Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and Biological Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Radical reactions on interstellar icy dust grains: Experimental investigations of elementary processes.","authors":"Masashi Tsuge,&nbsp;Naoki Watanabe","doi":"10.2183/pjab.99.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2183/pjab.99.008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Molecular clouds (MCs) in space are the birthplace of various molecular species. Chemical reactions occurring on the cryogenic surfaces of cosmic icy dust grains have been considered to play important roles in the formation of these species. Radical reactions are crucial because they often have low barriers and thus proceed even at low temperatures such as ∼10 K. Since the 2000s, laboratory experiments conducted under low-temperature, high-vacuum conditions that mimic MC environments have revealed the elementary physicochemical processes on icy dust grains. In this review, experiments conducted by our group in this context are explored, with a focus on radical reactions on the surface of icy dust analogues, leading to the formation of astronomically abundant molecules such as H₂, H₂O, H₂CO, and CH₃OH and deuterium fractionation processes. The development of highly sensitive, non-destructive methods for detecting adsorbates and their utilization for clarifying the behavior of free radicals on ice, which contribute to the formation of complex organic molecules, are also described.</p>","PeriodicalId":20707,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and Biological Sciences","volume":"99 4","pages":"103-130"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/ec/7e/pjab-99-103.PMC10196328.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9866386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thirty-five years since the discovery of chemotactic cytokines, interleukin-8 and MCAF: A historical overview.","authors":"Kouji Matsushima, Shigeyuki Shichino, Satoshi Ueha","doi":"10.2183/pjab.99.014","DOIUrl":"10.2183/pjab.99.014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Inflammation is a host defense response to various invading stimuli, but an excessive and persistent inflammatory response can cause tissue injury, which can lead to irreversible organ damage and dysfunction. Excessive inflammatory responses are believed to link to most human diseases. A specific type of leukocyte infiltration into invaded tissues is required for inflammation. Historically, the underlying molecular mechanisms of this process during inflammation were an enigma, compromising research in the fields of inflammation, immunology, and pathology. However, the pioneering discovery of chemotactic cytokines (chemokines), monocyte-derived neutrophil chemotactic factor (MDNCF; interleukin [IL]-8, CXCL8) and monocyte chemotactic and activating factor (MCAF; monocyte chemotactic factor 1 [MCP-1], CCL2) in the late 1980s finally enabled us to address this issue. In this review, we provide a historical overview of chemokine research over the last 35 years.</p>","PeriodicalId":20707,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and Biological Sciences","volume":"99 7","pages":"213-226"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10700015/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9932684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental catalysts advance focused on lattice oxygen for the decomposition of harmful organic compounds.","authors":"Nobuhito Imanaka, Naoyoshi Nunotani","doi":"10.2183/pjab.99.013","DOIUrl":"10.2183/pjab.99.013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The recent industrial growth has made our lives more comfortable; however, it has led to an increase in the concentration of harmful compounds, such as carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds (e.g., toluene), and phenolic compounds (e.g., phenol and cresol), in the environment. Catalytic oxidation using environmental catalysts is an important method for the removal of harmful compounds. To date, novel environmental catalysts have been developed from unique concepts based on solid-state ionics. In particular, the oxygen supply ability of a promoter can supply active oxygen from inside the lattice to the catalytically active site. Our catalysts exhibited high activity for the oxidation of harmful chemicals under moderate conditions in both the gaseous and liquid phases compared to conventional catalysts. This short review article describes our concepts of material design and our novel catalysts (ceria-zirconia (CeO₂-ZrO₂), apatite-type lanthanum silicate (La₁₀Si₆O₂₇), and lanthanum oxyfluoride (LaOF) based catalysts).</p>","PeriodicalId":20707,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and Biological Sciences","volume":"99 7","pages":"198-212"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10700014/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9962732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erratum to \"Development of liquid crystal displays and related improvements to their performances\".","authors":"Shunsuke Kobayashi,&nbsp;Tomohiro Miyama,&nbsp;Hidenari Akiyama,&nbsp;Atsushi Ikemura,&nbsp;Michio Kitamura","doi":"10.2183/pjab.99.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2183/pjab.99.007","url":null,"abstract":"For “From 1990 to 2000, he served as President of The Japanese Liquid Crystal Society, and from 1992 to 1994, he was the vice president of The Society for Information Display (SID).” Read “From 1999 to 2000, he served as President of The Japanese Liquid Crystal Society, and from 1992 to 1994, he was the vice president of The Society for Information Display (SID).” Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B 99 (2023) [Vol. 99, 102","PeriodicalId":20707,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and Biological Sciences","volume":"99 3","pages":"102"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/8e/10/pjab-99-102.PMC10170062.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9504057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cohesin organization, dynamics, and subdomain functions revealed by genetic suppressor screening.","authors":"Xingya Xu, Mitsuhiro Yanagida","doi":"10.2183/pjab.99.005","DOIUrl":"10.2183/pjab.99.005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cohesin is a heteropentameric protein complex that contributes to various aspects of chromosome structure and function, such as sister chromatid cohesion, genome compaction, and DNA damage response. Previous studies have provided abundant information on architecture and regional structures of the cohesin complex, but the configuration and structural dynamics of the whole cohesin complex are still largely unknown, partly due to flexibility of its coiled coils. We studied cohesin organization and dynamics using in vivo functional mutation compensation. Specifically, we developed and applied genetic suppressor screening methods to identify second mutations in cohesin complex genes that rescue lethality caused by various site-specific abnormalities in the cohesin complex. Functional analysis of these missense suppressor mutations revealed novel features of cohesin. Here, we summarize recent genetic suppressor screening results and insights into: 1) cohesin's structural organization when holding chromosomal DNAs; 2) interaction between cohesin head-kleisin and hinge; 3) ATP-driven cohesin conformational changes for genome packaging.</p>","PeriodicalId":20707,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and Biological Sciences","volume":"99 3","pages":"61-74"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/24/88/pjab-99-061.PMC10170060.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9504059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intravenous immunoglobulin preparations attenuate lysolecithin-induced peripheral demyelination in mice and comprise anti-large myelin protein zero antibody.","authors":"Yuki Setoguchi,&nbsp;Akiko Hayashi,&nbsp;Ayami Kawada,&nbsp;Ayako Ibusuki,&nbsp;Daigo Yanaoka,&nbsp;Ryota Saito,&nbsp;Tomoko Ishibashi,&nbsp;Hiroaki Takimoto,&nbsp;Yoshihide Yamaguchi,&nbsp;Hirokazu Ohtaki,&nbsp;Hiroko Baba","doi":"10.2183/pjab.99.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2183/pjab.99.004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) has been used to treat inflammatory demyelinating diseases such as chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and multifocal motor neuropathy. Despite studies demonstrating the clinical effectiveness of IVIg, the mechanisms underlying its effects remain to be elucidated in detail. Herein, we examined the effects of IVIg on lysolecithin-induced demyelination of the sciatic nerve in a mouse model. Mice -administered with IVIg 1 and 3 days post-injection (dpi) of lysolecithin -exhibited a significantly decreased demyelination area at 7 dpi. Immunoblotting analysis using two different preparations revealed that IVIg reacted with a 36-kDa membrane glycoprotein in the sciatic nerve. Subsequent analyses of peptide absorption identified the protein as a myelin protein in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) known as large myelin protein zero (L-MPZ). Moreover, injected IVIg penetrated the demyelinating lesion, leading to deposition on L-MPZ in the myelin debris. These results indicate that IVIg may modulate PNS demyelination, possibly by binding to L-MPZ on myelin debris.</p>","PeriodicalId":20707,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and Biological Sciences","volume":"99 2","pages":"48-60"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/c4/1e/pjab-99-048.PMC10020422.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9134102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A new era of isotope ecology: Nitrogen isotope ratio of amino acids as an approach for unraveling modern and ancient food web.","authors":"Naohiko Ohkouchi","doi":"10.2183/pjab.99.009","DOIUrl":"10.2183/pjab.99.009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Food web research is rapidly expanding through study of natural fractional abundance of ¹⁵N in individual amino acids. This paper overviews the principles of this isotope approach, and from my perspective, reanalyzes applications, and further extends the discussion. It applies kinetic isotope effects that enriches ¹⁵N in certain amino acids associated with the metabolic processes, which was clearly demonstrated by observations of both natural ecosystem and laboratory experiments. In trophic processes 'trophic amino acids' such as glutamic acid that significantly enrich ¹⁵N, whereas 'source amino acids' such as phenylalanine and methionine show little ¹⁵N enrichment. Through various applications conducted over the years, the principles of the method have shown to operate well and disentangle complex food webs and relevant problems. Applications include food chain length estimate, nitrogen resource assessment, tracking fish migration, and reconstruction of paleodiet. With this approach, considerations of a wide range of classical issues have been reinvigorated, while in the same time, new challenging frontiers are emerging.</p>","PeriodicalId":20707,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and Biological Sciences","volume":"99 5","pages":"131-154"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/24/38/pjab-99-131.PMC10225296.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9544908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling the mysteries of dendritic spine dynamics: Five key principles shaping memory and cognition.","authors":"Haruo Kasai","doi":"10.2183/pjab.99.018","DOIUrl":"10.2183/pjab.99.018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent research extends our understanding of brain processes beyond just action potentials and chemical transmissions within neural circuits, emphasizing the mechanical forces generated by excitatory synapses on dendritic spines to modulate presynaptic function. From in vivo and in vitro studies, we outline five central principles of synaptic mechanics in brain function: P1: Stability - Underpinning the integral relationship between the structure and function of the spine synapses. P2: Extrinsic dynamics - Highlighting synapse-selective structural plasticity which plays a crucial role in Hebbian associative learning, distinct from pathway-selective long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD). P3: Neuromodulation - Analyzing the role of G-protein-coupled receptors, particularly dopamine receptors, in time-sensitive modulation of associative learning frameworks such as Pavlovian classical conditioning and Thorndike's reinforcement learning (RL). P4: Instability - Addressing the intrinsic dynamics crucial to memory management during continual learning, spotlighting their role in \"spine dysgenesis\" associated with mental disorders. P5: Mechanics - Exploring how synaptic mechanics influence both sides of synapses to establish structural traces of short- and long-term memory, thereby aiding the integration of mental functions. We also delve into the historical background and foresee impending challenges.</p>","PeriodicalId":20707,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and Biological Sciences","volume":"99 8","pages":"254-305"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10749395/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41210690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developments of inverse analysis by Kalman filters and Bayesian methods applied to geotechnical engineering.","authors":"Akira Murakami, Kazunori Fujisawa, Takayuki Shuku","doi":"10.2183/pjab.99.023","DOIUrl":"10.2183/pjab.99.023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present paper reviews recent activities on inverse analysis strategies in geotechnical engineering using Kalman filters, nonlinear Kalman filters, and Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC)/Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC) methods. Nonlinear Kalman filters with finite element method (FEM) broaden the choices of unknowns to be determined for not only parameters but also initial and/or boundary conditions, and the use of the posterior probability of the state variables can be widely applied to, for example, the decision making for design changes. The relevance of the unknowns and the observed values and the selection of the best sensor locations are some of the considerations made while using the Kalman filter FEM. This paper demonstrates several real-world geotechnical applications of the nonlinear Kalman filter and the MCMC with FEM. Future studies should focus on the following areas: attaining excellent performance for long-term forecasts using short-term observation and developing a viable method for selecting equations that describe physical phenomena and constitutive models.</p>","PeriodicalId":20707,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and Biological Sciences","volume":"99 9","pages":"352-388"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10749391/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89719331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the origin and evolution of the asteroid Ryugu: A comprehensive geochemical perspective","authors":"Eizo Nakamura, K. Kobayashi, R. Tanaka, T. Kunihiro, Hiroshi Kitagawa, C. Potiszil, T. Ota, C. Sakaguchi, M. Yamanaka, Dilan M. Ratnayake, Havishk Tripathi, R. Kumar, Maya-Liliana Avramescu, Hidehisa Tsuchida, Yusuke Yachi, H. Miura, M. Abe, R. Fukai, S. Furuya, K. Hatakeda, T. Hayashi, Y. Hitomi, K. Kumagai, Akiko Miyazaki, A. Nakato, M. Nishimura, T. Okada, H. Soejima, S. Sugita, A. Suzuki, T. Usui, T. Yada, D. Yamamoto, K. Yogata, M. Yoshitake, M. Arakawa, A. Fujii, M. Hayakawa, N. Hirata, N. Hirata, R. Honda, C. Honda, S. Hosoda, Y. Iijima, H. Ikeda, M. Ishiguro, Y. Ishihara, T. Iwata, K. Kawahara, S. Kikuchi, K. Kitazato, K. Matsumoto, M. Matsuoka, T. Michikami, Y. Mimasu, Akira Miura, T. Morota, S. Nakazawa, N. Namiki, H. Noda, R. Noguchi, N. Ogawa, K. Ogawa, C. Okamoto, G. Ono, M. Ozaki, T. Saiki, N. Sakatani, H. Sawada, H. Senshu, Y. Shimaki, K. Shirai, Y. Takei, H. Takeuchi, Satoshi Tanaka, E. Tatsumi, F. Terui, R. Tsukizaki, K. Wada, M. Yamada, T. Yamada, Yukio Yamamoto, H. Yano, Y. Yokota, Keis","doi":"10.2183/pjab.98.015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2183/pjab.98.015","url":null,"abstract":"Presented here are the observations and interpretations from a comprehensive analysis of 16 representative particles returned from the C-type asteroid Ryugu by the Hayabusa2 mission. On average Ryugu particles consist of 50% phyllosilicate matrix, 41% porosity and 9% minor phases, including organic matter. The abundances of 70 elements from the particles are in close agreement with those of CI chondrites. Bulk Ryugu particles show higher δ18O, Δ17O, and ε54Cr values than CI chondrites. As such, Ryugu sampled the most primitive and least-thermally processed protosolar nebula reservoirs. Such a finding is consistent with multi-scale H-C-N isotopic compositions that are compatible with an origin for Ryugu organic matter within both the protosolar nebula and the interstellar medium. The analytical data obtained here, suggests that complex soluble organic matter formed during aqueous alteration on the Ryugu progenitor planetesimal (several 10’s of km), <2.6 Myr after CAI formation. Subsequently, the Ryugu progenitor planetesimal was fragmented and evolved into the current asteroid Ryugu through sublimation.","PeriodicalId":20707,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and Biological Sciences","volume":"98 1","pages":"227 - 282"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47770091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}