Nandini Nataraj , Agalya Mahalingam , Xinke Liu , Yu-Chun Lu , Hsu-Wei Fang , Ren-Jei Chung
{"title":"Aluminium oxide/aluminium cobalt oxide as an efficient electrocatalyst for the electrochemical detection of 4-nitroaniline in environmental samples","authors":"Nandini Nataraj , Agalya Mahalingam , Xinke Liu , Yu-Chun Lu , Hsu-Wei Fang , Ren-Jei Chung","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.11.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.11.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rise of pollutants in our ecosystem has become a major threat to be resolved. 4-nitroaniline (4-NAE) is among the carcinogenic and toxic components present in the environment with harmful effects. Thus, we designed an electrochemical sensor to detect 4-NAE with the as-synthesized aluminium oxide/aluminium cobalt oxide (AO/ACO) via the hydrothermal preparation approach. Ensured with the physicochemical characterization of the sample (AO/ACO) with XRD, FTIR, Raman, and FESEM, the presence of AO/ACO was confirmed with no impurities. The electrochemical analysis of 4-NAE was analyzed after the optimization of the sample loading. The CV and DPV results signify that the developed sensor has excellent repeatability and reproducibility for 4-NAE detection with a low detection limit of 0.007 µM and a sensitivity of about 17.96 µAµM<sup>−1</sup>cm<sup>−2</sup>. The selectivity test studied with the presence of various interfering compounds showed satisfactory results with no interference other than 4-NAE. The environmental samples applied for the spiked 4-NAE showed good results proving the sensor's ability to detect 4-NAE in real samples. Thus, the sensor will be a reliable technique for the implementation in environmental applications for the detection of 4-NAE and even other compounds with modifications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"192 ","pages":"Pages 1534-1542"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142643084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Influence of stearate dry coating on ibuprofen powder: What about the combustibility?","authors":"Tongtong Bian, Song Mei, Tianyang Zhang, Yuan Yu, Yajie Bu, Yuhang Bi, Zhangwei Huang, Qingwu Zhang, Tingting Chen, Zhongwei Chen, Juncheng Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.11.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2024.11.008","url":null,"abstract":"Dust explosion is one common type of process safety incident within the pharmaceutical industry. During powder processing, surface modification is widely used to increase dust flowability by alleviating inter-particle cohesion. However, it is currently unclear whether the addition of guest particles affects the combustibility of pharmaceutical powders. To investigate the explosion hazard of stearate-coated ibuprofen powder, this paper studied the ignition sensitivity and explosion severity of pure and coated ibuprofen by determining a series of explosion parameters in accordance with ASTM standards. The results indicated that the addition of stearate significantly reduced the minimum ignition energy of the mixture. Other parameters including the minimum ignition temperature, the minimum explosible concentration, the maximum explosion pressure, and the maximum rate of pressure rise were found to have less correlation with the improvement in dust flowability. Powder characterization through methods such as the Hausner ratio, scanning electron microscope, thermo-gravimetric analysis, and X-ray diffraction were employed to investigate chemical phase changes between coated mixtures and pure pharmaceuticals. The effects of improved dust flowability and dust dispersibility on the combustibility of ibuprofen dust were discussed to improve explosion-proof awareness in the pharmaceutical industry.","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142643083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wenqi Wu , Ming Li , Ming Zhang , Yanqing Wang , Longke Wang , Yi You
{"title":"Electric vehicle battery closed-loop supply chain pricing and carbon reduction decisions under the carbon cap-and-trade and reward-penalty policies","authors":"Wenqi Wu , Ming Li , Ming Zhang , Yanqing Wang , Longke Wang , Yi You","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.121","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.10.121","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recycling end-of-life electric vehicles (EVs) batteries to conserve resources and reduce carbon emissions has obtained a great deal of concern. This paper studied how carbon cap-and-trade and reward-penalty measures jointly impacted EV battery pricing and decarbonization strategies. Three recycling modes covering single-participator, mixed-participator, and joint recycling are established. Optimal pricing and carbon mitigation strategies, total revenue, and recycling percentage are solved and compared. The dynamic effects of target recycling percentage and rewards and punishments on total revenue and recycling percentage are analyzed by numerical examples. Results show that: (1) The factory price, selling price, collection price, and carbon emission mitigation scale of power batteries are affected by cap-and-trade and reward-penalty mechanisms; (2) Reward-penalty can improve both total revenue and recycling percentage; (3) The cap-and-trade mechanism optimizes the total revenues, showing that the total revenue increase with the increasement of carbon quota and carbon price, while the increase of carbon price leads to worse recycling percentage; (4) The supply chain performance under different recycling modes is affected by policy intervention, and the joint recycling mode is better.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"192 ","pages":"Pages 1467-1482"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142643086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Enhanced remediation of textile dyes via nonmetal-modified layered graphitic carbon nitride: Influence of various oxygen precursors","authors":"Yu-Tong Huang , Dhanapal Vasu , Yung-Chieh Liu , Arjunan Dhivya Parameswari , Moorthi Pichumani , Tetsu Yonezawa , Hongbing Jia , Te-Wei Chiu","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.11.020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.11.020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Layered two-dimensional (2D) graphitic carbon nitride (gCN)) doped with nonmetals has been extensively utilized as a photo-electrocatalyst. Herein, gCN doped with Oxygen was synthesized through a thermal polymerization process. The effect of various oxygen forerunners, namely citric acid (CA), oxalic acid (OX), and lactic acid (LA) on the photocatalytic ability of the gCN was analyzed. The proposed O-doped gCN samples basic characteristics were characterized by different analytical analyses. Indeed, the O-gCN has formed a sheet-like nature with a nanometre range, so often called a nanosheet. Superior photocatalytic performance was measured when the O-gCN was prepared by the CA as the O-precursor; 95 % malachite green (MG) removal was attained within a short treatment time of 40 min by adding a 20 mg photocatalyst. The influences of different parameters of catalyst concentration, different precursors, and initial pH of MG degradation were also studied. The generation of active radicals played a major part in the degradation of the MG dye solution. These findings offer fundamental insight into utilizing the O-gCN for the remediation of textile effluents in water resources. The preparation of enormous metal-free catalysts via non-metal doping toward the environmental clean-up.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"192 ","pages":"Pages 1420-1430"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142643139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Evaluation of char properties from co-pyrolysis of biomass/plastics: Effect of different types of plastics","authors":"He Chen, Luiz A.O. Rocha, Houlei Zhang, Yuanquan Xiong, Shuping Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.11.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2024.11.009","url":null,"abstract":"Co-pyrolysis of biomass/plastics is a viable method to obtain high-quality carbon materials. The synergistic effect in the char production process of co-pyrolysis of biomass/plastics affects the properties of the obtained char. However, the synergistic effect research on the char production process of co-pyrolysis of biomass/plastics is facing challenges owing to highly varying composition of different plastics. In this study, the synergistic effect during co-pyrolysis of bamboo (BM) and plastics (polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polycarbonate (PC), and polybutylene terephthalate (PBT)) was investigated. TG results showed that PP, PS, PET, and PBT promoted the release of biomass volatiles and increased co-pyrolysis char yield. Notably, the O-aromatic structure in PC underwent cleavage and deoxygenation reactions, inhibiting the production of co-pyrolysis char during co-pyrolysis process. Char yield from co-pyrolysis process decreased from 24.80 % for bamboo pyrolysis to 15.74 % for co-pyrolysis of bamboo/PC. The results of physicochemical tests on char samples indicated that the addition of polyhydrocarbon plastics (PP and PS) increased H/C ratio, O/C ratio, heating value and oxidative reactivity of the char compared to bamboo char due to the vapor deposition of hydrocarbons derived from thermal decomposition of plastics on the biomass char. While, co-pyrolysis of biomass and polyester plastics (PET, PC, PBT) improved the pore structure of char and increased oxygen content.","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"198 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142691105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yanxu Ma , Haixia Pan , Zhongqing Feng , Pengju Li , Mengyue Fu , Xianliang Yi , Yang Liu , Xiaojing Yang , Xu Zhao , Jingjing Zhan , Zhiqiang Zhao , Hao Zhou
{"title":"Metagenomic analysis of a top-down enriched straw biodegradation synthetic bacterial consortium (StrBsyn) facilitates anaerobic rice straw degradation","authors":"Yanxu Ma , Haixia Pan , Zhongqing Feng , Pengju Li , Mengyue Fu , Xianliang Yi , Yang Liu , Xiaojing Yang , Xu Zhao , Jingjing Zhan , Zhiqiang Zhao , Hao Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.11.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.11.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lignocellulose is a complex and recalcitrant component of plant biomass. Traditional sources of lignocellulose-degrading microorganisms are the rumen system of herbivores and soil microorganisms, with limited studies on marine sediments. In this study, we employed a \"top-down\" approach to construct a <strong>str</strong>aw <strong>b</strong>iodegradation <strong>syn</strong>thetic bacterial consortium (StrB<sub>syn</sub>) capable of degrading lignocellulose from offshore marine sediments. It achieved 66.74 % cellulose, 63.79 % hemicellulose, and 42.85 % lignin conversion within 30 days using 0.2 % rice straws. Additionally, the maximum concentrations of total organic carbon (TOC) and total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) reached 4.66 g/ml and 15.10 g/L, respectively, with a significant increase in pH. β-glucosidase, xylanase, laccase, and lignin peroxidase activities were detected in StrB<sub>syn</sub>. Metagenomic sequencing revealed a dynamic shift in the community composition and functional genes. The taxonomic assignment of these functional genes suggested the genera <em>Clostridium, Glomeromyces</em>, and <em>Sedimentobacter</em> as major contributors to carbohydrate transport, metabolism, and lignin degradation processes. This study demonstrated the significant potential of harnessing the power of marine sediment microbial communities for sustainable and efficient anaerobic lignocellulose bioconversion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"192 ","pages":"Pages 1260-1270"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142643142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ehsan. Karkon , Mohammad Liravi , Laurent Georges , Jinping Li , Vojislav Novakovic
{"title":"Design of a hybrid solar and biomass-based energy system integrated with near-zero energy building: Techno-environment investigation and multicriteria optimization","authors":"Ehsan. Karkon , Mohammad Liravi , Laurent Georges , Jinping Li , Vojislav Novakovic","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.11.018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.11.018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The current research aims to meet the energy needs of a group of residential buildings in Norway with the least amount of carbon dioxide emission and the greatest amount of renewable energy. The supply side based on the renewable renewable-based energy system is planned and scaled using the real-time data use of <span><math><mi>domestic hot water</mi></math></span> (<span><math><mi>DHW</mi></math></span>), heating and electricity necessary for the buildings. <span><math><mi>PVT</mi></math></span> panels are used in the hybrid solar and biomass-based energy systems to produce both the <span><math><mi>DHW</mi></math></span> requirements and the electricity production. The digester is used with the heat pump, which generates heat. A double-effect absorption refrigeration system is also utilized to provide the necessary cooling requirements. On the supply side, the management of the heat streams and the redirection of flows are done using a rule-based regulating system. The whole plant's size is supplied, and the dynamic energy simulation is run. The primary deciding criteria for heating the buildings are the costs of electricity and biomass. The whole system is then optimized depending on operating circumstances, and the outcomes are compared to the design point. <span><math><mi>PVT</mi></math></span> may be used to create more than 80 % of the yearly <span><math><mi>DHW</mi></math></span>. Furthermore, summertime radiation accounts for 64.8 % of cooling output since it is more intense and may be converted into cooling energy. Digester/CC also contributes 66.55 % of the building's heating, showing that the designers should rely on biomass as wintertime energy costs are higher. The parametric study demonstrates that increasing PVT time and tank capacity has varied effects on efficiency and emissions. Also, On winter days, there was a significant drop in renewable energy generation from summer to autumn, from 82.7 MWh to 28.52 MWh. The optimization results show that at the TOPSIS point, the total cost, efficiency, and emission index are 9.73 $/hr, 36.8 %, and 7.75 kg/MWh, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"193 ","pages":"Pages 26-42"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142643136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Liang Zhu , Bingyou Jiang , Jie Wang , Yifan Wang , Hanyi Lin , Jie Wu , Yang Zhao
{"title":"Study on the separation efficiency of sheath flow respirable dust virtual impact separator under the influence of multiple parameters","authors":"Liang Zhu , Bingyou Jiang , Jie Wang , Yifan Wang , Hanyi Lin , Jie Wu , Yang Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.11.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.11.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To improve the separation efficiency of respirable dust separator in coal mine, a sheath flow virtual impact separator was designed. Through numerical simulation, the separation law of respirable dust in separator under the effect of various structural parameters, such as the spacing between nozzle and large-particle collection chamber (S), the width of the large-particle collection chamber (D), and sheath flow angle (θ), was obtained. The maximum difference between the results of experiment and simulation is only 4.72 %. The results show that the separation efficiency of separator at each particle size point increases continuously with the increase of S. When D increases, the deviation degree of the separation efficiency curve from the BMRC curve decreases and then increases. When θ increases, the overall change of separation efficiency curve is small. The parameter optimization scheme was obtained using response surface methodology. The research results provide reference for improving the structure of respirable dust separator in coal mine, and further promote the development of accurate monitoring technology for respirable dust.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"192 ","pages":"Pages 1282-1293"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142643088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Qiyu Shi , Rui Yang , Meiyu Liu , Yizhou Feng , Zhihua Li , Weihuang Zhu
{"title":"A highly-efficient peroxymonosulfate activator using a sewage sludge derived biochar supported cobalt oxide: Mechanism and characteristics","authors":"Qiyu Shi , Rui Yang , Meiyu Liu , Yizhou Feng , Zhihua Li , Weihuang Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.11.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.11.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The application of biochar derived from sewage sludge (BS) in Fenton-like reactions for contaminant removal has attracted considerable attention. Herein, a BS-supported Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> (BS-Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) catalyst was synthesized using a simple two-step hydrothermal-calcination process to achieve highly efficient activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS). The introduction of biochar effectively inhibited the aggregation of Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> and reduced cobalt leaching. Compared to Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, the mesoporous BS-Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> exhibited an 8-fold increase in specific surface area (SSA) to 111.92 m<sup>2</sup>∙g<sup>−1</sup>, and a 46 %-66.4 % reduction in crystal plane size. The interaction between biochar and cobalt oxide resulted in several notable enhancements in the BS-Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> composite. Specifically, there was an increase in sp<sup>2</sup> carbon content, a 42.69 % rise in capacitance, and a 79.99 % reduction in charge transfer resistance. These improvements contributed to enhanced PMS activation performance. The BS-Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> also contained a higher content of Co(II), sp<sup>2</sup> carbon, and oxygen vacancies (O<sub>V</sub>). Co(II) played a crucial role in the redox reaction, accelerating the formation of SO<sub>4</sub><sup>•−</sup> and <sup>1</sup>O<sub>2</sub> during the PMS activation process. Additionally, O<sub>V</sub> acted as electron capture centers, further promoting the generation of <sup>1</sup>O<sub>2</sub>. Evidence from reactive species investigations and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) tests indicated that SO<sub>4</sub><sup>•−</sup> and <sup>1</sup>O<sub>2</sub> were the main reactive radicals for eliminating tetracycline (TC). Based on the identification of TC intermediates, two potential degradation pathways were proposed, and a reduction in intermediate toxicity was observed. Experiments involving interference and repetition demonstrated that the BS-Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> catalyst was stable and reusable. This work provides a solution with low metal leaching, high recycling performance, and safety for antibiotic wastewater treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"192 ","pages":"Pages 1319-1329"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142643091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Abatement of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and fluorine gases by a microwave plasma torch (MPT)","authors":"Dzeyewir Divine Nyuyki , Hugues Nkomba Museba , Yannick Kumona Balue , BongJu Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.11.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The use of microwave plasma torch (MPT) in the abatement of potent greenhouse and fluorinated (F-gases) gases is crucial due to their high global warming potential. The purpose of this study was the abatement of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and carbon tetrafluoride (CF4) using specifically designed reverse vortex flow reactor (RVR) and pillar of fire reactor (POF). The RVR has properties that are crucial for their synergistic effects with the MPT, and the POF configurations showed high-efficiency combustion due to plasma radicals and a large contact area with the MPT. The study used Aspen Plus and COMSOL software to analyse the mass balance involved in the thermal decomposition of isopropyl alcohol (C₃H₈O) and CF<sub>4</sub> and to design the RVR and POF reactors. Using MPT without hydrocarbon fuel, low-concentration C₃H₈O and CF<sub>4</sub> were successfully destroyed in high-flow streams. The experiment on C₃H₈O showed that using a plasma power of 2 kW and 1 cubic meter per minute (CMM) of bulk gas, a destruction removal efficiency (DRE) of 95 % was achieved for a polluted C₃H₈O of 410 ppm. In a second experiment, a DRE of 94 % was achieved for a polluted C₃H₈O of 370 ppm. The first CF<sub>4</sub> experiment achieved a DRE of 93.3 % with a 7 kW plasma power and 1 CMM bulk gas polluted at 285 ppm. In the second experiment, the presence of highly reactive hydroxyl radicals (OH*) in steam plasma improved the DRE to 99.8 % at 7 kW plasma power and 100 LPM bulk polluted at 180 ppm.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"193 ","pages":"Pages 43-53"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142643087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}