased 139.77 % and 1 % pelletized filter cake decreased 48.77 % by compare raw bagasse 100 %, promoting sustainable energy generation. These findings encourage the use of biomass for sustainable and environmentally advantageous power production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"192 ","pages":"Pages 1483-1500"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142643149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Explosion dynamics for thermal runaway gases of 314 Ah LiFePO4 lithium-ion batteries triggered by overheating and overcharging","authors":"Hao Chen ,&nbsp;Kai Yang ,&nbsp;Jian Shao ,&nbsp;Youwei Liu ,&nbsp;Mingjie Zhang ,&nbsp;Bin Wei ,&nbsp;Haoyu Song ,&nbsp;Peng Xiao ,&nbsp;Tong Liu ,&nbsp;Yuxuan Wan","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.111","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.111","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermal runaway (TR) of LiFePO₄ lithium-ion batteries (LFPs) can produce significant amounts of smoke, posing serious explosion hazards. This paper systematically investigated TR gas generation, explosion limits, explosion overpressure, and post-explosion gas compositions of 314 Ah LFPs under overcharging and overheating. Quantum chemical and explosion reaction kinetics calculations clarified the elementary reactions and compositional alterations occurring in gases and free radicals during the explosion process. The findings revealed that H₂ constituted the primary component of TR gases, comprising 47.64 % and 53.12 % of the overcharging and overheating, respectively, followed by CO₂ and CO. The ranges of explosion concentration for TR gases, when subjected to overheating and overcharging conditions, were 6.32–29.3 % and 6.83–26.91 %, respectively. At the point of maximum explosion overpressure (<em>P</em>_max), the gas concentrations peaked at 15.86 % and 16.25 %. The elementary reaction R1 held a pivotal position in enhancing the explosion overpressure. As the TR gas concentration escalated, the Rate of Production (ROP) of R31 and R35 also surged, ultimately resulting in elevated concentrations of CO. The reactions R123, R250, and R279 facilitated the generation of H₂ while simultaneously consuming hydrocarbon gases. This resulted in a risk of secondary explosion of the TR gas after the explosion. Post-explosion gas residual quantities followed the order: C₂H₆ &lt; C₂H₄ &lt; CH₄ &lt; H₂ &lt; CO. The results revealed crucial insights for developing explosion prevention and suppression in the process safety industry and Energy Storage Systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"192 ","pages":"Pages 1238-1248"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142643147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of surface oxidation rate on the flotation of sphalerite and galena inhibited by gum arabic","authors":"Longxia Jiang ,&nbsp;Bo Feng ,&nbsp;Jianying Liu ,&nbsp;Yutao Guo ,&nbsp;Kirsten Claire Corin ,&nbsp;Jefferson Mabounda","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.115","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.115","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Differences in the flotation behavior of galena and sphalerite using potassium permanganate (KMnO₄) and gum arabic (GA) alone and using a mixture of KMnO₄ and GA were investigated. The single mineral flotation tests revealed that when KMnO₄ and GA were used individually, galena and sphalerite flotation were inhibited, but the reagent dosages required were large. Sphalerite was strongly inhibited by the addition of a tiny amount of GA after oxidation with KMnO₄ while galena was not inhibited under the same conditions. Following oxidation by KMnO₄, galena and sphalerite exhibited a significant 83 % difference in flotation recovery when 10 mg/L GA was used, which clearly showed the potential for the combined use of KMnO₄ and GA to achieve flotation separation of galena from mixed lead-zinc ores. The inhibitory effect of GA on sphalerite was investigated through a combination of analytical techniques, including Microcalorimetry, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, contact angle measurements, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDS) analysis. The results displayed that sphalerite had a much higher oxidation rate than galena, resulting in more oxides and hydroxides. As a result, the sphalerite surface exhibits an increased availability of active sites favorable to GA adsorption, thereby impeding Butyl xanthate (PBX) adsorption. However, the galena surface was able to absorb PBX, resulting in mineral separation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"192 ","pages":"Pages 998-1007"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142573240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving zinc reduction and removal from pellets of zinc-bearing dusts via vacuum microwave-assisted carbothermal reduction process","authors":"Wuju Zhang ,&nbsp;Tao Dong ,&nbsp;Deqing Zhu ,&nbsp;Yin Jiang ,&nbsp;Jian Pan ,&nbsp;Zhengqi Guo ,&nbsp;Siwei Li ,&nbsp;Wenzhuo Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.113","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.113","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel approach for removal of zinc from zinc-bearing dusts has been developed via utilizing vacuum microwave-assisted carbothermal reduction. The reduction and removal mechanism of zinc-bearing minerals in the dust were thoroughly investigated through thermodynamic analysis and reduction experiments. The results demonstrate that an impressive zinc removal rate of 94.64 % and iron metallization degree of 99.68 % are achieved when the dust pellets are reduced at 1150℃ for 20 min with a C/O ratio of 1.2 and system pressure of 100 Pa and 1100 W microwave power output. In comparison to atmospheric microwave-assisted carbothermal reduction (AMR) and conventional heating carbothermal reduction (CHR) processes, vacuum microwave-assisted carbothermal reduction (VMR) process achieves higher zinc removal rate at lower temperature, shorter reaction time and less carbon usage and emission. This study presents an environmentally friendly and viable approach for the recycling of hazardous zinc-bearing dusts in the iron and steel industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"192 ","pages":"Pages 896-906"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142561446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-time quantitative risk analysis and routing optimization of gaseous hydrogen tube trailer transport: A Bayesian network and Dijkstra algorithm combining approach","authors":"Wenpei Zheng ,&nbsp;Tong Li ,&nbsp;Qi Jing ,&nbsp;Sheng Qi ,&nbsp;Yuntao Li","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.110","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.110","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With increasing global energy demand, the volume and scale of hydrogen energy transportation are also on the rise. Gaseous hydrogen tube trailers, as the most flexible mode of hydrogen transport, present risk characteristics such as dynamism, suddenness, and potential for severe consequences. However, current methods for real-time risk assessment and route optimization during transportation are limited, lacking in both efficiency and accuracy. To address this issue, we propose a comprehensive and novel real-time risk assessment and path optimization system for gaseous hydrogen tube trailer transport. The System Theory Process Analysis (STPA) method is employed to identify risk factors associated with this transport modality. We combine a Bayesian network model with real-time observational data to derive dynamic failure probabilities for various routes. The potential consequences of transportation accidents are calculated using a computational model and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). By analyzing population density along the routes, we estimate the number of fatalities resulting from accidents, leading to a dynamic assessment of accident consequences. Finally, we consider societal impacts, economic costs, time costs, carbon emissions, the proximity to environmentally sensitive areas, and locations prone to fire and explosion hazards to select the optimal transportation route using Dijkstra's algorithm. The findings of this research will provide valuable insights for the safe management and sustainable development of gaseous hydrogen tube trailer transport.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"192 ","pages":"Pages 1205-1220"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142643148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"One-pot synthesis of transition metals-doped LiAl-LDHs to improve lithium adsorption performance and stability","authors":"Yujun Ma ,&nbsp;Qinglong Luo ,&nbsp;Jun Li ,&nbsp;Xiao Wang ,&nbsp;Fuliang Ma ,&nbsp;Mingzhen Li ,&nbsp;Xiushen Ye ,&nbsp;Kexin Li ,&nbsp;Xiao Du ,&nbsp;Xueying Wang ,&nbsp;Zhijian Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.114","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.114","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Transition metal doping of Li/Al-LDHs can alter the interlayer spacing and surface charge of LDHs, thereby enhancing adsorption performance and stability. To investigate the rules and mechanisms governing the enhancement of stability and adsorption capacity of Li/Al-LDHs through transition metal element doping, several transition metal elements (Co, Zn, Mn, Zr, and Ni) were selected, and the five types of transition metal-doped Li/Al-LDHs and one undoped Li/Al-LDHs were synthesized by a one-pot method. Compared to the original Li/Al-LDHs, the Co-doped Li/Al-LDHs exhibited higher adsorption capacity, lower dissolution loss, and greater stability. Additionally, after Co doping, the lattice constant of Li/Al-LDHs decreases, effectively reducing the intercalation energy and increasing lithium diffusion efficiency. When used for lithium adsorption, Co-Li/Al-LDHs exhibited a Li⁺ capacity of 12.6 mg/g and reached saturation adsorption within 90 min. Notably, Co-Li/Al-LDHs achieved a high Li⁺ adsorption capacity (6.46 mg/g) in East Taigener salt-lake brine. After 10 cycles, the adsorption capacity did not show any significant change, and after 336 h adsorption-desorption cycles (200 rmp, oscillation), the total Al dissolution loss was only about 0.035 ‰, demonstrating that Co doping can enhance the interlayer binding force of Li/Al-LDHs, thereby reducing the decomposition of the layered structure in solution, lowering aluminum dissolution loss, and improving structural stability. The results show that doping with transition metals can reduce the Al dissolution rate of LDHs, and Co-Li/Al-LDHs can be used as an efficient adsorbent for lithium extraction from salt lake and have higher stability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"192 ","pages":"Pages 878-886"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142561090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Process safety teaching in universities – Current practices and way forward","authors":"Mimi H. Hassim, Zafirah Zakaria, Hafizah Mahmud","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.105","url":null,"abstract":"Process safety education is a broad field that encompasses multiple disciplines and necessitates the incorporation of various concepts, as well as sufficient and equitable academic focus. It focuses on preventing and managing incidents that could lead to the release of dangerous substances or energy. Without a solid understanding of process safety or its core principles, it is difficult to determine what one is actually committing to. Hence, education at the university level is indispensable as it imparts fundamental knowledge essential for process safety professionals, particularly engineers. However, it is essential for students to combine their knowledge with practical experience in order to fully understand and learn from real-life situations or case studies. Academia and industry must collaborate closely to ensure that students possess a comprehensive grasp of both the theoretical and practical aspects of the subject matter. Given the current circumstances, teaching process safety has become more challenging as it needs to progress alongside the industry to meet the swiftly changing technological, cultural, and economic demands of society. An extensive survey on both universities and industries was conducted to determine the current situation and gather information on the specific aspects of process safety education in universities, with a particular focus on undergraduate students. A total of 42 responses pertaining to the teaching of process safety were received. These responses have been received from 25 universities located in 9 distinct countries, spanning across the continents of Asia, US/Canada, Europe, and Africa. 56 responses are related to process safety. Out of these, 64 % are from the oil and gas sector, 23 % are from the manufacturing sector, and the remaining responses are from various other sectors. The respondents were from Malaysia and various other countries, such as the UK, Singapore, Iraq, Germany, Turkeministan, Vietnam, and individuals who previously worked as safety engineers in Canada and South Korea. We anticipate that the survey responses will provide us with intriguing data, trends, patterns, and invaluable insights to elevate the teaching of process safety to a higher standard. In addition, our study incorporates a survey on the growing adoption of immersive technology in modern society, focusing specifically on the level of acceptance among engineering faculty members in universities regarding virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) as effective instructional tools for process safety. 92 % of the respondents acknowledged that virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) are effective when used as instructional teaching tools for process safety.","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"98 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142643106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}