Preslia最新文献

{"title":"Natural hybridization between diploid Ficaria calthifolia and tetraploid Ficaria verna subsp. verna in central Europe","authors":"O. Popelka, B. Trávníček, Pavla Šiková, Michaela Jandová, M. Duchoslav","doi":"10.23855/preslia.2019.179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23855/preslia.2019.179","url":null,"abstract":"The genus Ficaria is a taxonomically intricate group in which polyploidization and hybridization contribute to taxa diversification. In central Europe, populations of diploid F. calthifolia and tetraploid F. verna subsp. verna occasionally come into contact, which results in an interspecific triploid hybrid, as recently demonstrated using molecular markers, genome size estimation and experimental crossing. In this study, we aimed to estimate the frequency and distribution of the triploid hybrid in central Europe, to identify those phenotypic traits that can be used to discriminate between hybrid and parental taxa and compare the phenology, pollen viability, sexual and asexual reproduction and niche differentiation of the triploid hybrid and parental taxa. Flowcytometry analyses of 1171 individuals sampled from 67 localities revealed that triploid hybrids were regularly found at 89% of the sites sampled where there were sympatric populations of both parental taxa, with a mean percentage of 19.4% occurring at sites where there was a mixture of cytotypes. No pure hybrid population was found. The hybrids were intermediate between the parental taxa in most morphological characters and did not show any novel morphological characters. The characters that best differentiate the taxonomic groups were the production of axillary bulbils, aborted and well-developed achenes, leaf shape and plant habit. Almost all hybrids were sexually sterile: the pollen viability was considerably reduced (mean 8.4%) and on average 98% of the achenes were aborted. Local dispersal of the hybrids is possible through the production of bulbils in the leaf axils, although the number of bulbils per node and the mean weight of one bulbil were two and three times lower in the hybrid than in F. verna subsp. verna. The hybrid niche was intermediate between those of the parental taxa but shifted slightly towards that of F. verna subsp. verna. In addition, the taxonomic and nomenclatural treatment of the hybrid, which is described as Ficaria ×sellii Duchoslav, Popelka et Trávn., as well as a key for identifying the central European taxa of Ficaria, are presented.","PeriodicalId":20501,"journal":{"name":"Preslia","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89236231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Taxonomic revision of Rubus ser. Sylvatici in the Pannonian Basin and adjacent regions","authors":"G. Király, B. Trávníček, V. Zila","doi":"10.23855/preslia.2019.231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23855/preslia.2019.231","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20501,"journal":{"name":"Preslia","volume":"553 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85743831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New species of Taraxacum native to central Europe","authors":"J. Kirschner, J. Štěpánek, R. Vašut, J. Zámečník","doi":"10.23855/preslia.2019.213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23855/preslia.2019.213","url":null,"abstract":"Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-25243 Průhonice, Czech Republic, e-mail: jan.kirschner@ibot.cas.cz; Department of Botany, Palacký University, Faculty of Science, Šlechtitelu 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic, e-mail: radim.vasut@upol.cz; Department of Biology, Palacký University, Faculty of Education, Purkrabská 2, CZ-779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Museum of Eastern Bohemia, Eliščino nábřeží 465, CZ-50001 Hradec Králové, e-mail: j.zamecnik@ muzeumhk.cz","PeriodicalId":20501,"journal":{"name":"Preslia","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81368757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genome sizes and genomic guanine+cytosine (GC) contents of the Czech vascular flora with new estimates for 1700 species","authors":"P. Šmarda, Ondřej Knápek, Alexandra Březinová, L. Horová, V. Grulich, J. Danihelka, P. Veselý, J. Šmerda, O. Rotreklová, P. Bureš","doi":"10.23855/PRESLIA.2019.117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23855/PRESLIA.2019.117","url":null,"abstract":"Obsah DNA v somatických, nereplikovaných jadrech buněk (velikost genomu) a bazove složeni DNA (GC obsah) jsou zakladni genomicke parametry, ktere lze měřit pomoci průtokove cytometrie. Velikost genomu, a tedy i ploidni uroveň mohou ovlivňovat cetne vlastnosti rostlin, a proto se uvaději v modernich biologických florach a databazich biologických vlastnosti druhů. Velikost genomu se dosud měři převažně pro biosystematicke ucely a navzdory velkemu rozvoji průtokove cytometrie v Ceske republice tato informace pro mnohe druhy ceske květeny chybi. Biologický význam GC obsahu je oproti významu velikosti genomu zatim meně jasný, navic se měři obtižněji, a proto jej nezname u velke větsiny druhů. V teto praci přinasime měřeni obou genomických parametrů pro větsinu cevnatých rostlin ceske květeny. Celkem jsme naměřili nově velikosti genomu a genomický GC obsah pro 1908 vzorků 1700 druhů. Velikost genomu je zde poprve uvedena pro vice než 1000 druhů a obsah GC bazi poprve pro vice než 1500 druhů, což vice než zdvojnasobuje množstvi dosud znamých udajů o obsahu GC bazi u cevnatých rostlin. Spolu s dřive uveřejněnými udaji ziskanými v nasi laboratoři na stejných přistrojich a stejnou metodikou jsou tak tyto udaje dostupne pro 1910 druhů ceske květeny (~83 % soucasne flory bez apomiktů, přechodně zavlecných a vyhynulých druhů). Tyto udaje jsou uspořadany do tabulky a doplněny udaji o poctu chromozomů, ploidni urovni a vypoctene monoploidni velikosti genomu. V clanku přinasime popisnou analýzu tohoto datoveho souboru a diskutujeme o některých cytogeograficky pozoruhodných poznatcich. Tento přehled představuje největsi a nejuplnějsi soubor genomických dat pro květenu jednoho statu. Zde prezentovane výsledky tvoři zaklad karyologicke casti ceske databaze druhových vlastnosti Pladias (www.pladias.cz) a budou využity pro analýzy evoluce a biologickeho významu obou měřených genomických parametrů.","PeriodicalId":20501,"journal":{"name":"Preslia","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80335155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecological specialization indices for species of the Czech flora","authors":"D. Zelený, M. Chytrý","doi":"10.23855/PRESLIA.2019.093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23855/PRESLIA.2019.093","url":null,"abstract":"Theoretically the concept of species ecological specialization is very useful, however, practically it is often difficult to quantify due to a lack of relevant environmental data. We introduce the Ecological Specialization Index (ESI), which describes the degree of specialization of a species based on its realized niche along multiple environmental gradients and is conceptually based on the co-occurrence specialization metric theta introduced by Fridley et al. (2007). We estimated ESI for species of the Czech flora occurring in at least 10 vegetation plots stored in the Czech National Phytosociological Database. We prepared three sets of ESI values calculated from three datasets including (i) plots of all vegetation types (ESIw, 1597 species), (ii) only plots of non-forest vegetation (ESInf, 1529 species), and (iii) only plots of forest vegetation (ESIf, 881 species). We also provide the frequency of species in the datasets, since the reliability of the calculated ESI values increases with the species frequency. The use of these ESI values is limited to the Czech Republic, and in the case of less frequent species, the value can be influenced by sampling bias. To facilitate understanding of the ecological meaning of ESI, we related the calculated values of ESIw to several species attributes and applied them in a case study using a local vegetation dataset from a deep river valley. We found that ESI correlates significantly with specialization metrics based on the number of phytosociological associations and habitats in which the focal species occur. The species listed in the national Red List in higher risk categories are on average more specialized than less threatened species. Neophytes tend to be significantly less specialized than archaeophytes and native species. When related to Ellenberg-type indicator values for the Czech Republic, specialists tend to be more shade-tolerant, better adapted to nutrient-poor soils and soils with either a low or high (but not intermediate) pH and to either warm or cold (but not intermediate) habitats. In a case study of herbaceous plants species in a forest understory on river valley slopes, we found that specialists tend to be confined to deeper soils on cooler north-facing slopes, to stony soils in ravine forests and sites with a denser canopy of woody species. In contrast, shallow lithic soils on eroded south-facing slopes and sites with a more open canopy tend to be dominated by generalists. The complete list of ESI values is included in an electronic appendix to this paper.","PeriodicalId":20501,"journal":{"name":"Preslia","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90588675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetically divergent cytotypes of Vaccinium uliginosum co-occurring in the central Eastern Alps can be distinguished based on the morphology of their flowers","authors":"Lisa Silbernagl, P. Schönswetter","doi":"10.23855/PRESLIA.2019.143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23855/PRESLIA.2019.143","url":null,"abstract":"The cloudberries (Vaccinium uliginosum s. lat.) are among the most frequent constituents of dwarf shrub communities in the Alps. Recently, we have shown that (i) both diploid and tetraploid cytotypes are widespread in the Eastern Alps and sometimes occur in mixed “populations” and that (ii) these two cytotypes correspond to two non-overlapping AFLP groups, which are in almost perfect congruence with two plastid lineages. Further (iii), we revealed that diploids and tetraploids show some degree of niche separation, but co-occur in low-alpine heath vegetation. Finally, (iv), in spite of the clear separation of diploids and tetraploids in the molecular data sets, we failed to detect consistent morphological differences. Here, we focused on patterns of genetic, ecological and morphological divergence between cytotypes at mixed-ploidy sites as well as on the underlying processes. Our study is based on a sampling of a hundred individuals each at three sites with previously determined co-occurrence of diploids and tetraploids in the Central Alps of Tirol, Austria. We employed an integrative approach combining flow cytometry, plastid DNA sequencing, AFLP fingerprinting, morphometry of leaf and flower characters as well as a characterization of ecological niches based on the vegetation surrounding the individual Vaccinium plants, in order to address the following questions. What is the small-scale distribution of diploid and tetraploid V. uliginosum s. lat. at the three sites investigated? Are the molecular genetic (AFLP and plastid DNA) relationships reflecting the previously detected divergence governed by differences in ploidy level or is there evidence of across-cytotype gene flow in areas of immediate co-occurrence of diploid and tetraploid V. uliginosum s. lat.? Is there evidence for ecological or morphological separation between cytotypes? More specifically, do flower characters allow for a better discrimination between cytotypes than the previously used leaf characters? We show that mixed-ploidy sites are clearly secondary contact zones as based on AFLP markers individuals cluster by cytotype and not by locality. We found no evidence for recent hybridization across the ploidy boundary but the intersection of biparentally inherited recombining AFLPs with maternally inherited plastid DNA sequences provided strong evidence for past inter-ploidy gene flow as one fifth of the tetraploids exhibited a haplotype otherwise restricted to diploids. Further, small-scale ecological segregation between cytotypes was weak, but statistically significant. Leaf characters indicated little differentiation between the cytotypes, whereas flower characters had relatively strong discriminative power. Overall, from a taxonomic point of view, we suggest that clear genome-wide differentiation combined with consistent morphological differences in flower size do not preclude the differentiation of two distinct species (diploid V. gaultherioides and tetraploid V. uliginosum s","PeriodicalId":20501,"journal":{"name":"Preslia","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81513147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carex ×kneuckeri, a hybrid new for central Europe and neotypification of this name","authors":"Jacob Koopman, Paweł Kalinowski, M. Stech, H. Więcław","doi":"10.23855/PRESLIA.2019.161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23855/PRESLIA.2019.161","url":null,"abstract":"Carex ×kneuckeri (C. hirta × C. rostrata) is reported here for the first time to occur in south-eastern Poland and central Europe. Although both parents are widespread and common species in Europe, the hybrid is extremely rare or overlooked, worldwide only known from France (one locality), Sweden (two localities) and now also Poland (one locality). Carex ×kneuckeri has the general appearance of C. rostrata, but has hairy utricles and hairy leaf sheaths, like C. hirta. Phylogenetic analysis of plastid matK and (cloned) nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences indicates a close relationship of C. ×kneuckeri with C. rostrata. The ITS alignment shows complex mutational patterns and a clear dominance of the C. rostrata sequence type, but also an indication of the presence of the C. hirta sequence type. As no original material of C. ×kneuckeri could be traced, a specimen from the Swedish Museum of Natural History (S) is chosen here as the neotype for this name.","PeriodicalId":20501,"journal":{"name":"Preslia","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85920771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formalized classification of semi-dry grasslands in central and eastern Europe","authors":"W. Willner, J. Roleček, A. Korolyuk, Jürgen Dengler, M. Chytrý, M. Janišová, A. Lengyel, S. Aćić, T. Becker, M. Čuk, O. Demina, Ute Jandt, Z. Kącki, Anna A. Kuzemko, M. Kropf, M. Lebedeva, Yuri Semenishchenkov, U. Šilc, Z. Stančić, M. Staudinger, K. Vassilev, S. Yamalov","doi":"10.23855/PRESLIA.2019.025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23855/PRESLIA.2019.025","url":null,"abstract":"European semi-dry grasslands are among the most species-rich\u0000vegetation types in the northern hemisphere and form an\u0000important part of the habitat mosaics in the forest-steppe\u0000zone. However. there is no comprehensive evaluation of the\u0000variation in their composition and the phytosocio-logical\u0000classification of these grasslands. For the syntaxonomic\u0000revision, we used a dataset of 34,173 vegetation plot records\u0000(releves) from central and eastern Europe. which were assigned\u0000to the class Fesiuco-Bromeiea using the diagnostic species\u0000listed in the EuroVegChecklist. To determine the diagnostic\u0000species of the orders, we used a TWINSPAN classification of the\u0000whole dataset. Of the total dataset, 15,449 releves were\u0000assigned to the order Brachypodietalia pinnati. which\u0000corresponds to semi-dry grasslands. This subset was again\u0000classified using TWINSPAN. Formal definitions of the following\u0000alliances were established: Mesobromion erecti,\u0000Cirsio-Brachypodion pinnati (incl. Fragario-Trifolion montani.\u0000Agrosiio-Avenulion schellianae, Scabioso ochroleucae-Poion\u0000angustifoliae and Adonido vernalis-Stipion iirsae),\u0000Scorzonerion villosae and Chrysopogono-Danshonion. Another\u0000alliance, Armerion elongatae (=Koelerio-Phleion phleoidis\u0000p.p.). is transitional towards the class\u0000Koelerio-Corynephoreiea and its status needs further\u0000evaluation. We also established formal definitions of all of\u0000the associations of Mesobromion and Cirsio-Brachypodion within\u0000the area studied. Associations were identified using (i) a\u0000TWINSPAN classification of the whole order, (ii) TWINSPAN\u0000classifications of regionally restricted data sets (usually all\u0000Brachypodietalia plots in one country) and (iii) existing\u0000national classification schemes. All formal definitions were\u0000written in the expert system language of the JUICE program. To\u0000obtain a more complete picture of the floristic similarities\u0000and gradients. we performed a DCA ordination of the\u0000associations. Our results revealed that meadow steppes in the\u0000forest-steppe zone in eastern Europe are very similar to\u0000semi-dry grasslands in central Europe.","PeriodicalId":20501,"journal":{"name":"Preslia","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74747476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plant distribution data for the Czech Republic integrated in the Pladias database","authors":"J. Wild, M. Chytrý, P. Novotný, Martin Rohn, Václav Šulc, J. Bruña, Karel Chobot, Libor Ekrt, Dana Holubová, Ilona Knollová, P. Kocián, M. Štech, J. Štěpánek, V. Zouhar, Z. Kaplan, J. Danihelka, P. Petřík","doi":"10.23855/PRESLIA.2019.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23855/PRESLIA.2019.001","url":null,"abstract":"Research on the Czech flora has a long tradition and yielded a large number of records on the occurrence of plants. Several independent electronic databases were established during the last three decades in order to collect and manage these records. However, this fragmentation and the different characteristics of each database strongly limit the utilization and analyses of plant distribution data. Solving these problems was one of the aims of the Centre of Excellence PLADIAS (Plant Diversity Analysis and Synthesis. 2014-2018). which is also the source of the name of the central database of the project: Pladias - Database of the Czech Flora and Vegetation (www.pladias.cz). We developed an occurrence module as a part of the Pladias database in order to integrate species occurrence data on vascular plants in the Czech Republic for use in pure and applied research. In this paper, we present a description of the structure of this database, data handling and validation, creation of distribution maps based on critically evaluated records as well as descriptions of the original databases and explorative analyses of spatiotemporal and taxonomic coverage of the integrated occurrence data. So far we have integrated more than 13 million records of almost 5 thousand taxa (species, subspecies, varieties and hybrids). which came from five large national databases. seven regional projects and records collected within the PLADIAS project. The Pladias database is now the largest set of data on vascular plant occurrence in the Czech Republic, which is subject to continuous quality control. Analyses of this database pointed to differences in spatial and taxonomic coverage of the source datasets. However, it also showed that the targeted effort of experts focused on validating existing records, as well as the collection of new data is still necessary in order to obtain reliable distribution data for individual species.","PeriodicalId":20501,"journal":{"name":"Preslia","volume":"193 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90050352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physiology of a plant invasion","authors":"P. Pyšek, H. Brix, L. Meyerson, H. Skálová, J. Čuda, Wen‐Yong Guo, J. Dolezal, Ondřej Kauzál, C. Lambertini, Klára Pyšková","doi":"10.23855/PRESLIA.2019.051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23855/PRESLIA.2019.051","url":null,"abstract":"The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic; email: pysek@ibot.cas.cz; Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, CZ-128 44 Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Alle 1, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Museum and Gallery of the Orlické hory Mts, Jiráskova 2, CZ-516 01 Rychnov nad Kněžnou, Czech Republic; Department of Agricultural Science, University of Bologna, Via Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy; The University of Rhode Island, Department of Natural Resources Science, Kingston, RI, 02881 USA","PeriodicalId":20501,"journal":{"name":"Preslia","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72721080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}