Process Safety and Environmental Protection最新文献

{"title":"Conversion of recovered phosphorus tailings into high-value lightweight ceramic materials and evaluation of environmental safety","authors":"Fanghui Fu ,&nbsp;Nanyan Hu ,&nbsp;Shengwen Yang ,&nbsp;Qigao Li ,&nbsp;Yicheng Ye ,&nbsp;Jie Wang ,&nbsp;Rongbin Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.11.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.11.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, the substantial production and underutilization of phosphorus tailings have prompted an intensified search for innovative strategies to mitigate their accumulation and the associated hazards they present. This investigation the utilization of phosphorus tailings as a raw material for the cost-effective production of lightweight ceramic materials using the foaming-gel casting method. The impact of the stirring process on lightweight ceramic materials was investigated, encompassing mineral composition, pore structure, properties, and environmental safety assessment. The investigation utilized slurry volumetric foaming rate, XRD, SEM, ICP-MS, and potential ecological risk index (RI) for analysis. The findings suggested that the lightweight ceramic material, obtained by stirring at 1300 rpm for 15 min, exhibited the densest structure and excellent properties. It had a porosity of 79.19 %, a bulk density of 0.59 g/cm³, and a compressive strength of 6.08 MPa. Besides, the leaching concentration and RI of lightweight ceramic materials complied with national (GB 8978–1996) and US EPA standards. This study aimed to enhance the sustainable production capacity of lightweight ceramic materials and offered data support for the value-added application and performance optimization of phosphorus tailings in the production of lightweight ceramic materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"192 ","pages":"Pages 1356-1366"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142643089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Olive pomace waste conversion to bio-fuel by application of integrated configuration of pyrolysis/hydrodeoxygenation process","authors":"Majid Saidi ,&nbsp;Ebrahim Balaghi Inaloo ,&nbsp;Haifeng Liu ,&nbsp;Hui Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.123","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.123","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bio-oil obtained from non-catalytic pyrolysis of biomass, consists of a large number of oxygenated compounds. Hence, it is essential for the bio-oil to go through upgrading processes such as hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) to reform these compounds to aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. This study works towards this purpose by initially deriving raw bio-oil from olive pomace waste biomass in a non-catalytic pyrolysis process at temperature of 400–700 ºC. Then for reducing the oxygen content of derived bio-oil, HDO of the raw bio-oil over NiMo/Al₂O₃ catalyst was performed in a batch reactor, in varying operational parameters: temperature of 200–250 °C, reaction time of 1–3 h, hydrogen pressure of 2–6 bar and catalyst: bio-oil ratio of 1:20, 1:10, 1:5. The results revealed that the catalytic HDO is an appropriate procedure, as fatty acids as the main oxygenated components in bio-oil were reduced from 81.8 % to 56.7 %, aldehydes and ketones were entirely removed, and there was a noticeable rise in aliphatic hydrocarbons from 2.8 % to 33.9 % at temperature of 250 ºC, hydrogen pressure of 6 bar and reaction duration of 3 h. In addition, by raising the catalyst to bio-oil ratio to 1:5, the content of fatty acids reached 47.6 %. Furthermore, a comparison was made between the O/C and H/C ratios of the obtained biofuels and the raw bio-oil, which results exhibited that this method worked successfully in substituting oxygen atoms of the raw bio-oil with hydrogen atoms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"192 ","pages":"Pages 1271-1281"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142643090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogen production and elemental migration during supercritical water gasification of food waste digestate","authors":"Haocheng Wang ,&nbsp;Chuanhai Luo ,&nbsp;Dicka Ar Rahim ,&nbsp;Yayong Yang ,&nbsp;Xiangzhi Kong ,&nbsp;Guolei Zhu ,&nbsp;Xuming Qian ,&nbsp;Mi Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.119","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.119","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid growth of food waste (FW) is a huge challenge on a global scale, and anaerobic digestion is one of the most commonly used methods to deal with food waste, and the increasing amount of food waste digestate (FWD) produced by anaerobic digestion also poses a huge challenge to waste management. This paper explores supercritical water gasification (SCWG) as a valuable and innovative strategy for the conversion of FWD into H₂-rich syngas. The research focuses on analyzing the effects of reaction temperature and residence time on syngas production, gas composition, element migration (C, N and P) during the SCWG process. Experimental results show that as the reaction temperature increases from 400 °C to 500 °C, the total syngas yield increases significantly, from 2.4 mol/kg to 9.7 mol/kg, especially the yields of H₂, CO₂, and CH₄. As the reaction temperature increases and the residence time increases, the migration of carbon from the solid and liquid phases to the gas phase accelerates with increasing temperature and residence time, resulting in a higher proportion of carbon in the gas phase. In terms of liquid phase composition, nitrogenous compounds are significantly converted into ammonium (NH₄⁺-N) at higher temperatures. In addition, the organic phosphorus is observed transferring into inorganic phosphorus, which are mainly apatite. This study explores the scalability of SCWG and its potential for the production of clean fuels, thereby contributing to the sustainable management of FWD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"192 ","pages":"Pages 1228-1237"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142643093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive review of the impact of trace elements on anaerobic digestion for organic solid wastes","authors":"Yongmei Zhang ,&nbsp;Jia Jing ,&nbsp;Xin Kong ,&nbsp;Jin Yuan ,&nbsp;Jianguo Liu ,&nbsp;Chi Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.120","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.120","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The deficiency of inherent trace elements (TE) limits the performance and product yields in anaerobic digestion systems for organic solid wastes (OSW). External TE supplementation is necessary to ensure the synthesis of enzymes and promote the growth and metabolism of anaerobic microorganisms. TE content of the system has exerted a certain influence on the hydrolysis efficiency of particle substrate, as well as the level of hydrolysis and acidification, and the growth of acidogenic bacteria. Due to the pivotal role of TE in the synthesis of metalloenzymes and regulation of methanogen metabolism, TE concentration exerts a significant positive or negative impact on the stage of methanogenesis. Comprehensive effects of TE on the methane yields, digestion performance, system stability, and ecological functions of methanogens were evaluated using some specialized substrates with different type of organic composition, nitrogen and sulfur contents as illustrative examples. The variation in organic characteristics of digestion substrate, inoculum type, temperature, organic loading rate, digester type, dosing strategies and synergistic effect are significant factors that contribute to the need for tailored TE dosing requirements in all OSW digestion systems. The estimation methods for TE requirements and dosages, considering substrate characteristics and various operational parameters, have been comprehensively reviewed. Additionally, the bioavailability of TE is mainly influenced by their bioavailable chemical speciation. Synthetic chelating agent such as citric acid (CA), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) and ethylenediamine-N, N-disuccinic acid ([S,S]-EDDS), have been extensively demonstrated to effectively interact with ligands, thereby enhancing the bioavailability of TE and subsequently reducing the dosage of TE in the digestion process. However, the non-biodegradable and persistent nature of synthetic chelating agents, coupled with their potential carcinogenicity, often limits their application in the environment. It's worthing that the natural microbial secretion, such as soluble metabolic products (SMPs) and extracellular polysaccharides substances (EPS), which encompass a variety of functional groups, negative charge, and numerous binding sites, demonstrate significant potential in complexing with TE through chelation and adsorption effects, thereby enhancing the bioavailability of TE.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"192 ","pages":"Pages 1172-1189"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142643092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Process and mechanism of Zn and Co leaching from cobalt xanthate slag enhanced by oxidative roasting","authors":"Zhanhe Zhang ,&nbsp;Yanjuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Yadong Ning ,&nbsp;Guangye Wei ,&nbsp;Jingkui Qu ,&nbsp;Zhihui Yu ,&nbsp;Xiudong Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.117","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.117","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cobalt xanthate slag is the waste slag produced by the use of xanthate cementation and decontamination before the wet refining and electrowinning of Zn, in which Zn, Co, Cd, etc., and butyl xanthate exist in the form of hydrophobic complexes, which are poorly soluble with water. In addition, most of the cobalt xanthate in the slag exists in the form of high-valent Co, which lowers the extraction rate when directly leaching the metal elements. In this study, the atmosphere of the roasting process is regulated to destroy the hydrophobic complexes and change the mineral phase structure of the cobalt xanthate slag. In the cobalt xanthate slag, the Co and Fe valence states change during the roasting and leaching steps; specifically, during the roasting process, the complexes first decompose into CS₂, reducing part of the Co³⁺. Following the disappearance of this sulfur-rich environment, the oxygen in the flowing air oxidises Fe²⁺ to Fe³⁺, but the valence state of Co remains unchanged. During the subsequent leaching process, Co³⁺ and Fe²⁺ further react to realise the benign transformation of Co³⁺ to Co²⁺ and Fe²⁺ to Fe³⁺ without an added redox agent. The rapid redox reaction between Co³⁺ and Fe²⁺ controls Co₃O₄ dissolution; thus, the reaction rate is controlled by the slower process of internal diffusion. Under the optimal roasting conditions, the Co³⁺ content in cobalt xanthate slag decreases to 21.10 % and that of Fe²⁺ to 48.78 %. Consequently, the optimum Zn and Co leaching rates reach 99.92 % and 99.57 %, respectively, and only 0.86 % of Fe in the final leaching solution exists in the form of Fe²⁺.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"192 ","pages":"Pages 1249-1259"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142643094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecofriendly one-bath waterless dyeing: Systhesis of novel pyrazolone benzothiazole disperse dyes suitable for cotton-containing fabircs in supercritical CO2","authors":"Siqi Guo ,&nbsp;Yuxue Wang ,&nbsp;Huanda Zheng ,&nbsp;Laijiu Zheng ,&nbsp;Pengfei Lv","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.104","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.104","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Traditional dyeing utilizes a substantial amount of water and necessitates the incorporation of significant quantities of dyes, auxiliaries, and salts, leading to the discharge of highly concentrated organic wastewater and severe water pollution issues. In this study, a novel pyrazolone benzothiazole disperse dye and its triazine disperse reactive dye were designed with the same yellow shade and synthesized. The results showed that the synthesized dyes could successfully realize one-step dyeing of cotton, polyester, and polyester-cotton in supercritical CO₂. At 100℃, 24 MPa, 60 min, and 2.5 % (o.w.f.) of dye concentration, the K/S value of polyester-cotton fabric was 8 by using the same amount of disperse dye and disperse reactive dye. When disperse reactive dye was used at 100℃, 24 MPa, 60 min, and the concentration of 1.5 % (o.w.f.), the K/S value of cotton fabrics can reach 7.3, and their <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>σ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>K</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>S</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> values were less than 0.03 and 0.006, respectively. Moreover, polyester reached the maximum K/S value of 15.96 at 120°C, 24 MPa, 60 min, and a dye concentration of 2.0 % (o.w.f.) with disperse dye. The <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>σ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>K</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>S</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> value was below 0.045. The fastness of washing and rubbing was above 4. This study provides novel disperse dye structures and dyeing methods for ecofriendly textiles dyeing in supercritical CO₂, especially for one-bath low temperature dyeing polyester-cotton fabrics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"192 ","pages":"Pages 1307-1318"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142643143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-efficiency co-liquefaction of brominated epoxy resin and low rank coal in supercritical water: Waste recycling and products upgrading","authors":"Fu-Rong Xiu,&nbsp;Jiao Du,&nbsp;Yuze Chen,&nbsp;Xinyue Lei,&nbsp;Yingying Qi","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.122","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.122","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the acceleration of upgrading electronic information products, a large amount of electronic waste was generated. Brominated epoxy resins (BERs) are the main nonmetallic components of e-waste. The recycling of BERs has attracted people's attention due to their potential environmental risks. Low rank coal is difficult to efficiently utilize due to its high moisture content, oxygen content and low calorific value. This study developed an efficient co-liquefaction strategy for BERs and low rank coal by supercritical water (SCW) process. Under optimized conditions (temperature of 425 °C, reaction time of 60 min, solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:10 g/mL, and BERs-coal mass ratio of 1:4 g/g), the total conversion efficiency of co-liquefaction reached 56.76 %. When the temperature was 325–425 °C, there was a positive synergistic effect between BERs and low rank coal co-liquefaction, and the highest synergy efficiency of 11.13 % was reached at 400 °C. The introduction of BERs could significantly reduce the oxygenated compounds and the heteroatomic compounds in the liquefied oil products, improving the quality of oil products. The co-liquefaction promoted the production of phenolic chemicals and inhibited the cross-linking reaction of the decomposition products from low rank coal, and realized the synchronous conversion of BERs and low rank coal. The C-Br bond in the residue was significantly weakened after co-liquefaction. The oil products did not contain brominated organic compounds, also demonstrating the potential of the co-liquefaction process for debromination of BERs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"192 ","pages":"Pages 1444-1454"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142643104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global classification model for acute toxicity of organic compounds towards Tetrahymena pyriformis","authors":"Xinliang Yu ,&nbsp;Zekai Zhang ,&nbsp;Hanlu Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.108","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.108","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Predicting the toxic categories for organics towards <em>Tetrahymena pyriformis</em> is a challenging task. A subset of molecular descriptors reflecting structural characteristics such as molecular size, hydrophilicity, polarity, hydrogen bonds, activated multiple halogen substituents and activated carbon–carbon double bonds, were used for developing global quantitative structure–toxicity relationship models for 1792 toxic chemicals (pIGC₅₀) in <em>Tetrahymena pyriformis.</em> By utilizing the random forest algorithm, a nine–descriptor classification model was established, which yielded accuracy, sensitivity and specificity higher than 91 % for chemicals with low toxicity classified as Class 0 (pIGC₅₀ &lt; 3.4) and with high toxicity classified as Class 1 (pIGC₅₀ ≥ 3.4) in the test set. This classification model based on a larger applicability domain provides a potential tool for predicting the toxic categories for organic compounds towards <em>Tetrahymena pyriformis</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"192 ","pages":"Pages 1221-1227"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142643144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation of an integrated electro-cation exchange reactor for better carbon dioxide extraction and environmental management","authors":"Hilal Sayhan Akci Turgut, Ibrahim Dincer","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.109","url":null,"abstract":"The research focuses on a uniquely designed three-compartment type integrated electrochemical reactor developed in a laboratory setting. This innovative reactor uses an electrolytic cation exchange technique to extract substantial quantities of carbon dioxide from ocean water as bicarbonate and carbonate while simultaneously producing hydrogen gas for potential hydrocarbon production. The study employs the Design Expert software package to evaluate and optimize the implementation of electrochemical carbon dioxide extraction from ocean water. The reactor is divided into three compartments by two cation-exchange membranes: a middle part and two electrode parts for the cathode and anode sides. The membranes possess acidic properties that facilitate cation transport while inhibiting anion transport. The laboratory studies, including 35-minute long experimental runs, are conducted to determine the system's feasibility by assessing carbon dioxide extraction under different conditions, such as electrolyte concentration, applied voltage, and pH levels. The reactor achieves a maximum CO₂ extraction rate of 1479.73 mg/min, with optimal conditions yielding 1514.6 mg/min. The ideal operating parameters are found to be a voltage of 14.8 V, an electrolyte concentration of 0.557 M, and a pH of 2.26. The results of the optimization study further reveal that carbon dioxide extraction increases with decreasing pH levels.","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142643145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metal oxide-molten salt catalyzed pyrolysis: Improving the energy conversion efficiency of wheat straw","authors":"Youxiao Xu ,&nbsp;Guangfei Qu ,&nbsp;Zhoupeng Yan ,&nbsp;Huanhuan Wu ,&nbsp;Ping Ning","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.118","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.118","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study systematically investigates the pyrolysis process of wheat straw in a ternary carbonate molten salt system (Li₂CO₃-Na₂CO₃-K₂CO₃) with the addition of different metal oxides (CaO, Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, TiO₂). The effects of the ratio of molten salt, type of metal oxide, and pyrolysis temperature on the pyrolysis products were examined. As the temperature increased, in the MS15 (wheat straw: molten salt = 1:15) system, the yield of gas-phase products rose from 21.21 wt% to 82.57 wt%, while the yields of solid products and bio-oil rapidly decreased to 23.76 wt% and 37.60 wt%, respectively. Additionally, the system exhibited the highest lower heating value (LHV) within the temperature range of 450–750 ℃. Therefore, the optimal ratio of wheat straw to carbonate molten salt is 1:15. Furthermore, when adding four metal oxides (Al₂O₃, CaO, Fe₂O₃, TiO₂) to the MS15 system, it was found that the addition of CaO (CaO-MS15) resulted in the highest LHV across all pyrolysis temperatures. Notably, at 550 ℃, the maximum LHV was 21.89 MJ/Nm³, an increase of 5 MJ/Nm³ compared to MS15. Analysis of the solid phase using XRD, XPS, and SEM indicated that the active sites on the surface of CaO facilitated the cleavage and deoxygenation of bio-oil on the biochar during the pyrolysis process, breaking it down into small molecular gases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"192 ","pages":"Pages 1051-1061"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142577996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}