Process Safety and Environmental Protection最新文献

{"title":"Exploration of the effect of pressure on the performance of different extractive distillation processes for separating azeotropic mixtures with high concentration composition based on multi-objective optimization","authors":"Hui Wang,&nbsp;Shuang Yang,&nbsp;Jinlong Li,&nbsp;Qian Yang,&nbsp;Ruimin Zhang,&nbsp;Yuchen Zhao,&nbsp;Tan Dai,&nbsp;Qing Ye","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.107951","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.107951","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, it is of growing interest to recovery of highly concentrated constituents from wastewater. This paper presents three extractive distillation configurations for separating the Isopropanol (IPA)/Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK)/Cyclohexane (CYH) ternary azeotropic mixture with a composition of 10 mol% MEK, 80 mol% IPA and 10 mol% CYH: conventional three-column extractive distillation configuration (TCD), four-column extractive distillation configuration incorporating a pre-concentration column (FCPC), and innovative three-column extractive distillation configuration with an integrated distillation column (TCD-ID). In the FCPC configuration, IPA is more easily separated at lower pressures in the pre-concentration column (PC); when dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is used as the entrainer, the higher the operating pressure in the extractive distillation column (C2) for separating IPA/MEK azeotrope, the lower the amount of entrainer used. Subsequently, there are two cases of the TCD-ID configuration: one is the TCD-ID configuration where the operating pressure of the integrated distillation column is low pressure (TCD-ID-LP) and the other is the TCD-ID configuration where pressure of the integrated distillation column is 1 atm (TCD-ID-AP). The optimization results showed that in comparison with the FCPC configuration, the TCD-ID-LP configuration exhibits increases of 23.10 % in TAC, 10.01 % in CO₂ emissions, 0.1 % entropy generation. Similarly, the TCD-ID-AP configuration exhibits increases of 22.03 % in TAC, 21.54 % in CO₂ emissions, and 22.50 % in entropy generation. Subsequently, the FCPC process is enhanced with heat pump and heat integration technologies to further achieve energy savings. The results showed that the FCPC-HP configuration decreased TAC by 25.10 %, CO₂ emission by 65.25 %, and entropy production by 37.17 % compared with the FCPC configuration. Comparative analysis reveals that the TCD-ID configurations demonstrate no significant advantages over the FCPC configuration for separating the 0.1MEK/0.8IPA/0.1CYH ternary system. Both thermodynamic and economic evaluations identify the FCPC-HP configuration as the optimal solution, offering superior performance in terms of energy efficiency and cost-effectiveness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 107951"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145221802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on hydrogen storage properties of Ca atom modified γ-graphyne","authors":"Jun-wei Liu ,&nbsp;Jia-cheng Li ,&nbsp;Cai-he Fan ,&nbsp;Ling Ou ,&nbsp;Ying-zhe Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.107087","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.107087","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen has emerged as an ideal energy source for addressing energy shortages and environmental pollution, owing to its abundant reserves, non - toxicity, and pollution - free nature. While hydrogen production is relatively straightforward, its storage remains a significant challenge. Thus, safe and efficient hydrogen storage is of utmost importance. Compared with other hydrogen storage methods, graphyne is a highly promising and safe hydrogen storage material. In this study, first - principles calculations based on density functional theory were employed to investigate the hydrogen storage performance of Ca - atom - modified graphyne and determine the optimal adsorption site of Ca atoms on graphyne through metal modification. The objective was to maximize the hydrogen storage capacity of Ca - modified graphyne. The key findings are as follows: The optimal adsorption site for a single Ca atom on graphyne is the T₁ site. For two Ca atoms, the most favorable adsorption mode is at two T₁ sites on the same side of graphyne. The 4Ca - GY system can stably adsorb up to 20 hydrogen molecules. The average adsorption energy of each hydrogen molecule is −0.133 eV, and the hydrogen storage mass ratio reaches 8.20 wt%, which far exceeds the 6.5 wt% specified by the DOE. Therefore, it can be regarded as an ideal hydrogen storage material.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 107087"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145182890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploratory review of innovations in basin geometry of a hemispherical solar stills to increase productivity","authors":"Saif Ali Kadhim ,&nbsp;Rassol Hamed Rasheed ,&nbsp;Ali M. Ashour ,&nbsp;Ahmed Mohsin Alsayah ,&nbsp;Farhan Lafta Rashid ,&nbsp;Abdallah Bouabidi ,&nbsp;Walid Aich","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.107943","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.107943","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Freshwater scarcity poses a serious challenge in many arid and remote regions, necessitating the development of low-cost, sustainable desalination technologies. This review focuses on enhancing the performance of hemispherical solar stills through geometric modifications of the absorber basin. While hemispherical solar stills already benefit from omnidirectional solar capture and efficient condensation due to their dome shape, productivity remains limited by basin-level thermal inefficiencies. To address this, the review categorizes recent innovations into four groups: corrugated basin liners, convex geometries, finned basins, and other unconventional basin shapes. Corrugated designs, especially when combined with reversed solar collectors and wick materials, demonstrated productivity improvements exceeding 90 % and thermal efficiencies over 75 %. Convex configurations—such as stepped convex and hemispherical liners—achieved gains up to 183 % when paired with phase change materials and wicks. Finned basins, optimized for spacing, orientation, and material (notably copper), enhanced heat transfer and evaporation, with some configurations boosting productivity by 74 %. Additional geometries, including concave and stepped-funnel basins, further improved thermal distribution and water output with minimal added complexity. These findings highlight that geometric optimization—particularly when combined with passive or thermal energy storage enhancements—can significantly increase distillate yield and economic viability. Such improvements position hemispherical solar stills as effective and scalable solutions for decentralized freshwater generation in water-stressed environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 107943"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145221895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of diesel-contaminated soil remediation using silica sol loaded with sodium percarbonate and Fe(II)","authors":"Wei Wei ,&nbsp;Mingli Wei ,&nbsp;Lei Liu ,&nbsp;Yuanyuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Yifan Wei ,&nbsp;Fei Yin ,&nbsp;Ying Zhao ,&nbsp;Tingting Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.107944","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.107944","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sodium percarbonate (SPC, 2Na₂CO₃·3 H₂O₂) is a strong oxidant widely used in environmental applications, faces challenges in soil remediation due to rapid reactive species release. This study develops two sustained-release components: a sodium percarbonate-based oxidant agent (SPC-SIS) and a ferrous sulfate (FS)-derived catalytic material (FS-SIS). In this system, silica sol (SIS) serves as a carrier for sodium percarbonate and ferrous sulfate, facilitating sustained release of active components. Sodium silicate (SS) and citric acid (CA) were incorporated to pollutants separation and adjust pH, thereby optimizing remediation efficiency. Comprehensive characterization through SEM with elemental mapping, FTIR, and XPS confirmed effective dispersion of SPC and FS within the SIS matrix. Experimental optimization revealed maximum diesel degradation at SPC/SS/FS/CA/SIS molar ratio of 1:0.5:1:1:1. Notably, the SIS-based system-maintained soil physicochemical stability while achieving better remediation efficiency. Free radical scavenging tests and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) identified OH· as the dominant oxidative species for diesel degradation, with O₂^-· participating in Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ redox cycling. This SPC-SIS/FS-SIS system demonstrates significant potential for persistent oxidative remediation of diesel-contaminated soils.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 107944"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145221927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Turning fossil-derived CO2 into value-added chemicals and carbon resources: Thermochemical conversion of microalgae with acid mine drainage sludge","authors":"Gihoon Kwon ,&nbsp;Kwangsuk Yoon ,&nbsp;Jeong Seop Lee ,&nbsp;Sang Jun Sim ,&nbsp;Hocheol Song","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.107950","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.107950","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Global consumption of fossil resources has increased to meet the growing demand for carbon-based products, including fuels, chemicals, and plastic products, significantly contributing to global warming. This study explored sequestration of fossil-derived atmospheric CO₂ using <em>Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</em> (<em>C. reinhardtii</em>) microalgae and its conversion into value-added products via a thermochemical pathway. Radiocarbon analysis revealed that <em>C. reinhardtii</em>, cultivated in a photobioreactor (PBR), effectively assimilated carbon in the flue gas of a liquefied natural gas (LNG) power plant, exhibiting low modern carbon (pMC) (17 %). Amending acid mine drainage sludge (AMDS) during the pyrolysis of harvested <em>C. reinhardtii</em> enhanced H₂ and CO production. AMDS also reduced pyrogenic oil production at low loading (8:2 of <em>C. reinhardtii</em> to AMDS mass ratio), but at higher loading (3:7), it produced oil with much simplified composition and a notable content of hexadecanenitrile, a high-value chemical. The residual fraction of <em>C. reinhardtii</em> was carbonized into biochar enriched with <em>g</em>-C₃N₄ structure, while Fe phases in AMDS were transformed into Fe⁰ and Fe₉S₁₀. The resulting biochar exhibited strong persulfate activation property for amaranth degradation. These findings represent a practical approach to converting CO₂ into valuable chemicals and environmental catalysts, highlighting its potential for sustainable CO₂ management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 107950"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145221928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unravelling the microbial ecosystem based on core environmental factors and bacteria dynamics during cyanobacteria powder amended pig manure co-composting","authors":"Yue Li,&nbsp;Mukesh Kumar Awasthi","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.107949","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.107949","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study reveals the effect of cyanobacteria dehydrated powder (CDP) amendment on core environmental factors and bacteria dynamics during the pig manure (PM) composting. The composting was carried out with the participation of six different concentrations of CDP mixed with PM+ wheat straw (0 %, 2.5 %, 5 %, 7.5 %, 10 %, 20 %, and marked T1 to T6, respectively). Results indicated that the succession of bacterial abundance was first slightly decline and then steady, where the three dominant phyla, <em>Firmicutes</em> (30.54–74.75 %), <em>Bacteroidota</em> (3.8–33.84 %) and <em>Proteobacteria</em> (8.14–19.75 %) were noticed. CDP amendment was increased the abundance of <em>Sinibacillus</em> (Max. 5.91 times), and important role play in the humification process. Organic matter-degrading bacterial genus <em>Bacillus</em> (1.33–2.9 times) and <em>Fermentimonas</em> (2.07–6.02 times) were further activated on the basis of indigenous microbial succession. The increase of β-diversity was showed that CDP as a sort of biomass mainly working after mesophilic phase. The highest P/N value of 2.78 and the largest number of nodes and edges (243 nodes/ 2860 edges) of T4 have been recorded by co-occurrence network. Mantel test show that the three dominant phyla have complex correlation with environmental factors on biochar applied treatments. CDP amended PM co-composting promotes the abundance of mature bacterial genera <em>Fermentimonas</em>, and reflects its promising role in mature stage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 107949"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145221929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanisms of Al2O3 nanofluids affecting coal wettability and gas adsorption-desorption under different pH conditions: Molecular simulation and experimental study","authors":"Xianfeng Liu ,&nbsp;Linfan Qi ,&nbsp;Baisheng Nie ,&nbsp;Chuang Li ,&nbsp;Han Han ,&nbsp;Chengyi He ,&nbsp;Jialiang Li ,&nbsp;Xueqi Jia ,&nbsp;Zhongbei Li","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.107952","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.107952","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coal dust pollution during mining is a major cause of occupational diseases. Although hydraulic fracturing is widely applied for coalbed methane extraction, poor coal wettability, limited dust suppression, and low gas desorption restrict its efficiency. This study prepares Al₂O₃ nanofluids with varying pH values and concentrations and investigates their dispersion and effects on coal surface modification, wettability, oxygen-containing functional groups, and gas adsorption-desorption behavior. Molecular dynamics simulations, contact angle measurements, zeta potential analysis, mercury intrusion porosimetry, methane adsorption, ESEM, and FTIR are employed. In the Coal/Al₂O₃/H₂O system, the adsorption layer thickness increases to 32.96 Å, a 44.43 % rise compared with Coal/H₂O. Acidic nanofluids maintain good dispersion for 48 h, whereas alkaline solutions precipitate easily. Increasing Al₂O₃ concentration significantly enhances coal wettability, with the contact angle decreasing by 65.7 % at pH 3 and 4.00 wt%. Both acidic and alkaline treatments increase surface oxygen-containing functional groups, negatively correlating with the coal-water contact angle, while the contact angle positively correlates with gas adsorption. Acidic corrosion alters coal microstructure and promotes macropore expansion. The synergistic \"dispersion–wettability–corrosion\" mechanism effectively enhances coal wettability and gas desorption. This study provides theoretical and practical guidance for improving wettability and efficient gas extraction in high-gas coal seams.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 107952"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145221930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current decay mitigation through optimized electric field control modes in sludge electro-dewatering","authors":"You Li ,&nbsp;Miaomiao Zhao ,&nbsp;Xianfu Sun ,&nbsp;Ao Liu ,&nbsp;Xuan Xu ,&nbsp;Liying Wang ,&nbsp;Degang Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.107947","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.107947","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electro-dewatering technology has attracted attention in sludge treatment due to its rapid dewatering kinetics, chemical-free operation, and low energy consumption. However, the traditional constant voltage mode is constrained by rapid current decay, impacting efficiency and increasing energy usage. This study proposed two electric field control modes, segmented voltage mode and constant current to constant voltage mode, to address this decay. The experiment evaluated current stability, thermal effects, and dewatering performance. Results indicate that the segmented voltage mode mitigated current decay by implementing stepwise ascending voltage, lowering current standard deviation from 2.17 to 0.59, achieving 48.60 % sludge moisture content at 0.188 kWh·kg⁻¹. The constant current to constant voltage mode further enhanced current stability, achieving 0.45 current standard deviation and 47.85 % moisture content at 0.178 kWh·kg⁻¹. Furthermore, quadratic regression models were developed to correlate process parameters with dewatering performance. Optimization of weighting coefficients for the dewatering effect (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>W</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>a</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>) and energy consumption constraint (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>W</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>b</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>) achieved the optimal balance between process performance and energy expenditure. This study aims to enhance electrical field control modes by accurately adjusting current to address the challenges posed by current decay on dewatering efficiency, offering a practical solution for optimizing electro-dewatering technology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 107947"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145221931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Technology roadmap of low-carbon hydrogen: Trends for risk management strategies","authors":"Danielle Rodrigues de Moraes ,&nbsp;Laene Oliveira Soares ,&nbsp;Vanessa de Almeida Guimarães ,&nbsp;Daniel Cerqueira Lima e Penalva Santos ,&nbsp;Ronney Arismel Mancebo Boloy","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.107937","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.107937","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study employs a Technology Roadmap (TRM) to characterise the low-carbon hydrogen network across time horizons and identify supply chain risk management (SCRM) trends, key players and factors to expand the low-carbon hydrogen economy. A key novelty lies in assessing technological trends through decarbonisation risks. By focusing on transition-specific risks, TRM supports identifying technological vulnerabilities and strategic decisions on production, storage, transport, and investment under uncertainty. Data from 22 granted patents, 77 pending patents, and 50 articles outlined trends and gaps over time. Operational risk management and alkaline electrolysis had great intellectual property interest at short-term. Medium-term trends showed broader SCRM aspects (e.g., quality assurance, failure prevention and monitoring) and greater circular economy focus than short- and long-term. Long-term roadmap highlighted international efforts to scale hydrogen via cost-effective and exergetic-efficient supply chains across sectors. Key management strategies include addressing human error, improving real-time monitoring, decentralised production based on regional factors (spatial resolution), flexible assets, and integrating waste-to-energy applications. Policies should target electrolysis efficiency, advanced storage, safety control, biofuels integration, and large-scale solutions to mitigate renewable intermittency. Future research should optimise failure prevention, predictive maintenance, emergency response, ventilation and obstacle design, and proper operational training. Alternative biofuels (e.g., ethanol, glycerine, biogas) as scalable inputs and recyclability remain underexplored. It is expected to provide insights to strengthen hydrogen economy and energy transition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 107937"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145227429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced treatment of fracturing flowback fluids using bioflocculant-modified fly ash cenospheres: Process optimization and mechanism analysis","authors":"Juan Sun ,&nbsp;Wenhui Zhang ,&nbsp;Shuixiang Xie ,&nbsp;Shuangxin Shi ,&nbsp;Ziwei Du ,&nbsp;Fang Liu ,&nbsp;Qiyou Liu ,&nbsp;Chunshuang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.107938","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.107938","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydraulic fracturing produces complex organic wastewater, known as fracturing flowback fluid (FFF), which contains refractory pollutants and poses risks of secondary contamination, thereby challenging conventional treatment methods. This study developed an environmentally sustainable strategy using a microbial flocculant (MBF) synthesized from <em>Bacillus paramycoides</em> YQ1—a strain isolated from FFF—in combination with candelilla wax- modified fly ash cenospheres (CWFACs). Through process optimization, the MBF yield was increased from 4.38 to 5.78 g·L⁻¹ , and its flocculation efficiency improved from 60.06 % to 87.84 %. Under optimal conditions, MBF alone achieved removal rates of 86.67 % for chroma, 81.98 % for suspended solids (SS) removal, and 65.13 % for oil, along with effective degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The integrated MBF-CWFACs system demonstrated enhanced performance, attaining 88.50 % chroma removal, 96.29 % SS removal, and 95.30 % oil removal. Mechanistic analysis revealed synergistic effects between bioflocculation and adsorption processes. This integrated approach offers a sustainable solution for FFF treatment, addressing both process efficiency and environmental safety concerns, providing insights for developing eco-friendly wastewater treatment technologies in the petroleum industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 107938"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145221924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}