S. Sudo, Y. Ichihashi, N. Ikeda, K. Taketa, K. Marneno
{"title":"Transformation of Ti and TiN Cap Layer by Via-Hole Etching","authors":"S. Sudo, Y. Ichihashi, N. Ikeda, K. Taketa, K. Marneno","doi":"10.1109/PPID.1996.715245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPID.1996.715245","url":null,"abstract":"As the functionality and scale of LSIs have increased, the number of interconnections has grown and the metallization process has become more complex. Multilevel interconnection causes non-uniformity in flatness and lowers the resolution of the photoresist pattern. In order to minimize this problem, a stacked metal structure containing an anti-refractive material on AI has been widely adopted. Furthermore, a stacked metal structure such as TiN/Ti/AI was reported to enhance the electromigration performance'). When a via hole is opened on the stacked metal structure, etching residue sometimes remains on the side wall of the via hole. The reason for this phenomenon is as follows: Most via-hole etching requires over-etching to achieve a certain contact performance, and this process etches off the entire refractory-metal layer on the AI, because of the low selectivity of SiO, etching. If the AI layer is exposed to a fluorocarbon plasma, the residue is formed by a combination of AI with F, and it is difficult to remove by the conventional ashing or wet process. This residue causes poor reliability in contact characteristics. Several researchers have already reported new ideas to avoid this problem? '). One of them is to stop the via-hole etching in the midst of the refractory metal on the AI compound layer. However, in this case, the 2nd metal makes contact with the refractory metal exposed to the plasma. In this paper, we have investigated the transformation of Ti and TIN due to via-hole etching, in order to complete the multilevel interconnection process using a highly reliable TiN/Ti/AI structure.","PeriodicalId":206175,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1st International Symposium on Plasma Process-Induced Damage","volume":"197 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131582827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Plasma Charging Damage: An Overview","authors":"J. Mcvittie","doi":"10.1109/PPID.1996.715191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPID.1996.715191","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction Plasma processing has become an integral part of the fabrication of integrated circuits since it offers advantages in terms of directionality, low temperature and process convenience. However., plasma processing also offers increased damage potential because of surface charging of floating gates in MO!; devices. With the continued decrease in gate oxide thickness to improve device performance, this type of damage is becoming more of a concern. The damage can degrade all the electrical properties of a gate oxide which include the fixed oxide charge density, the interface state density, the flat band voltage, the leakage cui-rent and the various breakdown related parameters. [1,;!,17] As expected, all the MOS transistor parameters which depend on the oxide properties can be degraded by charging. [3]","PeriodicalId":206175,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1st International Symposium on Plasma Process-Induced Damage","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131671314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Techniques for studying charging in plasma processing","authors":"R. Patrick, P. Jones","doi":"10.1109/PPID.1996.715210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPID.1996.715210","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction Two different techniques have been evaluated for their ability to measure the amount of charging, both voltage and current, that might be induced on a wafer surface during plasma processing in a transformer coupled plasmaTM (TCP.9 discharge. The first of these is a passive probe, (CHARge Monitor). This consists of EEPROM sensors on a device wafer which are configured to measure the peak positive and negative potentials seen at the wafer surface during a process. In addition, by connecting a resistance from the collector to the wafer substrate, the current drawn from the plasma may be inferred allowing the i-v characteristic of the plasma source to be determined. The second technique uses an active wafer probe, f i p e 1, which consists of capacitor pads sitting on a field oxide and a substrate connection allowing direct measurement of the charging voltage across the oxide using a digital voltmeter. In addition a ramp bias voltage can be applied to the pads allowing the maximum current which can be sustained by the discharge to be determined. This probe, referred to as a Plasma Charging Monitor (PCM) has a similar design to that described by McVittie3. Figure 1 Layout of Plasmin Charging Monitor (PCM)","PeriodicalId":206175,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1st International Symposium on Plasma Process-Induced Damage","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127647932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Prediction of Plasma Charging Induced Gate Oxide Tunneling Current and Antenna Dependence by Plasma Charging Probe","authors":"Shawming Ma, J. Mcvittie","doi":"10.1109/PPID.1996.715194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPID.1996.715194","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction Charging damage to thin oxides is an ongoing concern for many plasma steps. While it is known that plasma nonuniformity is the major cause for charging and that damage is the result of excess oxide current from this charging, many aspects of this mechanism are still uncertain. In this work, the Stanford plasma on-wafer real time (SPORT) charging probe was used to better understand how charging damage occurs. In particular, the probe was used to monitor charging voltage evolution during a resist removal step, to demonstrate how current collection increases with antenna area, and to predict damage from charge fluence calculated from probe current data and oxide characteristics.","PeriodicalId":206175,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1st International Symposium on Plasma Process-Induced Damage","volume":"93 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127639093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Plasma Jet Etching at Atmospheric Pressure for Semiconductor Production","authors":"O. Siniaguine","doi":"10.1109/PPID.1996.715226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPID.1996.715226","url":null,"abstract":"PJ Process and Equipment The PJ process runs at atmospheric pressure. Clean, dry air or nitrogen serves as the ambient for many applications. A steady plasma jet is produced by a DC plasma generator and is stabilized by a fast feedback system with computercontrolled magnetic fields. The plasma-forming gas is argon. The reactants (fluorine or chlorine containing gases, oxygen, etc.) are injected into the plasma jet away from the electrode to avoid electrode erosion and contamination of the plasma.","PeriodicalId":206175,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1st International Symposium on Plasma Process-Induced Damage","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129832545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Quick Experimental Technique In Estimating The Cumulative Plasma Charging Current with MOSFET and Determining The Reliability of The Protection Diode In The Plasma Ambient","authors":"S. Zheng, D. Park, N. Bui, C. Hu, J. Yue","doi":"10.1109/PPID.1996.715195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPID.1996.715195","url":null,"abstract":"We developed a quick experimental technique for evaluating the cumulative plasma charging current density with MOSFETs. A one second stress at 9 volts for gate oxide thickness of 100A is sufficient to force the Fowler-Nordheim tunneling condition to reveal the plasma-induced oxide damages to the MOSFET, then the oxide damages can be easily characterized by I-V meansurement. In addition, we suggested an experimental method in estimating the limitation and reliability of the protection diode in the plasma ambient under various plasma charging conditions.","PeriodicalId":206175,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1st International Symposium on Plasma Process-Induced Damage","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115415000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H.C. Lin, C. Perng, C. Chien, S. Chiou, T. Huang, C. Chang
{"title":"Plasma Charging Induced Gate Oxide Damage During Metal Etching and Ashing","authors":"H.C. Lin, C. Perng, C. Chien, S. Chiou, T. Huang, C. Chang","doi":"10.1109/PPID.1996.715215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPID.1996.715215","url":null,"abstract":"Gate oxide damage induced by plasma charging during metal etching with MERIE or helicon wave etcher and subsequent resist ashing was investigated. It was found that serious damage would occur during the MERIE processing, while good results were obtained with helicon wave etcher. It was also observed that the antenna effect can be clearly illustrated by measuring the gate current.","PeriodicalId":206175,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1st International Symposium on Plasma Process-Induced Damage","volume":"150 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121096250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Fundamental Aspects of Plasma-induced Radiation Damage Of SiO/sub 2//Si - A Review -","authors":"T. Mizutani","doi":"10.1109/PPID.1996.715227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPID.1996.715227","url":null,"abstract":"To clarify the generation mechanism of radiation damage induced in SiO/sub 2//Si by plasma processes, the effects of four different particles, i.e., ions, electrons, neutrals and vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photons have been evaluated independently. The radiation damage caused by these energetic bombardments has been measured by C-V method. This study revealed that the bombardments with neutral beams generate far less flat-band boltage shifts (/spl delta/ V/sub FB/) than those with ion beams of the same kinetic energy. This is interpreted in terms of the differences in hole production yield and charge build-up upon the incidence of these particles. VUV photons produced in the plasma are also responsible for large /spl delta/ V/sub FB/. This kind of damage is critically dependent on the hole transport from the SiO/sub 2/ surface to the SiO/sub 2//Si interface and it is found that the amount of damage is greatly reduced by keeping the specimen at lower temperatures. Finally, it was found that low-energy electron bombardments generate large /spl delta/V/sub FB/ via plasmon excitations in SiO/sub 2/.","PeriodicalId":206175,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1st International Symposium on Plasma Process-Induced Damage","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123306955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Quantitative Analysis of Etching Damage in the Highly-Selective Oxide Etching","authors":"K. Yagi, M. Matsui, F. Uchida, T. Tokunaga","doi":"10.1109/PPID.1996.715243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPID.1996.715243","url":null,"abstract":"The damage produced by the oxide dry etching process was quantified by the Time of Flight-Low Energy Ion Scattering Spectroscopy, paying special attention to the crystalline degradation and to the contamination. The highly selective oxide dry etching process, in which CO gas is added to the C4F8 gas produced a damaged layer of more than 10.0 nm thickness. This layer contains abundant Si-C and Si-O bonds. These make it difficult to remove the damaged layer by post treatment, and suppress the lifetime recovery. In case of conventional contact hole etching process using CF/sub 4/ / CHF/sub 3/ gas, the damaged layer contains less Si-C, Si-O bonds although the layer thickness is more than 10nm.","PeriodicalId":206175,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1st International Symposium on Plasma Process-Induced Damage","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129531027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Evaluation of Plasma Damage on N20 Oxide and Pure Oxide","authors":"Jaeseog Yoon, Sang-Don Lee, Bongryul Kim","doi":"10.1109/PPID.1996.715233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPID.1996.715233","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, the effect of N/sub 2/O oxide on plasma damage has been compared with that of pure oxide. The damage of N/sub 2/O oxide and pure oxide by plasma poly-Si etching was evaluated using the capacitors with various antenna areas. N/sub 2/O oxides were evaluated to show less plasma damage than pure oxide from the TDDB measurement. The trap generation rates of holes and electrons were compared by using the variation of gate voltage under constant current stress. Also, using the initial gate current-voltage curve, the densities of interface states for pure oxides and N/sub 2/O oxides with different AARs were compared.","PeriodicalId":206175,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1st International Symposium on Plasma Process-Induced Damage","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114862252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}