Progress in brain research最新文献

{"title":"Models developed to explain the effects of stress on brain and behavior.","authors":"Adejoke Elizabeth Memudu, Baliqis Adejoke Olukade, Kenechukwu Emmanuel Nwanama, Gideon S Alex","doi":"10.1016/bs.pbr.2025.01.018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2025.01.018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is an integral relationship between stress, brain function and behavior. Over the year's extensive research has led to the development of various models to explain the intricate intersection between brain and stress. This chapter delves into some of the theoretical frameworks that explains the neurobiological and behavioral responses to stress using key models of stress such as the allostatic load model, which is the most common model that describes how chronic stress affect brain structure and function resulting in long-term changes in regions such as the hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex which phenotypically express as cognitive impairments, emotional dysfunction seen in various forms of neurological disorder. The neuro-endocrine model, follows the glucocorticoid cascade hypothesis, that associates prolonged stress exposure to hippocampal damage and cognitive decline via alteration in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the overproduction of stress hormones like cortisol which can induce hippocampal atrophy, impair learning and memory, and promote depressive-like behaviors. The neurobiological stress model addresses the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and stress-related neurotransmitters in shaping behavioral responses, emphasizing alterations in neuroplasticity and synaptic function. These models demonstrate how chronic stress can alter neural plasticity, neurotransmitter systems, and synaptic connectivity, affecting behavior and cognitive function. Hence by integrating molecular, neurobiological, and behavioral perspectives, these models offer a comprehensive understanding of how stress alters brain activity and behavior. The chapter further showcase how these models direct the development of medical interventions, shedding light on potential therapies that target the underlying molecular mechanisms of stress-induced brain changes.</p>","PeriodicalId":20598,"journal":{"name":"Progress in brain research","volume":"291 ","pages":"339-361"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144035461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring residual visual function after cerebral damage - a potential path for optimising rehabilitation approaches.","authors":"Denis Schluppeck, Paul V McGraw","doi":"10.1016/bs.pbr.2025.04.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2025.04.003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The integrity of the visual field can be assessed using clinical techniques such as perimetry that rely on subjective report, or can be quantified objectively using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In the case of central lesions (e.g. following strokes), fMRI visual field maps can reveal spared regions of cortex that may be missed if patient assessment relies on perimetry and anatomy of lesions alone. Even when perimetry results look stereotypical and can be categorised into hemianopia or quadrantanopia, the areas of spared cortex can be highly variable. FMRI field maps could serve as an important guide for selecting and optimising training and rehabilitation programmes for patients with damage to central visual pathway structures. Alongside a standardised battery of visual function tests, anatomical scans, and tractography data on connections between brain areas, this would provide a much richer clinical picture. Importantly, this approach may also offer useful information for a personalised approach to visual developmental disorders such as cerebral visual impairment (CVI). Here, we survey some recent results from the neuroimaging literature on measuring residual visual function, anatomy, and structural connectivity in stroke survivors, discuss recent results from rehabilitation approaches, and put forward a potential approach for characterising visual function using brain imaging in individuals with CVI.</p>","PeriodicalId":20598,"journal":{"name":"Progress in brain research","volume":"292 ","pages":"71-87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144132813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The stress-immune system axis: Exploring the interplay between stress and immunity.","authors":"Muhammad Liaquat Raza","doi":"10.1016/bs.pbr.2025.01.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2025.01.003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The chapter talks about how our body and mind respond to stress and how it affects our immune system. Stress reactions, especially the fight-or-flight reaction, are helpful at first but can be harmful if they last too long. Long-term stress, caused by hormones like cortisol and adrenaline, weakens the immune system and makes people more likely to get sick. Important brain chemicals like serotonin and norepinephrine help control how our immune system works. Also, the connection between our gut and brain is an important way that mental health affects how our immune system functions. Getting older and experiencing stress early in life can affect how our immune system works. Inflammation caused by stress is connected to health issues like heart disease, depression, and autoimmune diseases. There are ways to manage stress, like being mindful and having support from friends, are important for keeping your immune system healthy and lessening harm caused by stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":20598,"journal":{"name":"Progress in brain research","volume":"291 ","pages":"289-317"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144005275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stress and the gut microbiota-brain axis.","authors":"Noorulain Hyder, Muhammad Liaquat Raza","doi":"10.1016/bs.pbr.2025.01.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2025.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The gut microbiota-brain axis is a complex system that links the bacteria in our gut with our brain, it plays a part in what way we respond to stress. This chapter explores how stress affects the types of bacteria in the gut and shows the two-way connection between them. Stress can change the bacteria in our gut, which can cause various problems related to stress, like depression, anxiety, and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Figuring out how these interactions may help us develop new treatments that focus on the connection between gut bacteria and the brain. This chapter looks at how gut bacteria could help identify stress-related problems. It also discusses the difficulties and possibilities of using this research in medical practice. In the end, the chapter talks about what comes next in this quickly changing area. It highlights how important it is to include research about the gut-brain connection in overall public health plans.</p>","PeriodicalId":20598,"journal":{"name":"Progress in brain research","volume":"291 ","pages":"175-203"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144020546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epigenetic regulation of stress.","authors":"Mariam K Alamoudi, Noura N Alibrahim, Abdulmonem A Alsaleh, Muhammad Liaquat Raza","doi":"10.1016/bs.pbr.2025.01.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2025.01.007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Stress can have powerful and lasting effects on our bodies and behavior, partly because it changes how our genes work. These processes, such as DNA methylation, histones modifications, and non-coding RNAs, help decide when genes are active or inactive in cells experiencing stress. This can lead to lasting changes in how the cells function. It's important to understand how these changes in our genes affect our response to stress, as they can lead to problems like anxiety, depression, and heart disease. This chapter explores the link between stress and epigenetics. It talks about how our surroundings and lifestyle can impact these processes. It also shows that epigenetic treatments might help with issues created by stress. By looking at how stress affects our genes, we can discover new ways to treat stress and make medicine better for individuals, helping to lessen the bad impact of stress on our health.</p>","PeriodicalId":20598,"journal":{"name":"Progress in brain research","volume":"291 ","pages":"205-238"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143995068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temperature as a circadian timing cue in the visually impaired.","authors":"Danny M Ball, Samantha S Mann, Nayantara Santhi, Maarten Speekenbrink, Vincent Walsh","doi":"10.1016/bs.pbr.2025.02.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2025.02.004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The daily rise and fall in ambient temperature caused by Earth's 24-hour rotation may help regulate circadian rhythms in visually impaired individuals. In all mammals, circadian rhythms, the daily cycles of physiology and behavior, are time controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the brain's central clock. The SCN typically synchronizes circadian rhythms with the light/dark cycle through photoentrainment, a process in which specialized retinal cells capture ambient light and transmit this information to the SCN, allowing it to set its phase. Without light input, the rodent SCN's light-driven circuits can become desynchronized, potentially allowing alternative entrainment signals, such as ambient temperature, to influence central timing. Here, we consider whether a similar mechanism could benefit visually impaired humans who, due to retinal damage, have reduced or absent photic input to the central clock. Visually impaired individuals often experience circadian misalignment, whereby internal rhythms drift out of synchrony with the light-dark cycle, and we suggest that temperature information may mitigate some of this drift. Temperature entrainment could operate through heat shock pathways from the skin, via thermoregulatory brain regions with reciprocal connections to the SCN, or by shifting core body temperature through warm or cold baths, which can alter the phase of clocks in peripheral organs and potentially feedback to adjust central time. Given that temperature is a weaker cue than light, it remains unknown if, and to what extent, it may significantly impact central timing. However, if effective, temperature entrainment in the visually impaired could potentially improve circadian disorders, poor sleep, and adverse health outcomes associated with circadian dysfunction including depression, cognitive decline, and metabolic disorders, which are more prevalent in this population. Research is needed to confirm the long-term effectiveness of temperature as an entrainment cue in the visually impaired population, which may have broader implications for circadian timekeeping in mammals and the role of temperature in the absence of light.</p>","PeriodicalId":20598,"journal":{"name":"Progress in brain research","volume":"292 ","pages":"1-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144132822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The structure of sleep and how it may be altered by visual impairments.","authors":"Danny M Ball, Sonia Abud-Henando, Samantha S Mann, Nayantara Santhi, Maarten Speekenbrink, Vincent Walsh","doi":"10.1016/bs.pbr.2025.02.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2025.02.005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Individuals with visual impairments often experience poor sleep health, which may impact brain physiology and function, as evidenced by altered brain activity during sleep. The sleeping brain can be categorized into stages: three non-rapid eye movement (NREM) stages and one rapid eye movement (REM) stage, with each stage defined by its structure, that is, the duration and frequency of specific brain oscillations. Research investigating alterations in sleep structure among visually impaired individuals has yielded mixed results: some studies indicate reduced or absent deep sleep (N3), others report longer REM latency (the time until the first REM epoch), while some suggest that circadian dysfunction may play a more significant role than visual impairment itself. Sleep is regulated by two processes: the homeostatic sleep drive, which accumulates during wakefulness and is relieved during sleep, and the circadian process, which describes the 24-hour sleep-wake cycle. The circadian process is particularly vulnerable to disruption by visual impairments, as damage to the retina can alter photic entrainment, the process by which light signals from the retina align the circadian sleep-wake cycle with the solar day. Visually impaired individuals often experience a drifting sleep-wake cycle that misaligns with the light-dark cycle, and during periods of misalignment, sleep quality may be particularly poor, especially REM sleep, which is largely under circadian control. Some causes of visual impairment, such as glaucoma, may be more susceptible to circadian dysfunction than others, as glaucoma affects cells in the retinal layer necessary for photic entrainment, which in turn may increase the risk of changes to sleep structure. Given that abnormal sleep structure is associated with long-term health consequences, including increased risks of depression, anxiety, and cognitive decline, it may contribute to the high prevalence of these issues found among the visually impaired population. Further research is needed to clarify the roles of the causes of visual impairments, circadian misalignment, and the impact on sleep structure. A better understanding of these relationships could help develop targeted interventions to improve sleep and enhance health outcomes for visually impaired individuals.</p>","PeriodicalId":20598,"journal":{"name":"Progress in brain research","volume":"292 ","pages":"89-111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144132825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of emotional trauma on brainstem: Unlocking the effects on neural pathways.","authors":"Darasimi Racheal Olorunlowu, Gladys Deborah Olorunlowu, Precious Motunrayo Owonifa","doi":"10.1016/bs.pbr.2025.03.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2025.03.003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The brainstem, far from being a simple relay center, emerges as a sophisticated processor of emotional trauma, orchestrating complex neural responses that reshape our understanding of trauma biology. This chapter explores the convoluted relationship between emotional trauma and brainstem function, revealing how traumatic experiences trigger precise quantum-level changes in neural circuits. Through examining chronobiological rhythms and neuroimmune interactions, we uncover the dynamic nature of trauma-induced brainstem adaptations. Our exploration extends to the fascinating brainstem-gut axis, where microbiota communicate with neural circuits to influence emotional processing. Recent discoveries in molecular imaging have identified distinct biomarkers of brainstem dysfunction, opening new avenues for early intervention. We introduce pioneering therapeutic approaches, from targeted optogenetic techniques to artificial intelligence-driven interventions, that promise more effective trauma treatment. By weaving together insights from quantum biology, chronobiology, and systems neuroscience, this chapter presents a fresh perspective on emotional trauma's neural imprint and charts a course toward personalized therapeutic strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":20598,"journal":{"name":"Progress in brain research","volume":"293 ","pages":"99-125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144181734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An overview of quality of life and visual outcomes in AMD.","authors":"Deanna J Taylor, Jamie Enoch, Lee Jones, Bethany Higgins, Alison Binns, David P Crabb","doi":"10.1016/bs.pbr.2025.03.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2025.03.007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in high income countries and third most common cause of blindness worldwide. This chapter provides an overview of existing literature pertaining to the ways in which AMD impacts clinical measures of visual function, quality of life, and performance of everyday tasks. As well as being used in clinics, some of the tests described in this chapter have the potential to be piloted in patients' homes as self-monitoring tools, or as patient-centred outcome measures in clinical trials for new treatments in AMD. Moreover, the research findings reported in this literature review should help clinicians with patient management and expectations, and should to inform future patient, public and professional education on AMD.</p>","PeriodicalId":20598,"journal":{"name":"Progress in brain research","volume":"292 ","pages":"203-229"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144132794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early life stress and brain development: Neurobiological and behavioral effects of chronic stress.","authors":"Subia Jamil, Muhammad Liaquat Raza, Nasrollah Moradikor, Motahareh Haghipanah","doi":"10.1016/bs.pbr.2025.01.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2025.01.004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Early life stress is the term used to describe a variety of traumatic events that a person may have as a kid, such as being subjected to domestic or public violence, being neglected, experiencing parental conflict, being abused physically, emotionally and sexually. These events have the potential to seriously impair the brains normal growth and development, which could have long term psychological and physiological repercussions. Early life stress (ELS) has profound and enduring effects on brain development, contributing to long-term neurological and behavioral changes. Neurologically, ELS can reduce hippocampal volume, impairing memory and emotional regulation, while also sensitizing the amygdala, leading to exaggerated fear and anxiety responses. Additionally, ELS can disrupt the development of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), affecting decision-making, planning, and impulse control. It also alters neurotransmitter systems, such as serotonin and dopamine, influencing mood and motivation, and can trigger chronic neuroinflammation, increasing the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. Behaviorally, ELS heightens the risk of anxiety, depression, and impulsivity, and can contribute to conditions like ADHD and substance abuse Social and emotional difficulties, such as challenges in relationships and empathy, often arise, along with cognitive impairments in learning and memory. Furthermore, ELS increases stress responsiveness, making individuals more vulnerable to future stress. However, these effects can be mitigated by supportive environments and targeted interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":20598,"journal":{"name":"Progress in brain research","volume":"291 ","pages":"49-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144035457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}