Precision Agriculture最新文献

{"title":"Shared digital agricultural technology on farms in Southern Germany-analysing farm and socio-demographic characteristics in an inter-farm context","authors":"Michael Gscheidle, Thies Petersen, Reiner Doluschitz","doi":"10.1007/s11119-025-10235-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-025-10235-3","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Introduction</h3><p>Up till now, digitalisation in agriculture has almost only been discussed in the context of large farms. However, sooner or later, ongoing digitalisation will reach the agricultural sector as a whole. Indeed, even smaller farms can also benefit from the opportunity and make profitable use of digital agricultural technology by adopting inter-farm organisational forms e.g. collaboration between farmers or contractor services. This article seeks to gain a better understanding of the digital transformation process and to validate relevant forecasts by analysing farm and socio-demographic characteristics that have a possible influence on the likelihood of inter-farm use of digital agricultural technology in general and regardless of the organisational form.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methodological approach</h3><p>Univariate analysis approaches and bivariate analysis approaches were selected to describe the sample. A binary regression analysis was used to analyse the results of a written online survey of farmers from southern Germany. The characteristics listed in hypotheses H1 to H10 serve as a theory-based conceptual framework for the statistical analysis within the binary logistic regression model.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>The results of this study are based on a survey sample of 165 farmers, 36.4 % (n=60) of whom use digital agricultural technology on an inter-farm basis. The sample covers n=89 farms from Baden-Württemberg and n=76 from Bavaria. Most of the farmers (87.3 %) considered themselves perfectly capable of using digital technologies confidently after it had been explained to them once (x̅=2.52, s=1.02, scale: 1=completely true to 6=not true at all), with 38.2 % of them using digital agricultural technology across farms, that means they use digital agricultural technology together. Certain factors which can influence the likelihood of inter-farm use of digital agricultural technology in small-scale regions were identified using the binary logistic regression model to analyse the relevant operational and socio-demographic characteristics. Using this methodological approach, eight predictors were identified, three of which have a positive influence on the likelihood of inter-farm use of digital agricultural technology: the availability of two external labourers, the farm's focus on “finishing” or on “other” activities such as taking horses at livery or fattening livestock. Farms that have less than 200 hectares, have no clear succession plan, or whose farm managers are under 30 years old are less likely to use inter-farm digital agricultural technology.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>In this study, several influencing factors were identified that can play a role in the shared use of digital agricultural technology, especially between farmers in small-scale regions in southern Germany. The empirical results obtained","PeriodicalId":20423,"journal":{"name":"Precision Agriculture","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143733988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unleashing profitability of vineyards through the adoption of unmanned aerial vehicles technology systems: the case of two Italian wineries","authors":"Serena Sofia, Martina Agosta, Antonio Asciuto, Maria Crescimanno, Antonino Galati","doi":"10.1007/s11119-025-10236-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-025-10236-2","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose</h3><p>Precision agriculture technologies play an important role in optimising practices to increase yields and reduce costs, contributing to socio-economic progress and environmental well-being, and playing a key role in addressing climate change. Viticulture is a strategic, input-intensive agricultural sector where precision technologies can make the use of resources more efficient without compromising profitability. The aim of this study is to evaluate the profitability of implementing precision farming systems, such as unmanned aerial vehicle surveying for the production of vigour maps, compared to the conventional cultivation system in two Italian wineries.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>The profitability of using precision farming tools in viticulture compared to conventional management techniques has been investigated in two Italian wineries over a four-year period, before and after the introduction of UAV technology.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>The results demonstrate the usefulness and economic viability of precision agriculture technologies in viticulture. The vigour maps produced by the data collected with UAV technology allow both the identification of problems such as diseases, and consequently the planning of phytosanitary treatments, and selective grape harvesting, which allows a significant improvement in the quality of the harvested grapes.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>The results demonstrate the usefulness of precision technologies for cost-effective and sustainable vineyard management, satisfying a market segment made up of stakeholders who are increasingly sensitive to environmental issues.</p>","PeriodicalId":20423,"journal":{"name":"Precision Agriculture","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143723982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of N variations in different organs of winter wheat and mapping NUE using low altitude UAV-based remote sensing","authors":"Falv Wang, Jingcheng Zhang, Wei Li, Yi Liu, Weilong Qin, Longfei Ma, Yinghua Zhang, Zhencai Sun, Zhimin Wang, Fei Li, Kang Yu","doi":"10.1007/s11119-025-10234-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-025-10234-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Although unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) remote sensing is widely used for high-throughput crop monitoring, few attempts have been made to assess nitrogen content (NC) at the organ level and its association with nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Also, little is known about the performance of UAV-based image texture features of different spectral bands in monitoring crop nitrogen and NUE. In this study, multi-spectral images were collected throughout different stages of winter wheat in two independent field trials - a single-variety field trial and a multi-variety trial in 2021 and 2022, respectively in China and Germany. Forty-three multispectral vegetation indices (VIs) and forty texture features (TFs) were calculated from images and fed into the partial least squares regression (PLSR) and random forest (RF) regression models for predicting nitrogen-related indicators. Our main objectives were to (1) assess the potential of UAV-based multispectral imagery for predicting NC in different organs of winter wheat, (2) explore the transferability of different image features (VI and TF) and trained machine learning models in predicting NC, and (3) propose a technical workflow for mapping NUE using UAV imagery. The results showed that the correlation between different features (VIs and TFs) and NC in different organs varied between the pre-anthesis and post-anthesis stages. PLSR latent variables extracted from those VIs and TFs could be a great predictor for nitrogen agronomic efficiency (NAE). While adding TFs to VI-based models enhanced the model performance in predicting NC, inconsistency arose when applying the TF-based models trained based on one dataset to the other independent dataset that involved different varieties, UAVs, and cameras. Unsurprisingly, models trained with the multi-variety dataset show better transferability than the models trained with the single-variety dataset. This study not only demonstrates the promise of applying UAV-based imaging to estimate NC in different organs and map NUE in winter wheat but also highlights the importance of conducting model evaluations based on independent datasets.</p>","PeriodicalId":20423,"journal":{"name":"Precision Agriculture","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143607992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cost-effectiveness of conventional and precision agriculture sprayers in Southern Italian vineyards: A break-even point analysis","authors":"Riccardo Testa, Antonino Galati, Giorgio Schifani, Giuseppina Migliore","doi":"10.1007/s11119-025-10233-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-025-10233-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Through targeted spray applications, precision agriculture can provide not only environmental benefits but also lower production costs, improving farm competitiveness. Nevertheless, few studies have focused on the cost-effectiveness of precision agriculture sprayers in vineyards, which are among the most widespread specialty crops. Therefore, this is the first study that aims to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of variable rate technology (VRT) and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) sprayers compared to a conventional sprayer in a hypothetical and representative vineyard area of southern Italy. The economic analysis, based on technological parameters in the literature, enabled the identification of the minimum farm size (break-even point) for introducing precision agriculture sprayers (PAS), considering the annual cost of the pesticide treatments (equipment and pesticide costs). Our findings revealed that the UAV sprayer—if permitted by law—could be the most convenient option for farms larger than 2.27 ha, whereas the VRT sprayer should be chosen by farms over 17.02 ha. However, public subsidies, such as those provided by the Italian Recovery Plan, make adopting VRT sprayers also economically viable for areas as small as 3.03 ha. Finally, the sensitivity analysis confirmed that the purchase price and pesticide cost are the most sensitive parameters affecting the break-even points. Our findings shed light on the economic sustainability of these innovative sprayers, a key driver for their adoption by farmers and for setting future strategies for facing the current agricultural crisis.</p>","PeriodicalId":20423,"journal":{"name":"Precision Agriculture","volume":"73 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143532570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimation of weed distribution for site-specific weed management—can Gaussian copula reduce the smoothing effect?","authors":"Mona Schatke, Lena Ulber, Christoph Kämpfer, Christoph von Redwitz","doi":"10.1007/s11119-025-10232-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-025-10232-6","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose</h3><p>Creating spatial weed distribution maps as the basis for site-specific weed management (SSWM) requires determining the occurrence and densities of weeds at georeferenced grid points. To achieve a field-wide distribution map, the weed distribution between the sampling points needs to be predicted. The aim of this study was to determine the best combination of grid sampling design and spatial interpolation technique to improve prediction accuracy. Gaussian copula as alternative method was tested to overcome challenges associated with interpolating weed densities such as smoothing effects.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>The quality of weed distribution maps created using combinations of different sampling grids and interpolation methods was assessed: Inverse Distance Weighting, different geostatistical approaches, and Nearest Neighbor Interpolation. For this comparison, the weed distribution and densities in four fields were assessed using three sampling grids with different resolutions and arrangements: Random vs. regular arrangement of 40 grid points, and a combination of both grid types (fine grid).</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>The best prediction of weed distribution was achieved with the Kriging interpolation models based on weed data sampled on the fine grid. In contrast, the lowest performance was observed using the regular grid and the Nearest Neighbor Interpolation. A patchy distribution of weeds did not affect the prediction quality.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>Using the Gaussian copula kriging did not result in a reduction of the smoothing effect, which still represents a challenge when employing spatial interpolation methods for SSWM. However, using a randomly distributed raster with a fine resolution could further optimize the precision of weed distribution maps.</p>","PeriodicalId":20423,"journal":{"name":"Precision Agriculture","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143518614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Precision mapping and treatment of spring dead spot in bermudagrass using unmanned aerial vehicles and global navigation satellite systems sprayer technology","authors":"Caleb Henderson, David Haak, Hillary Mehl, Sanaz Shafian, David McCall","doi":"10.1007/s11119-025-10231-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-025-10231-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Spring dead spot is a disease of bermudagrass (<i>Cynodon dactylon</i> L. Pers) caused by <i>Ophiosphaerella spp</i>., of fungi which infect the below ground structures of plants, causing damage to the turf canopy. Previous research suggests that precision management strategies based on manually identified disease within unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery using GIS software and global navigation satellite systems (GNSS)-equipped sprayers can reduce the fungicide required for spring dead spot management. However, this methodology is time consuming and impractical for golf course superintendents. This paper introduces a novel approach to spring dead spot identification utilizing a custom Python script, the Simple Ophiosphaerella Damage Detector (SODD), to identify and record locations of spring dead spot from UAV imagery using basic feature extraction techniques. Initial tests comparing the outputs from SODD to spring dead spot manually identified by researchers on four fairways, comparisons of K-means cluster maps showed similarities ranging between 71 and 88% although incidence counts were inconsistent. Precision treatment methods based on SODD were evaluated across 16 golf course fairways at three locations in Virginia organized as a randomized complete-block design with four replications and four treatment methods; spot and zonal treatments based on SODD identified incidence and density, respectively, compared against full-coverage and non-treated controls. Applications were made with a Toro Multipro5800 with GeoLink GNSS-equipped sprayer in Fall of 2021. Spot and zonal treatment strategies showed similar control to full-coverage applications (<i>p</i>≤0.001) while reducing the percentage of the fairways treated by 48% and 52%, respectively (<i>p</i>≤0.001). These results highlight the capabilities for SODD as a tool for disease map generation.</p>","PeriodicalId":20423,"journal":{"name":"Precision Agriculture","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143518643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A neural network approach employed to classify soybean plants using multi-sensor images","authors":"Flávia Luize Pereira de Souza, Luciano Shozo Shiratsuchi, Maurício Acconcia Dias, Marcelo Rodrigues Barbosa Júnior, Tri Deri Setiyono, Sérgio Campos, Haiying Tao","doi":"10.1007/s11119-025-10229-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-025-10229-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Counting soybean plants is a crucial strategy for assessing sowing quality and supporting high production. Despite its importance, the laborious nature of traditional assessment methods makes them unreliable and not scalable. Additionally, innovative image-based solutions have demonstrated limitations in detecting dense crops such as soybeans. Therefore, in this study, we developed neural network models to analyze a set of RGB and multispectral images and perform plant classification in a comprehensive dataset, which included data collected at three vegetative stages of soybean (VC, V1, and V2). Our results demonstrated high accuracy in classifying plants using either RGB (98%) or multispectral images (92%). A significant strength of this study is the ability to classify highly dense plants, without a trend for misclassification. Clearly, our findings provide stakeholders with a timely and effective approach to counting soybean plants, reducing labor and time, while increasing reliability.</p>","PeriodicalId":20423,"journal":{"name":"Precision Agriculture","volume":"129 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143435030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving harvester yield maps postprocessing leveraging remote sensing data in rice crop","authors":"D. Fita, C. Rubio, B. Franch, S. Castiñeira-Ibáñez, D. Tarrazó-Serrano, A. San Bautista","doi":"10.1007/s11119-025-10219-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-025-10219-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Precision Agriculture relies significantly on yield data obtained from combine harvesters, which constitutes a pivotal tool for optimizing crop productivity. Despite its potential, challenges in data accuracy persist, necessitating the development of novel automated postprocessing protocols for yield data refinement. In this paper, different automatic postprocessing protocols were evaluated using remote sensing data, specifically Sentinel-2 satellite imagery. Various automatic postprocessing protocols were applied to a dataset spanning 946 hectares over a four-year period. Commercial sensors on combine harvesters acquired the yield data. The analysis included global (field-level) adjustments and local adjustments at a finer scale (40 × 40 m² level), employing interval mean ± n·(standard deviation) calculations. Three n values (1, 1.5, and 2.5) were tested, resulting in thirteen distinct postprocessing variations. Finally, a mean filter was also applied. The results demonstrated that the yield correlation with satellite data increased with the reduction of yield variability at the pixel level (10 m). The best results were obtained using <i>n</i> = 1 with a 3 × 3 mean filter, where Sentinel-2 pixels remained unaffected, and the average Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) during validation was 0.572 t·ha⁻¹. In addition, the geostatistical parameters (coefficient of variation, semivariance, and range within a 10 m pixel) reached optimal values. Finally, the postprocessing uncertainty was determined to be 0.200 t·ha⁻¹. These results validate the efficacy of a novel postprocessing protocol for refining yield data in rice crops. The integration of pixel-level data from combine harvesters with Sentinel-2 imagery emerges as a promising approach for optimizing crop management, offering valuable insights for the advancement of Precision Agriculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":20423,"journal":{"name":"Precision Agriculture","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143435031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In season estimation of economic optimum nitrogen rate with remote sensing multispectral indices and historical telematics field-operation data","authors":"Morteza Abdipourchenarestansofla, Hans-Peter Piepho","doi":"10.1007/s11119-025-10224-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-025-10224-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Accurate estimation and spatial allocation of economic optimum nitrogen (N) rates (EONR) can support sustainable crop production systems by reducing chemical compounds to be applied to the ground while preserving the optimum yield and profitability Smart Farming (SF) techniques such as historical precision agriculture (PA) machinery data, satellite multispectral imagery, and on-machine nitrogen adjustment sensors can bring together state-of-the-art precision in determining EONR. The novelty of this study is in introducing an efficient optimization framework using SF technology to enable real-time and prescription based EONR application execution. An optimization strategy called response surface modelling (RSM) was implemented to support decision making by fusing multiple sources of information while keeping the underlying computation simple and interpretable. Here, a field of winter wheat with an area of 7 ha was used to prove the proposed concept of determining EONR for each location in the field using auxiliary variables called multispectral indices (MSIs) derived from Sentinel 2. Three different image acquisition dates before the actual N application were considered to find the best time combination of MSIs along with the best MSIs to model yield. The best MSIs were filtered out through three phases of feature selection using analysis of variance (ANOVA), Lasso regression, and model reduction of RSM. For the date 2020.03.25, 14 out of 21 MSIs exhibited a significant interaction with the N applied as determined through an on-machine N sensor. For dates 2020.03.30 and 2020.04.04, the numbers of significant indices were identified as 6 and 10, respectively. Some of the MSIs were no longer significant after five days of the growth period (5-day interval between Sentinel 2 revisits). The best model demonstrated an average prediction error of 14.5%. Utilizing the model’s coefficients, the EONR was computed to be between 43 kg/ha and 75 kg/ha for the target field. By incorporating MSIs into the fitted model for a given N range, it was demonstrated that the shape of the yield-N relation (RSM) varied due to field heterogeneity. The proposed analytical approach integrates farmer engagement by participatory annual post-mortem analysis. Using the determined RSM approach, retrospective assessment compares economically optimal N input, based on observed MSIs values to each location, with the actual applied rates.</p>","PeriodicalId":20423,"journal":{"name":"Precision Agriculture","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143435032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Box sampling: a new spatial sampling method for grapevine macronutrients using Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 satellite images","authors":"Manushi B. Trivedi, Terence R. Bates, James M. Meyers, Nataliya Shcherbatyuk, Pierre Davadant, Robert Chancia, Rowena B. Lohman, Justine Vanden Heuvel","doi":"10.1007/s11119-025-10225-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-025-10225-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The ability to reduce sampling distance or time is crucial for growers to monitor vineyard nutrients more frequently. Extension specialists often recommend collecting large random samples, but this is frequently overlooked, leading to inaccurate fertilizer recommendations. A novel, one-location square grid area-based sampling method called “box” sampling was developed to capture the overall nutrient distribution within a block, providing guidance for growers on sample collection in vineyards for nutrient monitoring. Box sampling was compared with random and stratified sampling methods at both bloom and veraison for grapevine foliar nitrogen (N%), phosphorus (P%), potassium (K%), magnesium (Mg%), and calcium (Ca%). Box and stratified sampling locations were determined based on Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) from Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) images. SAR and NDVI images were stratified into three variability zones using the <i>k</i>-means + + algorithm. Representative pixels from each zone were sampled using the stratified method, while the junction of these variability zones (30mx30m sampling window) was sampled using the new box method. In 2021 and 2022, these methods were compared against nutrient population parameters in two vineyard blocks. Both methods showed marginal differences in mean, median, and standard deviation, with box sampling consistently capturing a broader range of variations. This was evidenced by the Bhattacharya coefficient, which indicates the overlap between two probability distributions (with values closer to 1 for greater overlap). The coefficient was &gt; 0.80 for N%, P%, and Mg%, and &gt; 0.60 for K% and Ca% at both bloom and veraison. For 14 different commercial vineyards in 2022 and 2023, box sampling accurately captured random nutrient variability for N%, P% and Mg% at both bloom and veraison. However, for K% (at veraison) and Ca% box sampling performed poorly due to high spatial variability. Box sampling reduced the sampling distance and time by 75% compared to random sampling.</p>","PeriodicalId":20423,"journal":{"name":"Precision Agriculture","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143435072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}